Khalaf, Abd EI-Azeim A.;Morgan, Ashraf M.;Mekawy, Mohey M.;Ali, Maged F.
Toxicological Research
/
v.24
no.1
/
pp.51-58
/
2008
The present study was designed to explore the immunotoxic effects of orally administered aluminum (AI) on pregnant rats (n = 60) and their growing fetuses and consequently on the animal wealth. The animals were randomly allocated into three equal groups of 20 rats each. The first group has no treatment and kept as a control (G1). The second and third groups of pregnant rats were treated orally with aluminum chloride at 345 mg/Kg b.wt. The second group (G2) received the tested compound from the $6^{th}$ day of gestation to the end of weaning, whereas the third group (G3) received the tested compound from the $15^{th}$h day of gestation to the end of weaning. Control and treated animals (dams and offspring) were immunized ip with (0.5 ml) 20% sheep red blood cell (SRBC) suspension seven days before the end of experiments. At the end of exposure, ten dams and ten offspring from each group were used for assessment of cell-mediated immunity and a similar number of animals were sacrificed for evaluating the humoral immune response and serum protein profile. Aluminum chloride exposure of dams ($G_2&G_3$) caused significant suppression of both cell mediated and humoral immune responses in the obtained offsprings compared to the control group ($G_1$) without any significant effect on the immune responses of these dams. Moreover, the serum total globulins, albumin/ globulin (A/G) ratio and gamma globulin fraction were significantly decreased in the treated dam's offsprings compared to the corresponding controls while the serum total protein and all serum protein fractions showed non significant difference between the control and treated dams and between the two treated dam groups themselves. There were no histopathological changes observed in thymus, spleen and liver of the control and treated dams. Thymus of treated dam's offsprings (G2) showed lymphoid depletion in both cortex and medulla. Their spleens showed lymphoid depletion in the white pulps and congestion with hemosiderosis in the red pulps. Liver of treated dam's offsprings showed dilation and congestion of its central vein with degenerative changes in the hepatocytes. These histopathological changes were more severe in G2 than in G3 offsprings. It can be concluded that gestational and/ or lactation exposure of pregnant dams to AI chloride caused suppression of both cellular and humoral immune responses of their offsprings.
Seo, Chi-Hyeong;Shin, Seung-Ryeul;Jeung, Yong-Jin;Kim, Kwang-Soo
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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v.26
no.2
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pp.175-179
/
1997
Changes of protein contents and chromatogram patterns by gel filtration chromatography was investigated for the purpose of studying changes of Proteins during softening of persimmon and jujube fruits. Contents of water-soluble and salt-soluble proteins were increased during softening of persimmon and jujube fruits, but that of cell wall-bound proteins was decreased. After performing a gel filtration of water-soluble protein, one peak was separated in mature persimmon fruits and three peaks in soft persimmon fruits. In the case of jujube fruits, there were three peaks in both of mature and soft fruits. Pattern of salt-soluble and cell wall-bound proteins by gel filtration chromatography hardly changed during softening. During softening of two fruits, the contents of water- soluble and salt-soluble proteins appeared to be increased on the same fractions with the decreasing in content of cell wall-bound proteins.
To develop low endotoxic and multi-immunogenic outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), a deletion mutant of the msbB gene in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) was used as a source of low endotoxic OMV, and an expression vector of the canine parvovirus (CPV) VP2 epitope fused to the bacterial OmpA protein was constructed and transformed into the Salmonella ${\Delta}msbB$ mutant. In a lethality test, BALB/c mice injected intraperitoneally with the Salmonella ${\Delta}msbB$ mutant survived for 7 days, whereas mice injected intraperitoneally with the wild type survived for 3 days. Moreover, all mice inoculated orally with the ${\Delta}msbB$ mutant survived for 30 days, but 80% of mice inoculated orally with the wild type survived. The OmpA::CPV VP2 epitope fusion protein was expressed successfully and associated with the outer membrane and OMV fractions from the mutant S. Typhimurium transformed with the fusion protein-expressing vector. In immunogenicity tests, sera obtained from the mice immunized with either the Salmonella msbB mutant or its OMVs containing the OmpA::CPV VP2 epitope showed bactericidal activities against wild-type S. Typhimurium and contained specific antibodies to the CPV VP2 epitope. In the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay as a measurement of CPV-neutralizing activity in the immune sera, there was an 8-fold increase of HI titer in the OMV-immunized group compared with the control. These results suggested that the CPV-neutralizing antibody response was raised by immunization with OMV containing the OmpA::CPV VP2 epitope, as well as the protective immune response against S. Typhimurium in BALB/c mice.
