• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.31-34
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• 2000

Pulmonary hamartoma is an uncommon benign tumor consisting of a mixture of loose fibromyxoid tissue, cartilage, fat, and cleft-like spaces lined by cuboidal or ciliated epithelium. Cytologically, the presence of a mesenchymal component is essential for the diagnosis of pulmonary hamartoma. We report the fine needle aspiration cytologic findings of two cases of pulmonary hamartoma. Case 1 was a 71-year-old woman with a mass, measuring $1.8{\times}1.5cm$ in the upper lobe of the right lung. Case 2 was a 51-year-old woman with a mass, measuring $2.3{\times}2.0cm$ in the lower lobe of the right lung. Fine needle aspiration cytology of both pulmonary masses revealed several sheets of loose fibromyxoid tissue fragments with focal cartilaginous differentiation and a few clusters of bland cuboidal epithelial cells on the bloody background. The diagnosis was histologically confirmed by needle biopsy.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 1997

Well differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung Is a subtype of pulmonary blastoma. In this report, CT-guided fine needle aspiration smears were performed at the right upper lobe of the lung in a 45 year-old male patient who had the smoking history of one pack per day for 25 years. The smears disclosed round, papillary, and tubular patterns of cell clusters. The individual cells had relatively uniform, small to medium sized nuclei without nucleoli, and showed vesicular or eosinophilic cytoplasm with Indistinct cell border. The morules were seen in the central area of papillary clusters. They were composed of two cell types, outer single layered cuboidal cellular lining and central three-dimensional cluster of cells simulating fetal lung. These cytologic features need to be differentiated from usual pulmonary adenocarcinoma, carcinoid, and pulmonary blastoma. On histologic findings, the tumor arised in the bronchial epithelium. And the tumor cells had abundant intracytoplasmic glycogen with neuroendocrine feature on histochemical study. In addition, the multiplicity of this tumor is the unique point comparable to the previous reports.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.711-714
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• 2004

We report a case of mature cystic teratoma of the anterior mediastinum that ruptured into the pulmonary artery requiring an emergent surgical treatment. A 39-year-old woman presented an episode of massive hemoptysis and treated with bronchial artery embolization (BAE). On the 10th day after BAE, however, she developed sudden massive hemoptysis and had a deteriorated mental status. For a definitive treatment, she underwent the left pneumonectomy and the tumor resection in the anterior mediastinum. On histologic examination, the tumor disclosed cystic structures composed of mature squamous epithelium, pilosebaceous glands, mature fat tissue, cartilage and bone tissue. Also, there was intrapulmonary hemorrhage due to left pulmonary artery invasion of the tumor.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.210-214
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• 1981

The bronchogenic cysts result from an abnormal budding or branching of the tracheo-bronchial tree from the primitive foregut. Bronchogenic cysts may be pulmonary or mediastinal. The most common location for a mediastinal bronchogenic cyst is in relation to the carina. They are usually solitary. They usually are thin walled and contain fluid that is most often clear. The cyst is lined by ciliated columnar epithelium. The bronchogenic cyst i~ usually asymptomatic. They can cause pressure symptoms. When they become infected, symptoms do occur. We report 3 cases of bronchogenic cysts experienced at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital. Case I, a man of 20 year-old, had a cyst at the site between aortic arch and left pulmonary artery. He complained cough and dyspnea. The cyst wasn`t communicated with tracheobronchial tree. Case II was 55-year-old male who had had hemoptysis. A huge cyst was located within the lower lobe of left lung and removed by pulmonary lobectomy. There were not any symptoms in Case III that was 6-year old girl. That cyst was located just next to the right main bronchus.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.87 no.4
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• pp.451-457
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• 2024

Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) results from the exposure of susceptible hosts to a diverse group of environmental mycobacteria. The emphasis on nonpharmacological strategies is motivated by the widespread presence of NTM in various environments, and the inconsistent success rates of pharmacological treatments. Modifiable factors contributing to NTM-PD development include impaired airway clearance, low body mass index, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and exposure to NTM habitats. This suggests that lifestyle and environmental modifications could affect disease development and progression. The review highlights several modalities that can modify the risk factors. Airway clearance techniques, informed by the "gel-on-brush" model of the bronchial epithelium, aim to enhance mucociliary clearance, and have the potential to alleviate symptoms and improve lung function. The impact of nutritional status is also examined, with a lower body mass index linked to an increased risk and progression of NTM-PD, indicating the importance of targeted nutritional support. Additionally, the theoretical and epidemiological links between gastroesophageal reflux disease and NTM-PD advocate careful management of reflux episodes. Understanding the risk of NTM transmission through environmental exposure to contaminated water and soil is also crucial. Strategies to mitigate this risk, including effective water management and minimizing soil contact, are presented as vital preventive measures. The review supports the inclusion of nonpharmacological treatments within a comprehensive NTM-PD management strategy, alongside conventional pharmacological therapies. This integrated approach seeks to improve the overall understanding and handling of NTM-PD.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.36-45
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• 2007

Objective : To identify key cytologic features for diagnosis of adenocarcinoma and morphologic differentiation from reactive/reparative respiratory epithelium. Study Design : The cytomorphologic features of 145 pulmonary cytology specimens (sputum and bronchial washing), which included 117 histologically proven adenocarcinomas and 28 non-neoplastic lesions, cytologically diagnosed as atypia and suspicious for malignancy (adenocarcinoma) were reviewed retrospectively. We analyzed 11 morphologic criteria in pulmonary cytologic specimens. Results: Over 110 of 117 cases of adenocarcinomas revealed nuclear membrane irregularities, non-cohesive cells, single atypical cells, moderate to markedly enlarged nuclei and an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio. Chromatin clearing, chromatin heterogeneity and hyperchromasia were seen in 102, 99 and 97 cases, respectively. All 28 cases involving non-neoplastic lesions revealed hyperplastic reactive pneumocytes, hyperplastic reactive bronchial epithelium, or degenerating macrophages. The non-neoplastic lesions revealed a small number of atypical cell clusters and paucity or absence of atypical single cells. Conclusion : The most important morphologic features for diagnosis of adenocarcinoma are nuclear membrane irregularities, non-cohesive cells, single atypical cell, moderate to markedly enlarged nuclei and increased N/C ratio. Chromatin clearing, chromatin heterogeneity and hyperchromasia were also helpful features, while pleomorphism and prominent nucleoli were less valuable.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.484-495
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• 2023

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) can be defined as a progressive chronic pulmonary disease showing scarring in the lung parenchyma, thereby resulting in increase in mortality and decrease in the quality of life. The pathophysiologic mechanism of fibrosis in IPF is still unclear. Repetitive microinjuries to alveolar epithelium with genetical predisposition and an abnormal restorative reaction accompanied by excessive deposition of collagens are involved in the pathogenesis. Although the two FDA-approved drugs, pirfenidone and nintedanib, are under use for retarding the decline in lung function of patients suffered from IPF, they are not able to improve the survival rate or quality of life. Therefore, a novel therapeutic agent acting on the major steps of the pathogenesis of disease and/or, at least, managing the clinical symptoms of IPF should be developed for the effective regulation of this incurable disease. In the present review, we tried to find a potential of managing the clinical symptoms of IPF by natural products derived from medicinal plants used for controlling the pulmonary inflammatory diseases in traditional Asian medicine. A multitude of natural products have been reported to exert an antifibrotic effect in vitro and in vivo through acting on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathway, transforming growth factor (TGF)- β-induced intracellular signaling, and the deposition of extracellular matrix. However, clinical antifibrotic efficacy of these natural products on IPF have not been elucidated yet. Thus, those effects should be proven by further examinations including the randomized clinical trials, in order to develop the ideal and optimal candidate for the therapeutics of IPF.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.231-236
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• 2010

