• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한원격탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of ACRS 2003 ISRS
• /
• pp.304-306
• /
• 2003

Oceanic pycnocline depth is usually obtained from in situ measurements. As ocean internal waves occur on and propagate along oceanic pycnocline, it is possible to estimate the depth remotely. This paper presents a method for retrieving pycnocline depth from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery where internal waves are visible. This model is constructed by combining a two-layer ocean model and a nonlinear internal wave model. It is also assumed that the observed groups of internal wave packets on SAR imagery are generated by local semidiurnal tides. Case study in East China Sea shows a good agreement with in situ CTD data.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.273-286
• /
• 2004

The effects of environmental forcing on autotrophic picoplankton distributional patterns were investigated for convergence ($5^{\circ}N$), divergence ($9^{\circ}N-10^{\circ}30'N$) and oligotrophic ($17^{\circ}N$) sites in the tropical eastern Pacific during 2001 and 2003 KODOS (Korea Deep Ocean Study) cruises. The distributions of picoplankton populations - Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus and picoeukaryotes algae - were determined by flow cytometric analyses. Latitudinal variations in abundance maxima, vertical profiles, integrated abundance (0-150 m), and estimated carbon biomass were contrasted for each site according to three hydrological conditions. Prochlorococcus showed consistently high abundance in the surface mixed layers of all sites at $1\;{\times}\;10^5{\sim}3\;{\times}\;10^5\;cells\;ml^{-1}$ and showed declining abundance below these layers. However, these decreasing rates were not particularly sharp showing considerably high abundance at $1\;{\times}\;10^4\;cells\;ml^{-1}$ or higher even at 100 m depth. Vertical profiles of Synechococcus and picoeukaryotes were generally parallel to each other in all sites. A clear abundance maximum was observed at divergence site at or slightly above the pycnocline depth. Higher abundance was observed at the surface mixed layer for convergence site but a sharp decrease was observed below the pycnocline. However, there was no significant abundance fluctuation with depth at more oligotrophic site ($17^{\circ}N$). Integrated cell abundance of Prochlorococcus was high in the oligotrophic site at $2.17\;{\times}\;10^{13}\;m^{-2}$, and low in the convergence site at $0.88\;{\times}\;10^{13}\;m^{-2}$. However, opposite pattern was observed for Synechococcus and picoeukaryotes where relatively high integrated cell abundance was shown in the convergence site. Estimated carbon biomass of Prochlorococcus contributed 30.4-80.3% of total autotrophic picoplankton carbon showing the highest contribution in the oligotrophic site and the lowest contribution in the convergence site. Synechococcus contribution of total autotrophic picoplantkon carbon biomass was lower than 5.8% for most of sites except the convergence site where Synechococcus contributed 23.2% of picoplankton carbon biomass. Carbon biomass of picoeukaryotes was 18.8-46.4% showing the highest carbon biomass at the convergence site. Overall, Prochlorococcus showed higher cell abundance and carbon biomass and exhibited different reaction to hydrological conditions when compare with the other two major autotrophic picoplankton groups.

• Ocean Science Journal
• /
• 제41권1호
• /
• pp.31-41
• /
• 2006

Seasonal changes of abundance of the main phytoplankton groups of species (diatoms, dinoflagellates, chrysophytes, small flagellates and cryptophytes) and a set of environmental parameters were investigated in coastal and pre-estuarine waters of Peter the Great Bay (East/Japan Sea) in May-October of 1998 and 1999. Three periods of mass development were revealed: spring, summer and autumn blooms, with successive change of species. The conditions favourable for each group of species were determined. Driving mechanisms of the succession include nutrients transport through seasonal pycnocline by turbulent mixing, terrestrial nutrients supply by monsoon floods, nutrients supply by upwellings, and light control by the thickness of upper mixed layer. Summer succession could be explained by a simple SST-MLD diagram similar to Pingree S-kh diagram with sea surface temperature as indicator of stratification (S) and mixed layer depth as indicator of light availability (kh).