The present study was conducted to examine the feasibility of utilising bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea) shoot shell (BSS) in ruminants. Chemical composition, rumen degradability and some antinutritional compounds were determined for fresh and boiled BSSs to evaluate its feed value and safety. Thirty-two Holstein heifers were allocated to four groups and used to investigate the response in growth rate to supplementing ammoniated rice straw with fresh shell (phase 1) or silage of boiled BSS (phase 2). All animals were offered ammoniated straw ad libitum with 1kg of cotton seed meal (phase 1) or 0.5 kg of cotton seed meal and 0.5 kg of concentrate mixture (phase 2) per head per day. The BSS was supplemented at levels of 0, 3, 6 or 9 kg/d (phase 1) and 0, 5, 10 or 15 kg/d (phase 2) (as fed basis). The BSS was very high in moisture content, and its contents of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber were 13~16% DM and 65~76% DM, respectively; boiling resulting in higher moisture and protein. No hydrocyanic acid was detected in both BSSs and content of tannins was negligible. Rumen degradability of BSS was reasonably high, and with boiling the rapidly degradable fraction decreased, and potentially degradable component increased. Silage of the boiled BSS was slightly lower in both rapidly and slowly degraded fractions than the fresh BSS. Animals consumed all supplemented BSSs without any adverse health problems. Intake of ammoniated straw decreased with the increasing levels of BSS, but total intake was higher in almost all supplementary groups than in the non-BSS. Heifers had a higher growth rate in phase 1 with fresh BSS than in phase 2 with ensiled shell, and daily weight gains were 622, 629, 744 or 690 g in phase 1, and 578, 575, 677 or 635 g in phase 2 at four BSS levels, respectively. For both phases growth rate was significantly higher for the animals in groups 3 and 4 than those in groups 1 and 2 (p<0.01), with little difference between groups 1 and 2 (p>0.05) but significant difference between groups 3 and 4 (p<0.05). Supplementation with BSS also resulted in an improved feed conversion rate, with the least concentrate consumption in group 3 for both phases. It is concluded that the BSS has a high potential nutritional value as indicated by its medium protein content, reasonably high rumen degradability, and that inclusion of BSS in ammoniated rice straw diet is not only safe to animals, but also may improve growth rate of ruminants and feed conversion rate. It may be disadvantageous to use high amounts of BSS in ammoniated straw diets.
During the screening for anti-complementary activity from 10 kinds of edible mushrooms, an alkali extract of Agaricus bisporus showed the highest activity through the complement fixation test. The crude anti-complementary material(AB-0) from Agaricus bisporus was obtained by the alkali extraction using 1 N NaOH containing 5% urea$(65^{\circ}C)$, followed by methanol reflux, dialysis and lyophilization. The fraction AB-O showed potent anit-complementary and anti-tumor activity against sarcoma-180 injected mice. The fraction AB-0 was divided into 5 fractions(AB-20, AB-40, AB-60, AB-80, AB-A) by gradual acetone precipitation. Among them fraction AB-20 having the highest activity and yield was found to contain 39% carbohydrate and 46% protein. The anti-complementary protein-bound polysaccharide AB-20 consisted of glucose, arabinose, xylose, galactose and mannose in a molar ratio of 6.49 : 1.98 : 1.24 : 1.00 : 0.71, respectively and its main component amino acids were alanine(20.59%), isoleucine(16.85%), glutamine+glutamic acid(14.12%) and leucine (13.83%). The anti-complementary activity of AB-20 was decreased greatly by periodate oxidation, but decreased slightly by pronase digestion. This indicates that polysaccharide moiety is corelated with the anti-complementary activity and that protein is also involved in the activity.
