• Title/Summary/Keyword: Pure shear strength

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A Study on Serviceability of Oversized Bolt Hole in High-Tension Bolt Joint Subjected to Bending (휨을 받는 고장력볼트 체결부에서 과대공에 따른 사용성에 관한 연구)

  • Park, Jeong-Ung;Yang, Seung-Hyun;Jang, Suk-In
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.10 no.10
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    • pp.2831-2836
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    • 2009
  • If a design load exceeding the frictional force of the contact surface is applied to the connection of steel members using a high-tension bolt friction joint, sliding occurs and the connection of the steel members bears the design load through the shear strength and bearing strength of the bolt and the base plate. The sliding distance can be determined by the tensile force of the bolt, the friction coefficient of the contact surface, and the position of the bolt in the base plate hole. This study measured and analyzed sliding according to standard bolt hole and oversize bolt hole when pure bending moment and tensile force were applied to high-tension bolt joints with different sizes of bolt holes made in the base plate and the cover plate. In a high-tension bolt joint receiving pure bending moment and tensile force, the load causing sliding in an oversize bolt hole was $74\sim94%$ of that in a standard bolt hole. In a member receiving tensile force, the sliding load ratio was lower when the size of oversize bolt holes in the base plate and the cover plate was large. In addition, the size of the oversize bolt hole in the base plate was more closely correlated with the change of sliding loadthan the size of the oversize bolt hole in the base plate.

Characteristics on Shear Strength and Clogging Phenomenon of Bottom Ash and Rammed Aggregate Mixture Compaction Pile (쇄석과 저회의 혼합다짐말뚝의 전단강도와 Clogging 현상 규명)

  • Lee, Dongyeup;Kang, Hyongnam;Chun, Byungsik
    • Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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    • v.11 no.3
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    • pp.33-41
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    • 2010
  • The rammed aggregate compaction pile method is widely used as soft ground improvement method because of the installed piles improve not only overall composite capacity but also discharge capacity. But the discharge capacity is declined when the clogging is generated due to the clay penetration into voids of rammed aggregate compaction pile with the time elapsed. The purpose of this study is to reduce the clogging problem occurred in rammed aggregate compaction pile constructed in the soft ground and to minimize voids of rammed aggregate compaction pile. The proper mixing ratio was determined which is based on the results of the large scale direct shear tests conducted to get strength and permeability as optimum mixing ratio of crushed stone and bottom ash. The test results indicated that the highest internal friction angle was obtained at 80:20 mixing ratio of crushed stone and bottom ash. The internal friction angle was declined when the mixing ratio of the bottom ash increased over 20%. The results of the clogging tests, presented that the mixture of 80:20 crushed stone and bottom ash is highest effective of clogging than ratio of pure crushed stone.

The Initiation of Slip on Frictional Fractures (마찰 전단면의 전단거동과 에너지방출률)

  • Park, Chi-Hyun
    • Tunnel and Underground Space
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    • v.20 no.5
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    • pp.344-351
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    • 2010
  • Slip along a frictional fracture can be approached as initiation and propagation of a mode II crack along its own plane. Fracture mechanics theories predict that under pure mode II loading initiation will occur when the energy release rate of the fracture attains a critical value ($G_{IIC}$), which is generally taken as a material property. For the past few years the rock mechanics group at Purdue University has investigated experimentally the dependence of $G_{IIC}$ on normal stress and on the frictional characteristics of a fracture. A number of experiments has been conducted first on acrylic, a material that, using photoelastic methods, allows visualization of the stress field ahead of the fracture tip; and later on gypsum, a rock model material with relatively low unconfined compression strength. The experimental investigation has been expanded to include other frictional materials with higher unconfined compression strength. Direct shear tests have been conducted on specimens made with cement paste. New observations together with previous experiments indicate that $G_{IIC}$ can only be considered a material property when the peak friction angle of the discontinuity is similar to the residual friction angle; otherwise the critical energy release rate increases with normal stress.