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제49권1호
• /
• pp.61-73
• /
• 2016

Water mass distribution and currents were investigated off the east coast of Korea near the Hupo Bank using the CTD and ADCP data from June to August 2010. The typical water masses were: (1) Tsushima Surface Water (TSW) from the East Korean Warm Current (EKWC) in the surface layer, (2) a shallow thermocline at 20-30 m depth, (3) Tsushima Middle Water (TMW) of high salinity (>34.2) below the pycnocline, (4) North Korean Cold Water (NKCW) of low salinity (<34.05) and low temperature (<4°C) in the lower layer. In June, a double eddy was observed in which a cold filament intruded cyclonically from the south around a pre-existing cold-core eddy. A burst of strong southward current was recorded in mid-August due to a warm filament from the meandering EKWC. Current in the N-S direction was predominant due to topographic effects, and the direction of the northward EKWC was frequently reversed in its direction due to the eddy-filament activity, whereas the influence of the wind was not noticeable. The vertical structure of the current was of a two-layer system, with the northward EKWC in the upper layer and weak southward flows corresponding to the North Korean Cold Current (NKCC) in the deeper layer.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.163-174
• /
• 2015

The Youngsan Lake was constructed to supply agricultural water to the extensive rice fields in the basin of the lake in 1981. Hypoxia has often developed in the bottom water of the lake during the warm season although the water depth is relatively shallow (< 16 m). We investigated the spatial and temporal variations of dissolved oxygen (DO) and physical properties such as water temperature, salinity and turbidity to elucidate the effects of change in physical properties on DO dynamics in the lake. Vertical profiles of DO, temperature, salinity, and water density were also explored to verify the development of stratification in relation to DO variation in the water column. Hypoxia (DO < $2mg\;L^{-1}$) was not observed in the upper regions whereas hypoxia was detected in the lower regions during the warm season. Thermocline generally developed in the lower regions during the warm season unlike the previous studies in which no thermocline was observed. However, water column was well mixed when freshwater water was discharged from the reservoir through the sluice gate of the dike. DO concentrations also decreased when halocline or pycnocline developed during the dry season suggesting that the vertical stratification of water column affects DO dynamics although the water depth is shallow in the Youngsan lake.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
• /
• 제37권1호
• /
• pp.10-19
• /
• 2002

The detailed structure of a tidal front and its ebb-to flood variation in the main tidal channel of the Kyunggi Bay in the mid-west coast of Korea were investigated by analyzing CTD data and drifter trajectories collected in late July 1999. A typical tidal front was formed in water about 60 m deep at the mouth of the channel. Isotherms and isohalines in the upper layer above the seasonal pycnocline in the offshore stratified zone inclined upward to the sea surface to form a surface front, while those in the lower layer declined to the bottom front. The location of the front is consistent with $100 S^3/cm^2$ of the mixing index H/U defined by Simpson and Hunter (1974), where H is the water depth and U is the amplitude of tidal current. The potential energy anomaly in the frontal zone varied at an ebb-to flood tidal cycle, showing a minimum at slack water after ebb but a maximum at slack water after flood. This ebb-to flood variation in potential energy anomaly is not accounted for by the mixing index. We conclude that on- and offshore displacement of the water column by tidal advection is responsible for the ebb-to-flood variation in the frontal zone.

• 한국해양학회지
• /
• 제27권4호
• /
• pp.303-310
• /
• 1992

산업폐수와 도시하수의 유입이 심한 마산만에서 하계에 각종 질소화합물의 분포와 산소소비율에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 1986년 하계에 마산만은 육수유입의 영향을 강 하게 받았으며 수온약층 아래에는 빈산소층이 형성되었다. 용존성무기질소(DIN), 용존 성유기질소(DON), 입자성질소(PN) 는 내만 육수유입을 직접받는 곳에서 각각 735.6, 1261.8 amd 48.5 umol/l의 분포를 보였으며 마산내만 입구에서는 각각 79.1, 73.0 and 39.5 umol/l를 나타냈다. 마산내만입구의 일차생산력은 2,695mgC/m$^2$/day였다. 용존산 소량은 내만입구에서는 3 m 아래에서부터, 마산수로에서는 10 m 아래에서부터 1 ml/l 이하를 보였다. 저층수중의 높은 암모니아와 인산염의 농도는 유기물의 활발한 분해나 저층퇴적물로부터의 용출에 의한 것이라 생각된다. ETS 활동도는 마산내민 가장안쪽에 서 212.1ul $O^2$/l/h였고 마산내만입구의 저층수에서는 산소소비가 442 ml $O^2$/day의 비율로 지행되었다. 마산수로저층수에서의 탈질화 속도는 0.25 umol/l/day 였으며 마 산내만입구에서는 표층에서 일차생산에 의해 생성된 유기물의 9.3-10.5%가 저층수에서 분해되는 것으로 보인다.