The effects of dry roasting whole lupin seeds (lupinus albus, WLS) at 110, 130 or $150{^{\circ}C}$ for 15, 30 or 45 minutes on the in sacco rumen degradation characteristics, optimal heating conditions of time and temperature and in vitro enzyme digestibility were determined. Ruminant degradation characteristics (RDC) of crude protein (CP) of WLS were determined by in sacco technique in dairy cows. Measure ROC were soluble (S), undegradable (U), potentially degradable (D) fractions, lag time (TO) and rate of degradation (Kd) of insoluble but degradable fraction. Based on measured ROC, percentage bypass CP (%BCP) and bypass CP (BCP in g/kg, DM) were calculated. Degradability of CP was significantly reduced by dry roasting (p<0.001). The interaction of dry roasting temperature and time had significant effects on D (p<0.05), Kd (p<0.01), U (p<0.01), %BCP (p<0.001) and BCP (p<0.001) but not on S (p=0.923>0.05). With increasing time and temperature, S, D, Kd and U varied from 31.8%, 67.4%, 10.3%/h and 0.8% in the raw WLS (RWLS) to 27.1 %, 35.8%, 3.6%/h, 38.4% in $150{^{\circ}C}/45\;min$, respectively. All these effects resulted in increasing %BCP from 25.9 in RWLS to 61.0% in the $150{^{\circ}C}/45\;min$. Therefore BCP increased form 111.2 to 261.2 g/kg DM, respectively. Both %BCP and BCP at $150{^{\circ}C}/45\;min$ increased nearly 2.5 times over the RWLS. The effects of dry roasting on %BCP and BCP seemed to be linear up to the highest value tested. Although ROC had been altered by dry roasting, the In vitro perpsin-cellulase digestibility was generally unchanged. It was concluded that dry roasting was effective in shifting CP degradation from rumen to the lower gastrointestinal tract to potential reduce unnecessary N loss in the rumen. It might be of great value in successfully synchronizing the rhythms of release of nitrogen and energy in the rumen, thus achieving a more efficient fermentation of diets with high proportions of lignocellulosic resources. To determine the optimal dry roasting conditions, the digestibility of each treatment in the cows will be measured in the next trial using mobile bags technique.
To find antitumor components from higher fungi, the cultured mycelia of Paxillus atrotomentosus were extracted with hot water. The water soluble fraction was purified and separated by DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography and Sepharose CL-4B gel filtration method. The separated fractions(Fr.) were designated CR A, B, C and D. Fr. A showed the highest inhibition ratio of 68.51% among the five tractions at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day. When Fr. A was examined for immunopotentiation activity, it increased the amount of the superoxide anion from activated macrophages to 1.1 fold and the number of plaques in hemolytic plaque assay to 2.3 fold, respectively. Otherwise, it did not show direct cytotoxity in sarcoma 180. Delayed type hypersensitiyity reaction showed that the decreased footpad swelling of tumor-hearing was restored to the normal. These results indicate that antitumor activity was exerted through immunopotentiation. Its chemical analysis showed 86.36% polysaccharide, 1.52% protein and 1.64% hexosamine. The polysaccharide consisted of fucose, galactose, glucose, mannose and xylose. This component was named paxillan.
