• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.483-486
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• 2004

Inner structured and bonded panel, or ISB Panel, as a kind of sandwich type panel, has metallic inner structures which have low relative density, because of their dimensional shape of metal between a pare of metal skin sheets or face sheets. In this work, ISB panels and inner structures formed as repeated pyramidal shapes are introduced. Pyramidal structures are formed easily with expanded metal sheet by the crimping process. Three kinds of pyramidal structures are made and used to fabricate test specimen. Through the multi-point electrical resistance welding, inner structures are bonded with skin sheet. 3-point bending tests are carried out to measure the bending stiffness of ISB panel and experimental results are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.76-83
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• 2010

Metallic sandwich panels with pyramidal truss structures are high-stiffness and high-strength materials with low weight. In particular, bulk structures have enough space for additional multi-functionalities. In this work, in order to fabricate 3-D structures efficiently, Layered Manufacturing Method (LMM) which was composed of three steps, including crimping process, stacking process and bonding process using rapid infrared brazing, was proposed. The joining time was drastically reduced by employing infrared brazing of which heating rate and cooling rate were faster than those of conventional furnace brazing. By controlling the initial cooling rate slowly, the bonding strength was improved up to the level of strength by conventional vacuum brazing. The observation of infrared brazed specimens by optical microscope and SEM showed no defect on the joining sections. The experiments of 1-layered pyramidal structures and 2-layered pyramidal structures subject to 3-point bending were conducted to determine structural advantages of multilayered structures. From the results, the multi-layered structure has superior mechanical properties to the single-layered structure.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.22 no.6 s.171
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• pp.175-182
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• 2005

Inner structured and bonded panel, or ISB Panel, as a kind of sandwich type panel, has metallic inner structures which have low relative density, because of their dimensional shape of metal between a pare of metal skin sheets or face sheets. In this work, ISB panels and inner structures formed as repeated pyramidal shapes are introduced. Pyramidal structures are formed easily with expanded metal sheet by the crimping process. Three kinds of pyramidal structures are made and used to fabricate test specimen. Through the multi-point electrical resistance welding, inner structures are bonded with skin sheet. 3-point bending tests are carried out to measure the bending stiffness of ISB panel and experimental results are discussed.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.187-192
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• 2013

Thin metallic sandwich plate with pyramidal metallic inner structures is manufactured from a continuous projection welding between face sheets and inner structures. Due to the welding pressure, imperfections of inner structures induced by the deformation of the inner structures occur. The imperfections affect the response of the thin metallic sandwich plate subjected to low-velocity impact loading. The goal of this paper is to obtain a proper dominant imperfection mode of the thin metallic sandwich plate with pyramidal metallic inner structures. The variation of impact responses of the thin metallic sandwich plate for different imperfection modes are investigated by finite element analysis. The results of the FE analysis are compared to those of drop impact experiments. From the results of the comparison, it has been shown that the dominant imperfection mode of the thin metallic sandwich plate with pyramidal metallic inner structures is all type of symmetric imperfection mode with symmetrical imperfections of four struts.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.555-581
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• 2015

Triangular pyramid and Quadrangular pyramid elements for partial double-layer spherical reticulated shells of pyramidal system are investigated in the present study. Macro programs for six typical partial double-layer spherical reticulated shells of pyramidal system are compiled by using the ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL). Internal force analysis of six spherical reticulated shells is carried out. Distribution regularity of the stress and displacement are studied. A shape optimization program is proposed by adopting the sequence two-stage algorithm (RDQA) in FORTRAN environment based on the characteristics of partial double-layer spherical reticulated shells of pyramidal system and the ideas of discrete variable optimization design. Shape optimization is achieved by considering the objective function of the minimum total steel consumption, global and locality constraints. The shape optimization of six spherical reticulated shells is calculated with the span of 30m~120m and rise to span ratio of 1/7~1/3. The variations of the total steel consumption along with the span and rise to span ratio are discussed with contrast to the results of shape optimization. The optimal combination of main design parameters for six spherical reticulated shells is investigated, i.e., the number of the optimal grids. The results show that: (1) The Kiewitt and Geodesic partial double-layer spherical reticulated shells of triangular pyramidal system should be preferentially adopted in large and medium-span structures. The range of rise to span ratio is from 1/6 to 1/5. (2) The Ribbed and Schwedler partial double-layer spherical reticulated shells of quadrangular pyramidal system should be preferentially adopted in small-span structures. The rise to span ratio should be 1/4. (3) Grids of the six spherical reticulated shells can be optimized after shape optimization and the total steel consumption is optimized to be the least.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.185-190
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• 1989

