• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.23-33
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• 1966

Hexachlorophene was reported previously to have a powerful parasiticidal effects on Clonorchis sinensis in vitro and in vivo, but the mechanism of its effect was not known. In the present report it was observed that there was an influence of hexachlorophene on the oxygen consumption, the glycolysis, the glycogenesis and the protein synthesis of C. sinensis. A hundred mg. of C. sinensis collected from the biliary tracts of the infested rabbits was incubated in 2 ml of K.R.P. medium with vavious concentration of hexachlorophene, $glucose-1-C^{14}$ and $glycine-1-C^{14}$ in a 25 ml incubation flask with central well. The oxygen consumption was observed by Warburg manometer, the glycogenolysis by measurement of radioactivities of extracted glycogen and protein from C. sinensis incubated with $C^{14}-glucose$ or$C^{14}-glycine$. 1) The oxygen consumption by C. sinensis was markedly inhibited during all stages of incubation in concentration of $10^{-4}$ and $10^{-5}g/ml$ of hexachlorophene, but in $10^{-6}$, slightly increased initially and gradually decreased after 3 hours of incubation. 2) Hexachlorophene inhibited the glycolysis by C. sincnsis markedly in the concentration of $10^{-4}$, $10^{-5}$, $10^{-6}$ and $10^{-7}g/ml$. 3) The protein synthesis by C. sinensis from glycine was inhibited in the concentration of $10^{-5}$, $10^{-6}$ and $10^{-7}g/ml$ of hexachlorophene. 4. The glycogen synthesis by C. sinensis in each concentration of $10^{-4}$, $10^{-5}$ and $10^{-6}g/ml$ of hexachlorophene was inhibited markedly. The speed of inhibition was more rapid in high concentration than in low, and in low concentration even the glycogen itself which had synthesized in their stage in their body was consumed in later stage. 5) The effects of oxygen consumption, glycolysis and glycogen synthesis were not influenced in the concentration of $10^{-5}g/ml$ of chloroquine phosphate, whereas hexachlorophene and dithiazanine inhibited markedly in same concentration, and the former was more potent than the latter.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.62-81
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• 2017

Objectives: As interests in the beauty of skin is growing continuously, more people are focusing on white and clean skin. Melanin is the major factor that determines skin color. The abnormal concentration of melanin causes various skin diseases such as vitiligo, freckles, and melasma. This study investigated the inhibitory effect of Eriobotryae Folium extracts (EF) with phreatic water (PW) on the melanin synthesis. Methods: The effect of EF on melanin synthesis was evaluated by using mouse melanoma cells (B16F10). To define the mechanisms, real-time PCR and western blot were used. We also evaluated the inhibitory effects of EF and PW on melanin synthesis by using HRM-2 melanin-possessing hairless mice. After UVB irradiation, melanin differences between the skin parts that were treated and untreated with EF and PW. Levels of mRNA were measured by real-time quantitative PCR and histological analysis of the dorsal skin was conducted by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: EF inhibited various mechanisms of melanogenesis, and the effect was increased when combined with PW. In vitro experiments have shown that EF inhibited the expressions of tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1) mRNA, tyrosinase mRNA, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) mRNA and the tyrosinase inhibitory activation, but it stimulated the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) mRNA expression. In vivo experiments have shown that EF prevented melanogenesis in the mice dorsal skin and inhibited TRP-1 mRNA expression. Also these effects were increased when combined with PW. Conclusions: EF and PW might be a new and effective treatment for whitening and treating pigmentation of skin.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1635-1647
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• 2023

Muscle atrophy, which is defined as a decrease in muscle mass and strength, is caused by an imbalance between the anabolism and catabolism of muscle proteins. Thus, modulating the homeostasis between muscle protein synthesis and degradation represents an efficient treatment approach for this condition. In the present study, the protective effects against muscle atrophy of ethanol extracts of Morus alba L. (MA) and Angelica keiskei Koidz. (AK) leaves and their mixtures (MIX) were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that MIX increased 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide-induced C2C12 myotube thinning, and enhanced soleus and gastrocnemius muscle thickness compared to each extract alone in dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy Sprague Dawley rats. In addition, although MA and AK substantially improved grip strength and histological changes for dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy in vivo, the efficacy was superior in the MIX-treated group. Moreover, MIX further increased the expression levels of myogenic factors (MyoD and myogenin) and decreased the expression levels of E3 ubiquitin ligases (atrogin-1 and muscle-specific RING finger protein-1) in vitro and in vivo compared to the MA- and AK-alone treatment groups. Furthermore, MIX increased the levels of phosphorylated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) that were reduced by dexamethasone, and downregulated the expression of forkhead box O3 (FoxO3a) induced by dexamethasone. These results suggest that MIX has a protective effect against muscle atrophy by enhancing muscle protein anabolism through the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and attenuating catabolism through the inhibition of FoxO3a.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.311-315
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• 2002