This study was to fabricate the porous poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles with anthocyanin (as a model antioxidant) for pulmonary drug delivery. The highly porous PLGA microparticles were prepared by the waterin-oil-in-water ($W_1/O/W_2$) multi-emulsion method, followed by the decomposition of ammonium bicarbonate (AB) in $W_1$ phase to the base of ammonia, carbon dioxide and water vapor at $50^{\circ}C$, making a porous structure in PLGA microparticles. Herein, hyaluronate (HA), a viscous polysaccharide, was incorporated in the porous microparticles for sustained anthocyanin release. In in vitro release studies, the anthocyanin release from the porous microparticles with HA continued up to 24 hours, while the porous microparticles without HA released 80 wt.% of encapsulated anthocyanin within 2 hours. In addition, these microparticle are expected to be effectively deposited at a lung epithelium due to its high porosity (low density) and avoid alveolar macrophage's uptake in the lung due to its large particle size. We believe that this system has a great pharmaceutical potential as a long acting antioxidant for relieving the oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 2005

Background : Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a relatively newly recognized, novel family of peroxidases that reduce $H_2O_2$ and alkylhydroperoxide into water and alcohol, respectively. There are 6 known isoforms of Prxs present in human cells. Normally, Prxs exist in a head-to-tail homodimeric state in a reduced form. However, in the presence of excess $H_2O_2$, it can be oxidized on its catalytically active cysteine site into inactive oxidized forms. This study surveyed the types of the Prx isoforms present in the pulmonary epithelial, macrophage, endothelial, and other cell lines and observed their response to oxidative stress. Methods : This study examined the effect of exogenous, excess $H_2O_2$ on the Prxs of established cell lines originating from the pulmonary epithelium, macrophages, and other cell lines, which are known to be exposed to high oxygen partial pressures or are believed to be subject to frequent oxidative stress, using non-reducing SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis (PAGE) and 2 dimensional electrophoresis. Result : The addition of excess $H_2O_2$ to the culture media of the various cell-lines caused the immediate inactivation of Prxs, as evidenced by their inability to form dimers by a disulfide cross linkage. This was detected as a subsequent shift to its monomeric forms on the non-reducing SDS PAGE. These findings were further confirmed by 2 dimensional electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis by a shift toward a more acidic isoelectric point (pI). However, the subsequent reappearance of the dimeric Prxs with a comparable, corresponding decrease in the monomeric bands was noted on the non-reducing SDS PAGE as early as 30 minutes after the $H_2O_2$ treatment suggesting regeneration after oxidation. The regenerated dimers can again be converted to the inactivated form by a repeated $H_2O_2$ treatment, indicating that the protein is still catalytically active. The recovery of Prxs to the original dimeric state was not inhibited by a pre-treatment with cycloheximide, nor by a pretreatment with inhibitors of protein synthesis, which suggests that the reappearance of dimers occurs via a regeneration process rather than via the de novo synthesis of the active protein. Conclusion : The cells, in general, appeared to be equipped with an established system for regenerating inactivated Prxs, and this system may function as a molecular "on-off switch" in various oxidative signal transduction processes. The same mechanisms might applicable other proteins associated with signal transduction where the active catalytic site cysteines exist.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.129-142
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• 2005

Objective : Asthma is known as chronic airway inflammatory disease. This inflammation is conducted by various inflammatory cells including eosihophil. Chemotaxis is one way that circulating inflammatory cells invade a specific lesion. This study examines the degree to which Lonicerae Flos inhibits eosinophil chemotaxis at pulmonary epithelium after allergic stimulation. Material and Methods : Water extracts of Lonicerae Flos and pulmonary epithelial cell lines A549(human type II-like epithelial cells) and human eosinophils were used. Cytotoxic effects of Lonicerae Flos via MTS assay were estimated, as well as the effects of Lonicerae Flos on chemokines from prestimulated A549 cells by sandwich ELISA and RT-PCR. Chemotaxis assay was conducted on prestimulated eosinophils treated with Lonicerae Flos. Result : In this study $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-4, $IL-l{\beta}$ were seen to induced the accumulation of chemokines mRNA in the pulmonary epithelial cell lines A549 in a dose-dependent manner. Chemokines were inhibited by Liripois Tuber in a dose-dependent manner and especially, IL-8 and ICAM-l were inhibited considerably at $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ concentration of Lonicerae Flos. The eosinophil migration is inhibited in high concentration of Lonicerae Flos in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion : These findings indicate that the supression of the expression of chemokines can be accomplished by Lonicerae Flos treatment, raising the possibility that Lonicerae Flos might be of therapeutic value in diseases such as asthma.