• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.767-776
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to classify side somatotypes of the trunk by analysing photographic data. Then their distribution according to the age groups was studied. The subjects were 315 females of 18 to 49 year-old. Thirty one photographic measurements were taken to each subject. The factors affecting the side somatotype of the trunk were obtained by principal component analysis, vertical size, posterior/anterior depth and neck posture. The side somatotypes of the trunk were classified into 4 types and their differences were shown by analysing photographic data. The side silhouettes of 4 types were compared with balanced type. By suggesting the canonical discriminant function with the unstandardized canonical coefficient, individual somatotype of the trunk could be discriminated from the photographic data of anterior neck height, anterior waist height, posterior waist depth, buttock height, and anterior depth at the level of back protrusion. The frequency distribution of the side somatotypes of the trunk according to the age groups could be applied for clothing construction and the rate of clothing production.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.61-66
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• 2009

Purpose: The aim of this study is to establish anatomical dimension of the nose and nostril shape in Korean twenties. Methods: Authors measured anthropometry of nose in Korean youths 1,000 individuals (male 363, female 637) and analyzed stastically them. Results: The mean measurements are as follows. 1. The shape of nostrils was classified into 7 types by the angle between both long axis of nostril (male / female). Type I ($<40^{\circ}$)1.7% / 1.72%, Type II ($41-70^{\circ}$) 26.17% / 29.35%, Type III ($71-100^{\circ}$) 39.94% / 38.77%, Type IV (unclassified) 3.85% / 5.80%, Type V ($101-130^{\circ}$) 20.93% / 17.89%, Type VI ($131-180^{\circ}$) 7.43% / 5.96%, Type VII ($>180^{\circ}$) 0% / 0.47% 2. Lengths (male/female) Width of nasal root: $25.29{\pm}2.25mm/24.72{\pm}2.40mm$ Width of nose: $37.63{\pm}2.46mm/34.77{\pm}2.11mm$ Width of columella: $7.18{\pm}0.92mm/6.92{\pm}0.86mm$ Width of alar: $4.99{\pm}1.00mm/4.74{\pm}0.91mm$ Width of nostril floor: $10.98{\pm}1.40mm/10.13{\pm}1.73mm$ Protrusion of nasal tip: $17.12{\pm}1.95mm/16.88{\pm}1.84mm$ Length of alar: $27.10{\pm}2.21mm/24.66{\pm}2.18mm$ Length of nasal root: $17.37{\pm}2.51mm/16.08{\pm}2.90mm$ Depth of nasal root: $7.83{\pm}1.63mm/6.82{\pm}1.36mm$ Length of columella: $8.13{\pm}1.40mm/7.30{\pm}1.46mm$ Height of nose: $60.50{\pm}8.90mm/59.14{\pm}9.22mm$ Height of nasal bridge: $52.68{\pm}7.49mm/50.57{\pm}7.71mm$ 3. Angles Nasofacial angle: $30.19{\pm}3.43^{\circ}/29.13{\pm}6.31^{\circ}$ Nasofrontal angle: $134.88{\pm}7.25^{\circ}/139.94{\pm}6.33^{\circ}$ Nasolabial angle: $95.08{\pm}8.95^{\circ}/95.80{\pm}8.93^{\circ}$ 4. Nasal index: $72.60{\pm}9.57%/68.21{\pm}7.03%$ Nasal tip protrusion-nasal height index: $45.64{\pm}5.21%/47.09{\pm}5.21%$ Nasal tip protrusion-nasal width index: $32.61{\pm}6.83%/31.63{\pm}6.71%$ Conclusion: These data could be useful reference for anthropometry of nose in Korean twenties.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.174-182
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• 2009