Cellular death by apoptosis is an active process, depending on gene transcription and protein synthesis. It was reported that nitric oxide can induce apoptosis in several cancer cell-lines. We studied effects of Phytolacca esculentum van Houtt (Phytolaccaceae) Radix water extract (PRE) on the proliferation of transplanted-L1210 cells in mice. When PRE (500 mg/kg) was administered orally once a day for 7 days after transplantation of L1210 cells to mice, DNA fragmentation of transplanted-L1210 cells was induced and mitochondrial transmembrane potential of those cells was reduced. Additionally, DNA fragmentation of L1210 cells was induced by the treatment of PRE in vitro. Also, DNA fragmentation of L1210 cells was enhanced by co-culture with the peritoneal macrophages obtained from PRE-administered mice and was partly inhibited by L-NMMA in vitro. PRE enhanced the production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α from peritoneal rnacrophages. These results suggest that PRE induces apoptosis of transplanted-L1210 cells via directive action on L1210 cells and stimulation of nitric oxide and tumor neaosis factor-α from macrophages.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.17-35
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• 1998

Chitosan, with a chemical structure similar to hyaluronic acid, has been implicated as a wound healing agent. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of chitosan on the characteristics of periodontal ligament cells, calvaria cells and gingival fibroblasts and to define the effects of chitosan on bone formation in vitro. In control group, the cells were cultured alone with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium contained with 10% Fetal bovine serum, 100unit/ml penicillin, $100{\mu}g/ml$ streptomycin, $0.5{\mu}g/ml$ amphotericin-B. In experimental group, chitosan($40{\mu}g/ml$) is added into the above culture condition. And then each group was characterized by examining the cell proliferation at 1,3,5,7,9,12,15 day, the amount of total protein synthesis, alkaline phosphatase activity at 3, 7 day and the ability to produce mineralized nodules of rat calvaria cell at 11 day. The results were as follows : 1. At early time both periodontal ligament cells and calvaria cells in chitosan-treated group proliferated more rapidly than in non-treated control group, but chitosan-treated group of periodontal ligament cells at 9 days and calvaria cells at 12days showed lower growth rate than control group. Gingival fibroblast in chitosan-treated group had lower growth rate than in control group but the difference was not statistically significant (P< 0.01).2. Both periodontal ligament cells and calvaria cells in chitosan-treated group showed much protein synthesis than in control group at 3 days, but showed fewer than in control group at 7 days. Amount of total protein synthesis of gingival fibroblast didn't have statistically significant difference among the two groups(P< 0.01). 3. At 3 and 7 days, alkaline phosphatase activity of periodontal ligament cells and calvaria cells was increased in chitosan-treated group, but at 7 days there was not statistically significant difference among the two groups of calvaria cells (P< 0.01). Alkaline phosphatase activity of gingival fibroblast didn't have statistically significant difference among the two groups(P<0.01). 4. Mineralized nodules in chitosan-treated group of rat calvaria cells were more than in control group. In summery, chitosan had an effect on the proliferation, protein systhesis, alkaline phosphatase activity of periodontal ligament cells and calvaria cells, and facilitated the formation of bone. It is thought that these effects can be used clinically in periodontal regeneration therapy.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.86-92
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of hyaluronidase during IVM on oocyte maturation, oxidative stress status, expression of cumulus expansion-related (PTX, pentraxin; GJA1, gap junction protein alpha 1; PTGS2, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2) and fatty acid metabolism-related (FADS1, delta-6 desaturase; FADS2, delta-5 desaturase; PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha) mRNA, and embryonic development of porcine oocytes. The cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were incubated with 0.1 mg/mL hyaluronidase for 44 h. Cumulus expansion was measured at 22 h after maturation. At 44 h after maturation, nuclear maturation, intracellular glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured. Gene expression in cumulus cells was analyzed using real time PCR. The cleavage rate and blastocyst formation were evaluated at Day 2 and 7 after insemination. In results, expansion of cumulus cells was suppressed by treatment of hyaluronidase at 22 h after maturation. Intracellular GSH level was reduced by hyaluronidase treatment (p < 0.05). On the other hand, hyaluronidase increased ROS levels in oocytes (p < 0.05). Only PTGS2 mRNA was enhanced in COCs by hyaluronidase (p < 0.05). Population of oocytes reached at metaphase II stage was higher in control group than hyaluronidase treated group (p < 0.05). Both of cleavage rate and blastocyst formation were higher in control group than hyaluronidase group (p < 0.05). Our present results showed that developmental competence of porcine oocytes could be reduce by hyaluronidase via inducing oxidative stress during maturation process and it might be associated with prostaglandin synthesis. Therefore, we suggest that suppression of cumulus expansion of COCs could induce oxidative stress and decrease nuclear maturation via reduction of GSH synthesis and it caused to decrease developmental competence of mammalian oocytes.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.36-40
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• 2007

