• 한국노년학
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.1003-1024
• /
• 2016

The human rights of older people have gotten more attention recently in South Korea, a country that is in transition to a super-aged society. This study aimed to systematically review studies on elder abuse and related factors among community-dwelling older adults in South Korea over twenty years (1994-2016). We searched major databases (Riss, DBpia, KISS, KMbase, and PubMed) and identified published studies relevant to the topic. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria related to study quality, a total of 31 studies were selected for this review. We examined types, measurements, and risk factors of elder abuse as well as study designs in the selected studies, guided by Johannesen's theoretical framework on elder abuse. All of the reviewed studies on elder abuse in Korea were cross-sectional studies, most of which focused on older people living in urban areas, using a non-random sampling method. All of the studies focused on certain types of elder abuse only. Some adopted elder-abuse instruments that were not validated, and others used self-developed instruments without psychometric tests. As for the risk factors of elder abuse in South Korea, the physical and mental health of the victims and aggressors impacted the risk of elder abuse, but general sociodemographic factors such as age, sex, and education were less likely to be related to the risk. In addition, decreasing caregiver burden and building elder-friendly communities are important for the prevention of elder abuse. Needed are further empirical studies on elder abuse with a theoretical framework that gives consideration to the unique sociocultural contexts of Korea. It is also recommended to develop instruments to measure elder abuse reflecting the sociocultural contexts of Korea, and to examine the multi-dimensional risk factors of elder abuse.

• 한국노년학
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.673-691
• /
• 2016

As the provision of long-term care policy takes root and with a gradual increase in elderly population, the use of elderly care service has become a growing norm. More than ever, there exists an urgent need for a paradigm shift in the building of an institutional basis for the improvement of care service, from the prevalent practice of 'need based service' toward the concept of 'human rights based service'. A great focus is being shed on care-workers, at the 'front line' of advocating human rights, as their human rights advocacy behaviour is seen as a key variable in providing high quality care service for elders. This study aims to examine how care-workers' individual human rights awareness levels, and the influence of their respective organizations, as an environmental factor, affect their human rights advocacy behaviour. The study includes a comprehensive analysis of the interactions between the regulatory effect of environmental factors (service orientation?) on an organizational level, human rights awareness (individual level) and the service environment (organizational). The analysis sample consisted of 782 registered non-profit corporation of long-term care facilities all over the country in 2014. The findings of the thesis suggest that human rights awareness at individual levels has a significant influence on human rights advocacy behavior. The interaction of human resources management in service orientations was also found to influence human rights advocacy on a significant level. Both human rights awareness at individual level and service orientations at organizational level were thus determined as key variables for improving the human rights awareness of care worker in long-term care facilities in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
• /
• v.145
• /
• pp.351-380
• /
• 2018

In every society, citizens must decide how to punish criminals, uphold the virtue of justice, and preserve the security of the community. In doing so, the members of society must ask themselves how they will punish those who carry out the most abhorrent of crimes. Many common responses to such a question is that death is an acceptable punishment for the most severe crimes. But to draw some theoretical distinction between a crime that deserves incarceration and a crime that is so heinous that it deserves capital punishment is subject to three errors. First, what possible line could be drawn? To decide on a particular number of deaths or to employ any standard would be arbitrary. Second, the use of a line would trivialize and undermine the deaths of those whose murderers fell below the standard. Third, any and all executions still are unjust, as the State should not degrade the institution of justice and dehumanize an individual who, although he or she has no respect for other human life, is still a living person. Simply put, all murders are heinous, all are completely unacceptable, and deserve the greatest punishment of the land; however, death as punishment is inappropriate. Also, while this article arrives at the conclusion that the death penalty is an inappropriate form of punishment, I have not offered an acceptable alternative that would appease those who believe capital offenders deserve a punishment that differs in its quality and severity. This is a burden that, admittedly, I am unable to meet. I finally conclude that the death penalty is unjustified retribution. This is the only claim that can effectively shift the intellectual paradigms of the participants in the debate. The continued use of the death penalty in society can only be determined and influenced by the collective conscience of the members of that society. As stated at the outset of this article, it is this essentially moral conflict regarding what is just and degrading that forms the backdrop for the past changes in and the present operation of our system of imposing death as a punishment for crime.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.71-81
• /
• 2014

