• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.28 no.3_4
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• pp.499-508
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• 2004

The purpose of this research is to define body characteristics of middle-aged men at ages between 35 and 55 whose physical changes are very prominent, by comparing the measurement data collected from this age group. This research also classifies different body types, and provides basic data for designing slacks' original forms according to each body type. Based on factor analysis of the measured data, seven key factors are grouped. And five different body types are classified based on the cluster analysis using factor marks. Type 1 refers to those who are tall and standard. This body type is characterized by trapezoid body shape when looked from the front, and slim abdomen when looked from the side. Type 2 refers to short and a little fat body shapes, with trapezoid front and protruding hip and abdomen. Type 3 refers to tall and fat body shapes, with rectangular front, protruding abdomen, and slim hip. Type 4 refers to those who are of medium height and a little obese, with rectangular front and protruding abdomen and hip. Type 5 refers to short and obese body shapes, with rectangular front, slim abdomen, and protruding hip. 12 items are available to judge middle-aged men's low body types and the hit ratio is 90%.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.101-108
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the subjective evaluation and the characteristics of each type of maternal self-awareness. It was to provide the basic data necessary for the development of clothing that can improve the satisfaction of the body shape of pregnant women. This study was conducted with Q methodology, and was performed for pregnant women over 6 months. Analysis was done with QUANL program. The recognition types of body shape of pregnant women was analyzed as three types: thin limbs and central hemispherical abdominal body shape, under abdomen protruding body shape, and thick upper arm and central abdomen protruding body shape. The thin limbs and central hemispherical abdominal body shape were considered to be normal, with the lowest BMI index before pregnancy. And the limbs were thin and the other parts were not overweight, but recognized that only the belly came out. The under abdomen protruding body shape was overweight with the highest BMI index before pregnancy. In addition to the circumference of the chest and hips, the body was gaining weight and was perceived to have a belly drooping down. The thick upper arm and central abdomen protruding body shape recognized that the middle part of the abdomen protruded like the first type, but it was different from the first type because the upper arm was thickened. In the future study, it would be a meaningful study to compare and analyze the difference with the recognition body of this study through analyzing the actual body shape of pregnant women.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.327-337
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is for size suitability and fitness improvement for Korean 20's women. This study has classified hip types of 20's women by the 6th Korean Anthropometric Survey(Size Korean), then compared their lower body-type by hip types each other. The results are as follows. Factor analysis in sorting hip types can be explained 77.72% by nine factors. And cluster analysis can be divided into three types. Type 1 is referred to as a general type which has the largest size in the 'Hip circumference', but the buttocks's horizontal sizes are in the middle size besides the hip line. Type 2 is referred to as a protruding type in upper buttocks which is large in protruding volume of upper buttocks, but the buttock's horizontal sizes are small including 'Hip circumference', and buttock's horizontal section form close to circle. Type 3 is referred to as a type which is contrary to Type 2. Type 3 is small in protruding volume of upper buttocks, but large in lower buttocks, and the protrusions in whole buttocks are small, so the side view of Type 3 made gentle fit shape. By these results, the study could classify lower body of 20's women, and it can be basic data for new sizing systems and pattern development of bottoms.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.137-144
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for the development of a prototype of a garment that allows middle aged men to look idealized by examining the type of perception of middle aged men based on their subjective evaluation and their characteristics. This study used the Q methodology, which is a subjective research method that finds correlations among middle aged men across subjective attributes. The types of perception of body shape of middle aged men were analyzed as three types: leaning forward shape with bird legs, developed upper body shape with thick legs, protruding abdomen obesity body shape. The leaning forward shape with bird legs was recognized as the lowest in the BMI index, and the shoulder and chest were sagging, legs were thinner than the body and leaned forward. And that the hip were protruding and had a flat rectangular shape. Developed upper body shape with thick legs was the second overweight type of BMI index. It was recognized that the ankle and calf thighs were thick and the upper abdomen protruded upper body development body. Protruding abdomen obesity body shape was the most obese type with BMI index. In this type, the height was the smallest, and the upper abdomen came out and the abdomen protruded, and the abdomen was more exuded than the chest, and the neck was thick and the hips were recognized as the big body. The middle aged men's recognitive body shape was classified as a similar to actual body shape. However, in the recognition type, the frontal and side body types were mixed and classified. It is necessary to study the ergonomic pattern considering the features of each body type. This suggests that psychological effects can be obtained that allow the body shape that changes with age to be accepted more positively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1027-1039
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• 1995

Clothing fitness is strongly required in the apparel industry, and draping is an effective tool to increase fitness to the wearers. A more sophisticated and systematic information of the somatotype, accordingly, is necessary for better cress form design. This study was performed to provide fundamental data on middle aged women's upper torso for dress form designers and pattern makers by classifying the somatotype based on each individual's lateral view, and analyzing the characteristics of their somatotype. Data were analyzed by factor analysis, cluster analysis, analysis of variance. Factor analysis was used to 23 items from photometric measurment and cluster analysis was applied for classification of upper torso forms. Through cluster analysis using 5 factor scores, 3 somatotypes were categorized from th lateral view 1) Type I was straight somatotype in which the plumb line passes throught the lobe of the ear, the shoulder joing and the mid abdominal region laterally. This type of woman was slender and shorter than average. 2) Type II was bending somatotype in which the upper portion of upper torso is bent forward. This type of woman was taller and fatter than average. 3) Type III was swayback somatotype in which the upper portion of protruding point on the back is bent forward but the lower portion of protruding point had characteristic of turning over somatotype. This type of woman had storter length on the front and longer lenght on the back, slender type and flat chest.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.6-17
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• 2005