Research of Diffusion Bonding of Tungsten/Copper and Their Properties under High Heat Flux

  • Li, Jun;Yang, Jianfeng
    • Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.14-14
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    • 2011
  • W (tungsten)-alloys will be the most promising plasma facing armor materials in highly loaded plasma interactive components of the next step fusion reactors due to its high melting point, high sputtering resistance and low deuterium/tritium retention. The bonding technology of tungsten to Cu alloy was one of the key issues. In this paper, W/CuCrZr diffusion bonding has been performed successfully by inserting pure metal interlay. The joint microstructure, interfacial elements migration and phase composition were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD, and the joint shear strength and micro-hardness were investigated. The mock-ups were fabricated successfully with diffusion bonding and the cladding technology respectively, and the high heat flux test and thermal fatigue test were carried out under actively cooling condition. When Ni foil was used for the bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, two reaction layers, Ni4W and Ni(W) layer, appeared between the tungsten and Ni interlayer with the optimized condition. Even though Ni4W is hard and brittle, and the strength of the joint was oppositely increased (217 MPa) due primarily to extremely small thicknesses (2~3 ${\mu}m$). When Ti foil was selected as the interlayer, the Ti foil diffused quickly with Cu and was transformed into liquid phase at $1,000^{\circ}C$. Almost all of the liquid was extruded out of the interface zone under bonding pressure, and an extremely thin residual layer (1~2 ${\mu}m$) of the liquid phase was retained between the tungsten and CuCrZr, which shear strength exceeded 160 MPa. When Ni/Ti/Ni multiple interlayers were used for bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, a large number of intermetallic compound ($Ni_4W/NiTi_2/NiTi/Ni_3T$) were formed for the interdiffusion among W, Ni and Ti. Therefore, the shear strength of the joint was low and just about 85 MPa. The residual stresses in the clad samples with flat, arc, rectangle and trapezoid interface were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The simulation results show that the flat clad sample was subjected maximum residual stress at the edge of the interface, which could be cracked at the edge and propagated along the interface. As for the rectangle and trapezoid interface, the residual stresses of the interface were lower than that of the flat interface, and the interface of the arc clad sample have lowest residual stress and all of the residual stress with arc interface were divided into different grooved zones, so the probabilities of cracking and propagation were lower than other interfaces. The residual stresses of the mock-ups under high heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The tungsten of the flat interfaces was subjected to tensile stresses (positive $S_x$), and the CuCrZr was subjected to compressive stresses (negative $S_x$). If the interface have a little microcrack, the tungsten of joint was more liable to propagate than the CuCrZr due to the brittle of the tungsten. However, when the flat interface was substituted by arc interfaces, the periodical residual stresses in the joining region were either released or formed a stress field prohibiting the growth or nucleation of the interfacial cracks. Thermal fatigue tests were performed on the mock-ups of flat and arc interface under the heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ with the cooling water velocity of 10 m/s. After thermal cycle experiments, a large number of microcracks appeared at the tungsten substrate due to large radial tensile stress on the flat mock-up. The defects would largely affect the heat transfer capability and the structure reliability of the mock-up. As for the arc mock-up, even though some microcracks were found at the interface of the regions, all microcracks with arc interface were divided into different arc-grooved zones, so the propagation of microcracks is difficult.

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Deposition Optimization and Bonding Strength of AuSn Solder Film (AuSn 솔더 박막의 스퍼터 증착 최적화와 접합강도에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, D.J.;Lee, T.Y.;Lee, H.K.;Kim, G.N.;Lee, J.W.
    • Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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    • v.14 no.2 s.43
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    • pp.49-57
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    • 2007
  • Au-Sn solder alloy were deposited in multilayer and co-sputtered film by rf-magnetron sputter and the composition control and analysis were studied. For the alloy deposition condition, each components of Au or Sn were deposited separately. On the basis of pure Sn and Au deposition, the deposition condition for Au-Sn solder alloy were set up. As variables, the substrate temperature, the rf-power, and the thickness ratio were used for the optimum composition. For multilayer solder alloy, the roughness and the composition of solder alloy were controlled more accurately at the higher substrate temperature. In contrast, for co-sputtered solder, the substrate temperature influenced little to the composition, but the composition could be controlled easily by rf-power. In addition, the co-sputtered solder film mostly consisted of intermetallic compound, which formed during deposition. The compound were confirmed by XRD. Without flux during bonding of solder alloy film on leadframe, the adhesion strength were measured. The maximum shear stress was $330(N/mm^2)$ for multilayer solder with Au 10wt% and $460(N/mm^2)$ for co-sputtered solder with Au 5wt%.