To investigate properties of Ca-release channel in the reptile skeletal muscle, electrophoretical analysis, purification of RyR, $[^3H]ryanodine$binding study, and $^{45}Ca-release$ were carried out in the SR vesicles prepared from the snake skeletal muscle. The snake SR vesicle has the single high molecular weight protein band on SDS-PAGE, and its mobility was similar with that of rat skeletal SR vesicles. The high molecular weight band on SDS-PACE was found in the $[^3H]ryanodine$ peak fractions $(Fr_{5-7})$ obtained from the purification step of the RyR. Maximal binding site and Kd of the snake SR RyR were 6.36 pmole/mg protein and 17.62 nM, respectively. Specific binding of $[^3H]ryanodine$ was significantly increased by calcium and AMP (P<0.05), but not or slightly inhibited by tetracaine, ruthenium red (5.4%), or $MgCl_2$ (21%). $^{45}Ca-release$ from the SR vesicles loaded passively was significantly increased by the low concentration of calcium $(1{\sim}10{\mu}M)$ and AMP (5 mM)(P<0.05), but significantly decreased by the high concentration $(300{\mu}M)$ of calcium, tetracaine (1 mM), ruthenium red $(10{\mu}M)$, and $MgCl_2$ (2 mM)(P <0.05). From the above results, it is suggested that snake SR vesicles also have the RyR showing the similar properties to those of mammalian skeletal RyR with the exceptions of no or slight inhibition of $[^3H]ryanodine-binding$ by tetracaine, ruthenium red, or $MgCl_2$.
The quality including in situ degradability in the rumen of Holstein of the black locust silage added with apple pomace was investigated in this study. The amount of apple pomace added in different treatments were 0, 20, 40 and 60% respectively. With higher amount of addition of apple pomace in black locust, crude protein content in the silage decreased. Crude protein contents in the apple pomace added silage were in the range between 11.7 and 13.7% and those were significantly lower than 16.3% of 100% black locust silage. The contents of ADF, NDF and crude ash were in the same trend as with crude protein, which were shown more clearly in the 40∼60% addition of apple pomace. Moisture content of 100% black locust silage was 56.7% however it significantly increased according to higher levels of addition of apple pomace(67.1∼73.8%). pH, lactic acid and total organic acid contents in 20∼60% addition of apple Pomace were 3.7∼4.3, 1.3∼2.2%, and 2.1∼6.0% respectively, however in 100% black locust silage those were significantly lower except pH as 5.4, 0.6% and 1.0% respectively. In situ disappearance rates of dry matter and NDF in the rumen were significantly higher at the stapes of incubation after 12h and 24h respectively in 20∼40% addition of apple pomace than in 100% black locust silage. No statistical differences were observed with quickly degradable fraction (a) in the disappearance rates of dry matter and NDF. In dry matter, however slowly degradable fractions (b) of 100% black locust and 60% addition of apple pomace were significantly higher as 99.7 and 99.8% respectively than 37.7∼50.5% of 20∼40% addition of apple pomace. On the contrary, fractional rate of disappearance (c) and effective degradability(ED) were significantly higher in 20∼40% addition of apple pomace as 0.0115∼0.0149 and 30.4∼31.9% respectively than the respective values of 0.0027 and 24.9% of 100% black locust. In NDF, b was significantly higher in apple pomace added silage(38.5∼99.8%) than in 100% black locust silage(14.9%). However, C was significantly lower in apple pomace added silage than in 100% black locust silage.
KIM Seon-Bong;LEE Tae-Gee;PARK Yeung-Beom;YEUM Dong-Min;KIM Oi-Kyung;DO Jeong-Ryong;PARK Young-Ho
Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
/
v.27
no.1
/
pp.1-6
/
1994
Hydrolyzates which inhibit the angiotensin-I converting enzyme(ACE) were prepared from defatted anchovy meal by pepsin. These were tested for inhibitory activity against ACE, which is one of the hypertension inducing factors. The ACE inhibitory activity of the hydrolyzates increased until 20hrs of hydrolysis had elapsed but slightly decreased after that time. And presence of $50\%$ ethanol soluble peptide-nitrogen increased slowly up to 12hrs of hydrolysis, and then mainly increased until 20hrs of hydrolysis was completed. From the profiles of gel permeation chromatography on a Bio-gel P-2 of $50\%$ ethanol soluble fraction obtained from hydrolyzate for 20hrs, the higher active fractions were 2'($IC_{50}=45\;{\mu}g\;protein/ml$) and 4'($IC_{50}=76\;{\mu}g\;protein/ml$). Amino acid analysis showed major quantities of glutamic acid, leucine, lysine for 2'and aspartic acid, threonine for 4' respectively.
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