The purpose of this research is to define low body shapes of Plus-sized women at ages between 21 and 69 whose satisfied the Plus-sized judgment criteria took part in this study. This research also classifies different body types, and provides basic data for designing skirt's and slacks' prototypes according to each body type. Based on factor analysis of the measured data, seven key factors are grouped. And four different body types are classified based on the cluster analysis using factor marks. Type 1 refers to those who are tall in stature and balanced. This body type is characterized by trapezoid body shape when looked from the front, and slim the abdomen, bulge the belly and flat the buttocks when looked from the side. Type 2 refers to short and an obese body shapes, with trapezoid front and bulge abdomen and belly and flat the buttocks. Type 3 refers to those who are of medium height and long-legged body shapes, with rectangular front, protruding belly and buttocks. Type 4 refers to obese body shapes, with rectangular front, protruding abdomen and belly, flat the buttocks. 9 items are available to judge Plus-sized women's low body types and the hit ratio is 93.5%.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.183-199
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• 1996

The objective of this study was to provide fundamental data on somatotype for elderly women by classifying the somatotype and analysing the 3 characteristics of their somatotype. The subject were 368 women of 60~84 years old, they were analyzed indirect photography. To find out differences among the age groups, the 368 subjects were grouped into two age groups (Group 1 ; age 60 to 69, Group 2 ; aged 70 to 84). Data were analyzed using Factor analysis, Cluster analysis, duncan test and Analysis of variance. Through the factor analysis, 27 items from photometric measurements respectively. Cluster analysis was applied for classification of somatotype. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The characteristics of Elderly women's somatotype were bending of the upper-torso, fatness of the waist and abdomen, drooping of the bust and shoulder and hip. In addition, height, girth, depth and width items were decreased in their sizes respectively. 2. The characteristics of clusters were as follows. Type 1 was straight somatotype in which the plumb line through tragion, the bust depth and under bust depth region laterally. Type 2 was swayback somatotype in which the upper portion of protruding point on the back was bent forward but the lower portion of protruding point had a characteristics of turning over somatotype. Type 3 was bending somatotype. Namely, this type was shorter than average and below the average fatness. Generally, the lateral view silhouette of elderly women was the straight type and changed into bending type as the age increases.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.92-103
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• 2023

As the body shape change which occurs after middle age is the main factor affecting the fit of ready-to-wear clothes, this study was designed to classify and analyze the torso shapes of middle-aged men. This study sorted 3D body scans of 200 men aged 40-64 from the 8th Size Korea (2021) database and extracted their 47 measurement values using the Grasshopper algorithm for automatic extraction landmarks and measurements, developed by the previous research (Ryu & Song, 2022). Eight principal components (torso length, shoulder size, overall body size, abdomen prominence, back protrusion, neck inclination, upper body slope, and hip prominence) were identified and four torso shapes were classified. Shape 1 (28.5%) exhibited the shortest torso length, the narrowest shoulders, and the most protruding back. Shape 2 (21.0%) exhibited the skinniest body and the largest backward inclination of the upper body. Hence, the back appeared to be protruding, and the abdomen looked prominent. Shape 3 (25.5%) had the largest overall body size. Thus, the abdomen looked the least protruding, and it exhibited the flattest back. Shape 4 (25.0%) had the longest torso, widest shoulders, straightest neck, and the least protruding hips. This study suggested these three discriminant functions to identify a new person's torso type.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.121-129
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to provide a basic data of clothing development which can improve the satisfaction of the body shape by examining the subjective evaluation and type characteristics of the old-old women themselves. Q methodology was used for the study of subjectivity. The types of the body shape of the old-old women were analyzed as five types: bent body with protruding abdomen, backward bent body with slender legs, inverted triangle, swollen cylinder, triangle. The bent body with protruding abdomen had a bent back and waist. They were recognized that the bust and shoulders were sagging and abdomen was protruding. The backward bent body with slender legs was the smallest of the five types with a BMI index and shoulders and bust were sagging. And knee and waist were bent and legs were thin. The inverted triangular shape showed the highest BMI index among the 5 types, indicating that it is obese. They thought that the upper body was developed and the lower body and legs were slender. The swollen cylinder shape was analyzed to be the smallest and the most fat body. The triangle shape had developed lower body and bent back and waist. It is considered that a design consideration is needed to cover the disadvantages of the body shape in consideration of not only wearing feeling but also aesthetic part when making clothes. By making ergonomic garments considering the characteristics of body shape, it can be expected to change the body shape due to the wearing of clothing that is not suitable for body shape and the effect on physical health in a positive direction.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.205-212
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• 2000

Present study was performed to observe the surface ultrastructures of Stictadora furcatum (Trematoda: Heterophyidae). Adult worms were recovered from the cat experimentally infected with metacercariae, and were prepared for scanning electron microscopy. The body was leaf-like and ventrally concave. The oral sucker armed with prominent tegumental spines on the inner surface, and it's lips were obscure. Sensory papillae (type I) in single or grouped forms symmetrically arranged around the oral sucker. The ventrogenital opening retained protruding gonotyl spines and sperms discharged from the genital pore . The body surface was covered with scale-like multipointed tegumental spines. The density and digitated point of spines were gradually decreased toward the posterior end of the body. The digitated points of spines on the anterior portion were 9-12, on the middle were 7-8 and 5-6, and on the posterior were 2-3 and peg-like. Although the tegumental ultrastructure of S. fuscatum was generally similar to those of other heterophyid flukes , the oral sucker with tegumental spines on the inner surface and without obvious lips, and the ventrogenital opening with protruding gonotyl spines were suggested to be the characteristic features.