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The study on the manufacturing intermediary materials for the carbon nanofiber reinforced Cu matrix noncomposite (일방향 탄소나노섬유 강화 Cu 기지 나노복합재료용 중간재 제조에 관한 연구)

  • 백영민;이상관;엄문광
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
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    • 2003.10a
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    • pp.46-49
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    • 2003
  • Cu have been widely used as signal transmission materials for electrical electronic components owing to its high electrical conductivity. However, it's size have been limited to small ones due to its poor mechanical properties, Until now, strengthening of the copper at toy was obtained either by the solid solution and precipitation hardening by adding alloy elements or the work hardening by deformation process. Adding the at toy elements lead to reduction of electrical conductivity. In this aspect, if carbon nanofiber is used as reinforcement which have outstanding mechanical strength and electric conductivity, it is possible to develope Cu matrix nanocomposite having almost no loss of electric conductivity. It is expected to be innovative in electric conduct ing material market. The unidirectional alignment of carbon nanofiber is the most challenging task developing the copper matrix composites of high strength and electric conductivity In this study, the unidirectional alignment of carbon nanofibers which is used reinforced material are controlled by drawing process in order to manufacture the intermediary materials for the carbon nanofiber reinforced Cu matrix nanocomposite and align mechanism as well as optimized drawing process parameters are verified via experiments and numerical analysis. The materials used in this study were pure copper and the nanofibers of 150nm in diameter and of $10~20\mu\textrm{m}$ In length. The materials have been tested and the tensile strength was 75MPa with the elongation of 44% for the copper it is assumed that carbon nanofiber behave like porous elasto-plastic materials. Compaction test was conducted to obtain constitutive properties of carbon nanofiber. Optimal parameter for drawing process was obtained by experiments and numerical analysis considering the various drawing angles, reduction areas, friction coefficient, etc Lower reduction areas provides the less rupture of cu tube is not iced during the drawing process. Optimal die angle was between 5 degree and 12 degree. Relative density of carbon nanofiber embedded in the copper tube is higher as drawing diameter decrease and compressive residual stress is occurred in the copper tube. Carbon nanofibers are moved to the reverse drawing direct ion via shear force caused by deformation of the copper tube and alined to the drawing direction.

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Stabilization of backfill using TDA material under a footing close to retaining wall

  • Arefnia, Ali;Dehghanbanadaki, Ali;Kassim, Khairul Anuar;Ahmad, Kamarudin
    • Geomechanics and Engineering
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.197-206
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    • 2020
  • Reutilization of solid waste such as Tire Derived Aggregate (TDA) and mixing it with soft soil for backfill material not only reduces the required volume of backfill soil (i.e., sand-mining procedures; reinforcement), but also preserves the environment from pollution by recycling. TDA is a widely-used material that has a good track record for improving sustainable construction. This paper attempted to investigate the performance of Kaolin-TDA mixtures as a backfill material underneath a strip footing and close to a retaining wall. For this purpose, different types of TDA i.e., powdery, shredded, small-size granular (1-4 mm) and large-size granular (5-8 mm), were mixed with Kaolin at 0, 20, 40, and 60% by weight. Static surcharge load with the rate of 10 kPa per min was applied on the strip footing until the failure of footing happened. The behaviour of samples K80-G (1-4 mm) 20 and K80-G (5-8 mm) 20 were identical to that of pure Kaolin, except that the maximum footing stress had grown by roughly three times (300-310 kPa). Therefore, it can be concluded that the total flexibility of the backfill and shear strength of the strip footing have been increased by adding the TDA. The results indicate that, a significant increase in the failure vertical stress of the footing is observed at the optimum mixture content. In addition, the TDA increases the elasticity behaviour of the backfill.