• 한국습지학회지
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.79-89
• /
• 2006

시화호의 우점종 중의 하나인 세가시육질꼬리옆새우의 염분구배 (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40‰)에 따른 생존율 및 튜브형성 개수 실험을 하였다. 그리고 수층 내 산소농도가 충분할 경우 황화합물 농도가 높은 퇴적물 속에서 대상 종의 생존율과 이들의 생물교란 활동이 퇴적물 내 산소농도와 황화합물의 수직구배에 미치는 영향을 실험하였다. 대상 종은 20~30‰ 염분 조건에서 생존율이 높았으며 튜브형성 개수 또한 많았다. 수층 내 산소 농도가 충분할 경우, 대상 종은 황화합물 퇴적물에서 높은 생존율을 나타내었다. M. uenoi의 생물교란 활동은 퇴적물 내로 산소를 확산시킴으로써 황화합물을 제거하였다. 산소 확산과 황화합물이 제거되는 깊이는 대상 종의 서식밀도가 높을수록 증가하였다. 시화호 퇴적물에는 황화합물의 농도가 높게 나타나며, 특히 여름철에는 밀도성층의 강화로 저층수에 빈산소층이 형성되어 저서동물이 서식하지 못하는 무생물대가 형성된다. 가을 무렵에는 성층의 약화로 저층수에도 산소가 충분히 공급되며 M. uenoi가 높은 밀도로 출현한다. M. uenoi의 생물교란 활동은 저서동물 군집이 재형성될 수 있는 서식지를 조성하는데 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.53-68
• /
• 1997

인공적으로 조성된 시화호는 현재 부분적인 해수혼입을 제외하고는 해수의 순환이 차단된 폐쇄 환경을 이루고 있으며 끝막이 공사 후 6 m 이심에 갇혀있는 잔존 저층해수로 인하여 수직적으로 강력한 염분 의존형 밀도 성층에 의한 2층 구조(two-layered system)를 보이고있다. 이러한 물리적 조건에서 시화호 주변의 6개 주요 하천으로부터 유입되는 막대한 양의 유기물질 및 암모니아염은 시화호의 저산소 및 무산소 환경을 가속화시키고 있으며 이에 따라 시화호의 생지화학적 환경은 흑해(Black Sea)와 같이 전 계절을 통하여 6 m 부근 심도의 밀도경사면을 상하로 뚜렷한 산화와 환원 환경으로 나뉘어지고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 인위적 환경에서 나타나는 여러 유, 무기 화합물과 원소의 생지화학적 분포특성과 종분화 그리고 과정에 대하여 산화-환원 경계면을 중심으로 다루고자 하였다. 연구 결과 용존산소는 유기물이 축적되어 있는 밀도 경계면 이심의 저층 잔존 해수층에서 고갈되어 있으며 이에 띠라 약 1억톤에 달하는 저층 해수수괴가 환원환경을 이루고있다. 질산염과 아질산염은 산화 환경인 저염의 표층에서 높게 나타났고 환원 환경인 고염의 저층에서는 급격히 감소하여 나타났다. 반면 암모니아염은 저층수괴에서 75에서 360 ${\mu}M$에 이르는 매우 높은 농도를 보이는데 이는 저층으로 침강 유입된 유지불의 혐기성 분해에 따른 ammonification이 주된 원인으로 보인다. 1996년 4월부터 8월까지 약 3억톤의 시화호 내 표층수가 연안으로 방류되고 상당량의 외해수 혼입에도 불구하고 시화호 내 저층수의 환원환경이 유지 또는 가속화되는 주된 원인은 저층의 잔존 해수수괴에 trap 된 침강 유기물의 산소 소비 속도와 제한적으로 공급되는 산소공급이 불균형을 이루고 있기 때문이다. 시화호의 수질 환경면에서 볼 때 현재와 같이 2층구조의 염분도의존형의 밀도 성층이 유지되는 한 사화호 수질의 개선 전망은 밝지 못한 것으로 판단된다.