Geometries for a number of representative ${\beta}$ -lactam antibiotics (penams, cephems and monobactams) have been calculated by computer graphics/molecular mechanics energy minimization procedures using both MM2 and AMBER force fields. The calculated geometries have been found in reasonable agreement with the geometries reported in the X-ray crystal structures, especially in terms of the pyramidal character of the amide nitrogen in the ${\beta}$-lactam ring and the Cohen distance. Based on these calculations, it is suggested that the nitrogen atom in the monobactams may also have pyramidal geometries in the biologically active conformations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2011.06a
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• pp.1209-1210
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• 2011

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.623-631
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• 2011

Metallic sandwich panels based on a truss core structure have been developed for a wide range of potential applications with their lightweight and multi-functionality. Structural performance of sandwich panels can be predicted from the studies on mechanical behavior of a unit cell of truss core structures. Analytical investigations on the unit cell provide approximated guidelines for the design of overall core structures for a specific application in short time. In this study, the effects of geometrical parameters on mechanical behavior of a pyramidal shape of unit cell were investigated with analytical models. The unit cell with truss member angle of 45 degree was considered as reference model and other models were designed to have the same weight and projected area but different truss member angle. All truss members were assumed to be connected with pin joint in analytical models. Under the assumptions, the equivalent strength and stiffness of the unit cell under compressive and shear loads were predicted and compared. And finally, the optimum core member angle to have maximum mechanical property could be calculated and verified with FE analysis results.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.110-118
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• 2007

ISB (Inner structured and bonded) panel with a pyramidal inner structure is actively developing to reduce the weight and to improve the crashworthiness of the material. The objective of this paper is to investigate into the variation of impact characteristics of ISB panels with a pyramidal inner structure according to joining types between skin sheets and inner structures. Several drop impact tests have been performed. In order to examine the impact characteristics at a drawing condition, drawing type of experimental set-up has been proposed. From the results of the experiments, the influence of joining types between skin sheets and the inner structures on the characteristics of the deformation, the energy absorption and the failure has been quantitatively examined. In addition, it has been shown that maximum load decreased and the maximum displacement increases as the joining type changes from the bonding to the welding. The results of the observation of the specimen have been shown that major wrinkles form in the minor crimping direction irrespective of the joining types. Through the comparison of the experimental results for bonding and welding specimens, it has been shown that the absorption energy of the bonded specimen is nearly 1.3-1.5 times of the welded specimen at the same displacement.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.391-404
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• 2018

Researchers have been long studying new building implementation methods to improve the quality of construction, reduce the time of assembly, and increase productivity. One of these methods is the use of modular pre-fabricated structural forms that are composed of a beam, column, short column, pyramidal end block, and connection plates. In this study, a new geometry for the pyramidal end block was proposed that helps facilitate the assembly procedure. Since the proposed configuration affects the performance of this form of connection, its behavior was evaluated using finite element method. For this purpose, the connection was modeled in ABAQUS and then validated by comparing the outputs with experimental results. The research proceeded through analyzing 16 specimens under monotonic and cyclic loading. The results indicated that using the pyramidal end block not only makes the assembly process easier but also reduces the out-of-plane displacement of the short column webs and the vertical displacement of beam end. By choosing appropriate section properties for column and beam, the connection can bear a rotation up to 0.01 radians within its inelastic region and a total of 0.04 radians without any significant reduction in its bearing capacity.