Using the Eddy Covariance technique, we analyzed seasonal variation in net ecosystem $CO_2$ exchange (NEE) and investigated the effects of environmental factors and aboveground biomass of rice on the $CO_2$ fluxes in a rice-barley double cropping paddy field of Gimje, Korea. Quality control and gap-filling were conducted before this investigation of the effects. The results have been showed that NEE, gross primary production (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (Re) during the rice growing period were -215.6, 763.9, and $548.3g\;C\;m^{-2}$, respectively. Relation between NEE and net radiation (Rn) could be described by a quadratic equation, and about 65 % of variation in NEE was explained by changes in Rn. On the other hand, an exponential function relating Re to soil temperature accounted for approximately 43 % of variation in Re under the flooded condition of paddy field. Aboveground biomass showed significant linear relationships with NEE ($r^2=0.93$), GPP ($r^2=0.96$), and Re ($r^2=0.95$), respectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.284-295
• /
• 2018

The safe and late marginal heading dates (SMHD, LMHD), cropping probability, and growth duration of rice were assessed using temperature data in the 27 regions of North Korea. The medians of SMHD and LMHD ranged Jul. 16 and Jul. 27 in Hyesan to Aug. 18 and Aug. 28 in Haeju, respectively, except Changjin, Pungsan, and Samjiyon that did not show any of the SMHD and LMHD. The medians of the days from early marginal transplanting date (EMTD) to heading date ranged 51 days in Hyesan to 109 days in Pyongyang for SMHD and those were delayed by 9~15 days for LMHD, compared to SMHD. Nineteen regions (Kaesong, Haeju, Yongyon, Singye, Sariwon, Nampo, Pyongyang, Anju, Kusong, Sinuiju, Changjon, Wonsan, Hamhung, Pyonggang, Yangdok, Huichon, Supung, Sinpo, Kanggye) and additional four regions (Kimchaek, Chongjin, Sonbong, Chunggang) had the rice cropping probability higher than 80% when analyzed based on the SMHD and LMHD, respectively. The representative SMHD ranged Jul. 24 for Pyonggang to Aug. 12 for Haeju. Compared to the days from EMTD to SMHD, those from EMTD to LMHD were delayed by 9~17 days. When applied SMHD, thirteen regions (Yangdok, Kanggye, Huichon, Supung, Yongyon, Kusong, Anju, Sinuiju, Singye, Pyongyang, Kaesong, Nampo, Sariwon) had the appropriate range of cumulative temperature during grain filling (CT) for grain yield and quality. Sinpo, Hamhung, Pyonggang, Wonsan, Changjon, and Haeju had the CT higher than $1,300^{\circ}C$. It is supposed that rice cropping could be extended to the regions where LMHD-applied cropping probability was higher than 80%. Delaying the heading date than SMHD could be also considered in the regions where the days to SMHD is small but CT is large.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.51 no.6
• /
• pp.580-589
• /
• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the food insecurity status and dietary behavior and examine the association between the food insecurity status and consumption of processed beverage for secondary school students in Vientiane, capital city of Lao PDR. Methods: The study subjects are 714 students (boys = 307 and girls = 407) in four secondary schools (Chao_Anouvong, Phiavat, Saysetha, and Chansavang) of Vientiane, Lao PDR. Data on study subject's demographic characteristics, dietary behavior, food insecurity, and Mini Dietary Assessment (MDA) index were collected. A "Self-Administered Food Security Survey Module for Children Aged 12 Years and Older" developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) was used for the food insecurity assessment. Results: As a result, 72.7% of the subjects were in a state of food insecurity, and food security was associated with higher socioeconomic status (higher life satisfaction, higher parent's education attainment, higher item ownership, fewer number of siblings, and having more lunches at the school restaurant than at home). Compared to the food insecurity group, the frequency of breakfast, self-rated diet, and the total score of MDA index were higher in the food security group. On the other hand, multiple logistic regression analysis showed that 'food security' was also associated with a higher consumption of processed beverages (OR 1.544; 95% CI 1.078-2.213; p = 0.018). Conclusion: Improving the quality of the diet is essential for adolescents in both the food insecurity and food security groups in Lao PDR. Therefore, it is necessary to provide well organized nutrition education and establish adequate nutrition policy for adolescents in Lao PDR.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.345-353
• /
• 2019