Purpose: The Mulliken's method is a one of the very excellent technique to correction of the unilateral cleft lip. It could decrease the need of additional operation and second operation by the early simultaneous correction of unilateral cleft lip and nasal deformity, at a time. Numerous procedures were advocated for the correction of nasal deformity, but with general dissatisfaction of the results, it became obvious that no one procedure is the ideal one. The authors have been operating on unilateral cleft lip by Mulliken's method and long term follow - up of postoperative result was evaluated. Methods: The authors have done long term follow - up of result in the 75 cases unilateral cleft lip patient, during 1 ~ 7 years. That was repaired by simultaneous correction of cleft lip and nasal deformity by Mulliken's method at the period from June, 1997 to December, 2007. The patients were unilateral complete cleft lip 39 cases, unilateral incomplete cleft lip 36 cases. In the severe complete cleft lip cases, lip adhesion operation was done before definite operation. The mean age of unilateral cleft lip operation was 3.2 months. Five anthropometric parameters, which were upper lip, cutaneous lip and vermilion mucosa height, nasal tip protrusion, columella length were measured by Sliding Vernier Caliper. The anthropometric analysis was performed preoperative and postoperative at 6 months, 3, 5 and 7 years and the results were com pared with those of age - matched, normal children. T - tests were used to analyze the differences between the measurements. Results: Long - term postoperative results were evaluated by anthropometrically. Most patients showed adequate growth of upper lip height, vermilion mucosa height and columella length. But nasal tip protrusion was relatively short compare with normal value. Incomplete cleft lip group was nearly normal growth results than complete cleft lip group. Conclusion: In conclusion, we could make harmonious Cupid's bow, natural philtrum and lip, appropriate nasal shape by Mulliken's method. But nasal tip protrusion was under the normal values on complete and incomplete group. And incomplete group was more good results than complete group. We have experienced repair of cleft lip by Mulliken's method with 75 cases of unilateral cleft lip patients and conclude that it was very useful and good method.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1995.07b
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• pp.849-851
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• 1995

Magnetic heads on vcr drum are adjusted for protrusion, rotational angle, setting angle between two symmetrically positioned heads and height difference. Developed adjustment system covered assembly spec., namely ${\pm}2{\mu}m$ and ${\pm}30{\mu}m$ in rotational angle by using the image processing to determine head positions and S/W algorithm to compensate mechanical errors.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.21 no.1 s.33
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• pp.131-170
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• 1991

This study was designed to analyze morphological characteristics of Korean young adults, norms and standard deviation of variables, sexual differences, correlationship between each area of face and correlationship between hard tissue and soft tissue. The primary sample consisted of 45 males and 57 females who were early and middle twenties and had acceptable profile, no history of previous orthodontic treatment, absence of remarkably large overjet and overbite, full complement of permanent teeth, Class I skeletal and dental relationships and good vertical facial proportions. Their cephalograms were analyzed morphologically with a computer morphometrics. Then the final sample - 25 males and 38 females - were selected within 1 S.D. of E-line, ANB, P/A facial height ratio, Interincisal angle, L1 to A-Pog, ODI and APDI. The results of the study were as follows: 1 In the form and proportion of facial skeleton there were no significant differences between males and females, but in the size males were larger than females. 2. The dental protrusion patterns had no significant sexual difference and no significant correlationship between protrusion of upper lip and inclination of upper incisor. But mentolabial angle had positively correlated with interincisal angle and negatively with inclination of upper and lower incisor. 3. In the relationship between nose and soft-tissue profile, males were larger than females in nasal length, height and angular measurements. 4. In analysis of soft-tissue profile, males were larger than females in the length and thickness. In the angular measurements and proportion of soft-tissue profile, there were no significant differences between males and females.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.121-124
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• 2003