Redox signaling is one of way to regulate growth and death of cell in response to change of redox of proteins. To search whether translation is regulated by redox, we attempted in vitro translation assay under condition with or without DTT. Interestingly in vitro translation activity was increased up to 40% In the presence of dithiothreitol (DTT). Then we checked whether this positive effect by DTT was further accelerated by addition of thioredoxin (Trx). When a Trx purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was added to the in vitro translation extract, we observed a dose-dependent increase in translational activity. These results suggest the possibility of translation factors being redox-regulated via Trx in vivo.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.520-525
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• 2012

Prostaglandin (PG) $E_2$, the most abundant prostaglandin in the human body, is synthesized from arachidonic acid via the actions of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. $PGE_2$ exerts homeostatic, cytoprotective, inflammatory, and in some cases anti-inflammatory effects. Also, it has been reported that $PGE_2$ is involved in hair growth. Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) is a phlorotannin compound isolated from the brown algae Ishige okamurae, with various biological activities in vitro and in vivo. In this study, the biological effect and mechanism of action of DPHC on prostaglandin synthesis in HaCaT human keratinocytes was examined. The results showed that, in these cells, DPHC significantly and dose-dependently induced $PGE_2$ synthesis by increasing the protein and mRNA levels of COX-1 and COX-2. Interestingly, DPHC-induced COX-1 expression preceded that of COX-2. Also, while both rofecoxib and indomethacin inhibited $PGE_2$ production, the latter was seems to be the more potent. From above results, we can expect that DPHC has some beneficial effects via increasing of $PGE_2$ production.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1993

These experiments were carried out to construct mouse testis cDNA library and to to seen H-Y Ag gene. Mouse testis was obtained from BALB/c inbreed mouse that was after-born 1 week. Isolation of mouse testis total RNA was carried out by guanidum/cesium choloride, poly(A+) mRNAs were purified by oligo d(T)-cellulose chromatography method. To investigate protein synthesis activity, in-vitro translation carried out by total RNA and poly(A+) mRNA. The products of in-vitro translation were identified in 12.5% PAGE. Single strand DNA and double strand DNA were synthesized from poly(A+) mRNA and purified using phenol/chloroform/isoamylalcohol. Synthesized cDNA was combined with cohesive Eco RI polylinker, its recombination efficiencies were identified by X-gal and IPTG. In the cDNA library, 1$\times$107 phagemids were screened with 32P labelled probe. Hybridization were carried on $65^{\circ}C$ for 16~20hours. And 1$\times$106 phagemids were screened with rabbit-anti-H-Y. In former, select 5 positive clones, and later, 1 positive clone. Its southern blot analysis showed various size of insert cDNA from 0.7kb to 3kb.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.225-233
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• 1983

In order to know the mode of the action of gondotrophic hormone on the expansion of cumuli oophori, oocyte-cumulus complexes isolated from Graafian follicles of mice were stimulated to expand in vitro with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), and the effects of puromycin and actinomycin D on the expansion were examined. THe complexes were cultured in medium TC 199 containing 10% bovine serum in the presence or absence of HCG and the inhibitors. Puromycin in the medium (0.5-4 $\\mu$g/ml) suppresseed the HCG-induced cumulus expansion dose-dependently. This effect of puromycin was reversible. Puromycin affected the complexes throughout the HCG-stimulating stage (3 hours) and hyaluronic acid synthesis stage (3-18 hours). Actinomycin D also inhibited the expansion of the cumulus from the concentration of 0.025 $\\mu$g/ml. But the effect of actinomycin D was not completely reversible and the drug appeared to give an irreversible damage to the complexes at 0.1 $\\mu$g/ml. From the above results, it is suggested that RNA or protein synthesis is involved in the process in which HCG stimulates the cumulus cells to expand therefore cAMP elevated by te gonadotrophin may control expansion at the transcriptional or translational level.