This study investigated the physiochemical properties, the anti-oxidant and alcohol metabolism enzyme activities, and the anti-inflammatory effects of three muskmelon vinegars prepared under different fermentation conditions, namely MV-1, MV-2, and MV-3. The total acidity of each vinegar was 4.00%, 4.32%, and 4.35%, respectively. Organic acid analysis showed that malic acid (58.37 mg/ml) was the most prevalent in MV-1 and that acetic acid was most prevalent in both MV-2 (46.95 mg/ml) and MV-3 (66.70 mg/ml). The total phenolic content of the muskmelon vinegars was highest at $129.74{\mu}g$ tannic acid equivalents (TAE)/ml in MV-3. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the vinegars increased in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05) and was 89.28% at MV-3 40% concentration. Similarly, SOD activitity increased in a concentration-dependent manner (p<0.05) so that levels for MV-1, MV-2, and MV-3 at 60% concentrations were 40.84%, 52.17% and 72.55%, respectively (p<0.05). Moreover, the ADH and ALDH activities of muskmelon vinegar were seen to increase in a concentration-dependent manner; ADH activity at 60% concentration was highest at 136.58% in MV-1 and ALDH activity at 60% concentration was highest at 100.25% in MV-2. The nitrite scavenging activities of MV-1, MV-2, and MV-3 at pH 1.2 were found to be 81.58%, 94.72%, and 87.75%, respectively. Anti-inflammatory effects were also examined, using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, and nitric oxide production was reduced to 25.93%, 10.01%, and 79.75% by addition of MV-1, MV-2, and MV-3 at 1% concentration, respectively (p<0.05). These results suggest that the MV-3 muskmelon vinegar has great potential as an ingredient for high quality functional health beverages.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.243-250
• /
• 2018

BACKGROUND: Recently, the use of $^{131}I$ for diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer has been increasing, and the radionuclide is continuously released into aquatic ecosystem. This study was carried out to investigate the $^{131}I$ concentrations in mainstreams, tributaries, and sewage wastewater treatment plants (SWTPs) of the Yeongsan River Basin and to identify their origins from the assessment of behaviors in the rivers. METHODS AND RESULTS: The water samples were collected from 19 sites including mainstreams (13), tributaries (4) and SWTPs (2). The $^{131}I$ concentration was measured using a gamma-ray spectrometry with a HPGe detector. The $^{131}I$ in SWTPs was detected mostly in the discharged effluent at the sampling sites. However, from the surface water of the rivers, $^{131}I$ was found only at two sites from each sampling period of the first (MS4 and MS10) and the second half (MS4 and MS7) of the year 2017. The concentrations of $^{131}I$ in the effluent discharged from SWTPs were in the range of 0.0870 to 3.87 Bq/L for SWTP1, and $^{131}I$ in the river revealed that it was not detected in the upper streams of the mainstreams and tributaries, while continuous detection was found in the SWTPs and downstream sites affected by the effluent. However, the concentration of $^{131}I$ decreased downstream, eventually becoming undetectable. Such behavior was closely related to the behavior found in the SWTPs. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that medically-derived $^{131}I$ was discharged to the river via sewage effluent at the SWTPs. It is necessary to evaluate the influence of aquatic ecosystems through continuous monitoring in the future.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
• /
• v.13 no.6
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 2018