Mode II Fracture Toughness of Hybrid FRCs

  • Abou El-Mal, H.S.S.;Sherbini, A.S.;Sallam, H.E.M.
    • International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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    • v.9 no.4
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    • pp.475-486
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    • 2015
  • Mode II fracture toughness ($K_{IIc}$) of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) has been widely investigated under various patterns of test specimen geometries. Most of these studies were focused on single type fiber reinforced concrete. There is a lack in such studies for hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. In the current study, an experimental investigation of evaluating mode II fracture toughness ($K_{IIc}$) of hybrid fiber embedded in high strength concrete matrix has been reported. Three different types of fibers; namely steel (S), glass (G), and polypropylene (PP) fibers were mixed together in four hybridization patterns (S/G), (S/PP), (G/PP), (S/G/PP) with constant cumulative volume fraction ($V_f$) of 1.5 %. The concrete matrix properties were kept the same for all hybrid FRC patterns. In an attempt to estimate a fairly accepted value of fracture toughness $K_{IIc}$, four testing geometries and loading types are employed in this investigation. Three different ratios of notch depth to specimen width (a/w) 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 were implemented in this study. Mode II fracture toughness of concrete $K_{IIc}$ was found to decrease with the increment of a/w ratio for all concretes and test geometries. Mode II fracture toughness $K_{IIc}$ was sensitive to the hybridization patterns of fiber. The (S/PP) hybridization pattern showed higher values than all other patterns, while the (S/G/PP) showed insignificant enhancement on mode II fracture toughness ($K_{IIc}$). The four point shear test set up reflected the lowest values of mode II fracture toughness $K_{IIc}$ of concrete. The non damage defect concept proved that, double edge notch prism test setup is the most reliable test to measure pure mode II of concrete.

Production of Bacterial Cellulose by Pilot Scale and Its Properties (Pilot Scale의 박테리아 셀룰로오스 생산 및 그의 물성)

  • Kim, Seong-Jun;Song, Hyo-Jeong;Chang, Mi-Hwa;Choi, Chang-Nam
    • KSBB Journal
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    • v.22 no.2
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    • pp.91-96
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    • 2007
  • The saccharogenic liquid (SFW) obtained by the enzymatic saccharification of food wastes was used as a medium for production of bacterial cellulose (BC). The enzymatic saccharification of food wastes was carried out by the cultivation supernatant of Tricoderma inhamatum KSJ1 culture. Acetobacter xylinum KJ1 was employed for the BC production culture. Under the scaled-up aeration condition of 1.0 vvm, 5.64 g/L of BC was produced in 3 days cultivation in 50 L air circulation bioreactor using SFW medium with addition of 0.4% agar. The productivity was similar to that of 10 L air circulation bioreactor (5.84 g/L). This cultivation method with 50 L air circulation bioreactor decreasing shear stress and increasing oxygen transfer coefficient ($k_La$) was very useful in BC mass production. The physical properties, such as morphology, molecular weight, crystallinity, and tensile strength of BC produced by the static culture (A), the air circulation culture using 10 L bioreactor (B) and 50 L bioreactor (C) were investigated. The number average molecular weight of BCs produced under the different culture conditions (A-C) showed 2,578,000, 1,975,000, and 1,809,000, respectively. Tensile strength was 1.72 $kg/mm^2$, 1.19 $kg/mm^2$, and 1.18 $kg/mm^2$, respectively. All of the BCs had a form of cellulose I representing pure cellulose. The relative degree of crystallinity showed the range of 86.2$\sim$87.8%. BC production by the air circulation culture mode brought more favorable results in terms of the physical properties and its ease of scale-up. Therefore, it is expected that the new BC production method, the air circulation culture using SFW, would contribute greatly to BC-related manufacturing.

Torsional and Warping Constants of I-shaped Plate Girders with a Sine Corrugated Web (Sine 파형 복부판을 갖는 I형 플레이트 거더의 비틂 및 뒴 상수)

  • Kim, Seungjun;Jeon, Jin Su;Won, Deok Hee;Kang, Young Jong
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.32 no.6A
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    • pp.347-354
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    • 2012
  • In this study, the equations of torsional and warping constants of a I-shaped plate girder with sine corrugated web are suggested. Because of geometric characteristics of the section, a I-shaped plate girder with corrugated web shows high out-of-plane stiffness, shear strength, and torsional stiffness. Torsional constant and warping constant definitely affect lateral-torsional buckling loads. Therefore, exact estimation of the sectional properties is quite important. But, it is difficult to estimate these properties by former methods. So, this study was focused on suggestion of the rational equations to calculate torsional and warping constants. In order to investigate the effects of geometric characteristics of sine-corrugated webs on torsional stiffness and warping torsional constant, finite element analyses for pure torsional behavior and warping torsional behavior of I-shaped plate girders were performed. By regression analyses of the analytical results, rational equations of the torsional constant and warping constant were suggested. Suggested equations for the properties were validated based on the analytical results of lateral-torsional buckling of simply supported I-shaped plate girder. By suggested equations, torsional and warping constants of I-shaped plate girders with a sine-corrugated web can be rationally estimated and more exact lateral-torsional buckling load can be simply calculated.