A new form-joining process with the aid of an adhesive is proposed in which an epoxy adhesive is applied to a sheet metal pair, and before it cures the pair is clinched to cause the geometric constraint in the form of a protrusion. In order to reduce the forming load and the height of protrusions, a new die and punch set with a very small clearance was devised to reduce the depth of drawing and the forming load. Taguchi method was employed to find the optimal values of design parameters. To implement each case of the orthogonal array, the finite element method was used. The experiments showed that on the tensile-shear test, the bonding strength of the new form-joining process with an epoxy adhesive is approximately the same as that of the resistance spot welding; and in comparison with the other two form-joining processes with an epoxy adhesive, the height of protrusions was reduced by more than 65 percent and the forming load by 50 percent.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.1019-1028
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to compare the body measurements of cyclists and non-cyclists and to classify cyclists＇ body types to offer basic information for the bicycle apparel manufacturer in Korea. The anthropometric data was collected including both direct and indirect measurements of 81 cyclists (40 female, 41 male) aged from 19 to 24. Anthropometric measurements were analyzed using percentiles, T-test, factor and cluster analysis. The results were as follows; Comparison of anthropomeoic data between cyclist and non-cyclist was to clarify that cyclists have bigger size than non-cyclists; especially the thigh circumference shows big differences. As the result of factor analysis, 5 factors, which explain 74% of variance, were extracted from all items for male and female cyclists. The results of cluster analysis classified body types into 3 groups. Cluster 1 among three female cyclist groups has biggest torso and had an erect back. Cluster 2 has small size among three female group and drooping shoulders. Cluster 3 has the bended forward shoulders and shows the protrusion back. In case of male cyclists, cluster 1 has thin body type owing to big height measurements and small girth measurements. Cluster 2 among three male groups has the biggest torso and thigh circumference. Cluster 3 has big forward angle of shoulders and shows the protrusion of the back as female cyclist.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.224-233
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the effect of 'Blocking Kirschner Wire (K-Wire) Technique', which has been developed to reduce protrusion of the lateral wall, in maintaining the level of reduction through clinical and radiological outcomes. Materials and Methods: Twenty-two patients with displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures who used the blocking K-wire to maintain reduction (group A) and 44 patients that did not use blocking K-wire and were paired in 1:2 ratio with those Group A patients (group B), between January 2015 and December 2017 were enrolled in the study. All surgical procedures were performed via the extended sinus tarsi approach, and internal fixation using cannulated screws, Steinmann pins and K-wires was performed. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot scale and postoperative recovery of exercise ability were compared for postoperative clinical outcomes. The radiological results were compared the Böhler angle, Gissane angle, calcaneal height and width, step off of posterior calcaneal joint, and the degree of protrusion of the lateral wall. Moreover, postoperative complications in both groups were compared. Results: There were no significant differences in the clinical outcomes of the two groups (p=0.924, p=0.961). The amount of Böhler angle, Gissane angle, calcaneal height and width, and step off of posterior calcaneal joint from the radiological results was not significantly different between the two groups (p=0.170, p=0.441, p=0.230, p=0.266, and p=0.400). However, the degree of protrusion of the lateral wall was 1.78 mm and 4.95 mm in group A and group B, respectively, and the difference between the two groups was significant (p=0.017). Although sural nerve entrapment and painful exostosis were more frequent in group B, they were occurred in a non-significant manner (p=0.293, p=0.655). Conclusion: Most of the clinical and radiological results as well as the complications were not significantly different between the two groups. However, the degree of protrusion of the calcaneus lateral wall in group A was promising. The 'Blocking K-Wires Technique' established by the authors may be an effective surgical option for maintaining the reduction of the lateral wall protrusion in displaced intraarticular calcaneal fractures.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 2000

Orthodontic treatment in conjunction with second-molar extraction has been a controversial issue among orthodontists over many decades. The aim of this study was to investigate the treatment effects of upper second molar extraction cases. The sample included 19 upper second molar extraction orthodontic cases(ten Angle's Class I's and nine Class II's, average age=13Y 6M) cared at Kyung-Hee University Department of Orthodontics. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken before and immediately after treatment. Seventy-nine points were digitized on each cephalogram and 38 cephalometric parameters were computed comprising 22 angular measurements, 13 linear measurements, and 3 facial proportions. The data obtained from each malocclusion group were analyzed by paired t-test. The statistical results disclosed that there was no significant change in skeletal pattern after treatment except for that accountable by growth while there was statistically significant change in dentoalveolar and soft tissue patterns. There were no significant changes in Bjork sum, posterior facial height /anterior facial height and lower anterior facial height /anterior facial height. No significant changes in anteroposterior position of maxilla and palatal plane were manifested. Although facial axis and lower facial height was slightly increased and the mandible was rotated backward and downward, there was no remarkable change in the mandibular plane. There were statistically significant changes in distal movement of upper first molar, molar key correction and overjet reduction while there was no change in the occlusal plane. The upper lip was slightly retracted simultaneously with slight increase in nasolabial angle. These results signify that distalization of upper dentition with the second molar extraction does change occlusal relationship without gross modifications in the craniofacial skeletal configurationson. Henceforth the second molar extracted would be recommended to treat severe anterior crowding and protrusion with minor skeletal discrepancy.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.342-349
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• 2004

The form-joining process (or clinching) uses a set of die and punch to impose the plastic deformation-induced geometric constraint on a sheet metal pair. The joining strength from the process ranges 50-70 percent of that of the resistance spot welding. In this paper, a new form-joining process with the aid of an adhesive is proposed in which an epoxy adhesive is applied to a sheet metal pair, and before it cures the pair is clinched to cause the geometric constraint in the form of a protrusion. In order to reduce the forming load and the height of protrusions, a new die and punch set with a very small clearance is devised to reduce the depth of drawing and the forming load. Taguchi method is employed to find the optimal values of design parameters. To implement each case of the orthogonal array, the finite element method is used. The experiments show that in the tensile-shear test, the bonding strength of the new form-joining process with an epoxy adhesive is approximately the same as that of the resistance spot welding; and in comparison with the other two form-joining processes with an epoxy adhesive, the height of protrusions is reduced by more than 65 percent and the forming load by 50 percent.