As interest and consumption of luxury goods have become more popular, luxury goods market is growing rapidly. Consumers can acquire psychological satisfaction with material abundance by purchasing and using luxury goods. Also, from the view of corporations, luxury goods have price inelastic characteristics, so they can enjoy price premium and it is good to produce good performance. That is the reason why they should pay much attention to securing luxuriousness. This study examined the establishment of brands luxuriousness in Korean SMEs. First, it examined the world market of luxury goods industry and the present condition of Korean market. Then it identified the constituents of luxuriousness by examining the prior studies and related literatures, and designed a research model based on the theoretical grounds to suggest the methods of brand luxuriousness building of Korean SMEs. Luxuriousness can be defined as the attribute of product that distinguishes luxury goods from other products by consumers' perceptions, and the factor that provides situational benefits that motivate consumers' purchasing behavior. In this study, I identified the sub-dimensions of luxuriousness according to whether there are product related attributes and consumers' benefit in consideration of the problems of existing studies. Product related luxuriousness are classified into superiority(functional benefit) and scarcity(experiential benefit), while non-product related luxuriousness are classified into differentiation(symbolic benefit) and traditionality(exclusive benefit). The following are the ways to build brand luxuriousness. First, company can use product factors. High quality, excellent design, high recognized brand with strong, favorable and unique images can enhance the luxuriousness of brand. Second, company can use price factors. Consumers tend to perceive luxury goods as high-priced items, so lowering the price of product can undermine the luxuriousness of product. Third, company can use distribution factors. It is effective for making consumers to perceive the differentiation and scarcity of luxuriousness through limited distribution channel. In addition, store atmosphere suitable for luxury brands should be created. Fourth, company can use promotion factors. The more consumers are exposed to advertisements, the more positive attitudes toward luxury brands are made, and consumers recognize luxuriousness higher. Price promotion negatively affects consumers' perception of luxuriousness. Fifth, company can use corporate factors. Consumer evaluations of products are influenced not only by the product attributes but also by the corporate association and corporate image surrounding the product. Considering the existing researches, it is possible to enhance the brand luxuriousness through high corporate competence and good corporate reputation. In order to increase the competence of the enterprise, it is useful to approach multidimensionally in relation with the knowledge creation capability. In corporate reputation, the external stakeholders' reputation is important, but the internal members' reputation is also important. Korean SMEs will be able to build brand luxuriousness by establishing marketing strategies as above and/or mix(integrate) them according to the situation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.64 no.1
• /
• pp.40-47
• /
• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of planting density on plant growth, yield, and quality in the sweet sorghum cultivar 'Chorong' (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Plants were cultivated at densities of 16.7, 11.1, 8.3, 6.7, and $5.6plants{\cdot}m^{-2}$. Factors related to yield and yield components were analyzed using correlation and multivariate analyses. There was no significant difference among plant densities in stem length from 20 to 110 days after sowing. But the stem diameter was thin, and a decrease in number of tillers occurred more rapidly as planting density increased. At harvest, juice and sugar yield were higher at densities of 16.7 (42.9, $4.16Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, respectively) and 11.1 (37.1, $3.73Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$) $plants{\cdot}m^{-2}$ than at 8.3 (30.5, $2.96Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$), 6.7 (26.6, $2.41Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$), and 5.6 (24.7, $2.22Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$) $plants{\cdot}m^{-2}$. The soluble solids and total sugar contents were not different among treatments, but relatively high values were observed at the density of 11.1 and $8.3plants{\cdot}m^{-2}$. As plant density was increased from 5.6 to $11.1plants{\cdot}m^{-2}$, the lodging index (1 = no, 9 = lodging) increased rapidly from 2.00 to 6.33. To determine the optimal planting density, the number of typhoons and topographical characteristics should be considered. Correlation and principal components analyses revealed that plant density exhibited a positive relationship with fresh stem yield ($r=0.62^{**}$), dry stem yield ($r=0.58^{**}$), juice ($r=0.63^{**}$), and sugar yield ($r=0.66^{**}$), but a negative with stem diameter ($r=-0.65^{**}$). The yield factors were not statistically related to stem height, diameter, and number of nodes.