• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.170-175
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• 2011

This study was carried out for the molecular level identification of recombinant protein vaccine efficacy, by oral feeding against white spot syndrome virus infection, with the comparison of viral mRNA transcriptional levels in shrimp cells. For the determination of WSSV dilution ratio for the vaccination experiment by oral feeding, in vivo virus titration was carried out using different virus dilutions of virus stock ($1{\times}10^2$, $2{\times}10^2$, and $1{\times}10^3$). Among the dilution ratios, $2{\times}10^2$ diluted WSSV stock was chosen as the optimal condition because this dilution showed 90% mortality at 10 days after virus injection. Recombinant viral proteins, rVP19 and rVP28, produced as protein vaccines were delivered in shrimps by oral feeding. The cumulative mortalities of the shrimps vaccinated with rVP19 and rVP28 at 21 days after the challenge with WSSV were 66.7% and 41.7%, respectively. This indicates that rVP28 showed a better protective effect against WSSV in shrimp than rVP19. Through the comparison of mRNA transcriptional levels of viral genes from collected shrimp organ samples, it was confirmed that viral gene transcriptions of vaccinated shrimps were delayed for 4~10 days compared with those of unvaccinated shrimps. Protection from WSSV infection in shrimp by the vaccination with recombinant viral proteins could be accomplished by the prevention of entry of WSSV due to the shrimp immune system activated by recombinant protein vaccines.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.1147-1153
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• 2000

A total of 9,540 pigs were evaluated for their growth performance to provide information on the development of different feeding strategies to support maximum rate of protein deposition (PD). Large variations in growth performance and protein deposition rate were found in the population used in this study (ADG from 701 to 974 g/day; ADFI from 1,726 to 2,498 g/day; Feed/gain from 2.10 to 2.90; Backfat thickness from 12.4 to 20.5 mm and PD rate from 103 to 153 g/day). It was found that ADG was positively correlated to PD ($R^2=0.9362$, p<0.0001) while FCR was negatively correlated to PD ($R^2=0.4031$, p<0.0001). Backfat thickness was negatively correlated to PD ($R^2=0.7024$, p<0.0001) and to ADG ($R^2=0.5096$, p<0.0001). The estimated lysine requirement based on PD rate also showed large variation (12.37 to 18.38 g/day true ileal digestible lysine on average between 25 and 100 kg), thus strongly indicated the need of separate feeding strategies for each group of pigs. When pigs were divided into three categories according to estimated whole body PD rate, the group of pigs with the highest PD rate grew faster by 6.3 and 13.9% than pigs with intermediate and low PD rate, respectively. Feed utilization was also more efficient in pigs with a high PD rate. It appeared that pigs with high PD rate maintained higher PD rate especially in the later stage of their life. Pigs with high PD rate require an extra amount of 1.2 and 2.4 g/true digestible lysine per day and 0.4 and 0.8% more lysine in the diet than pigs with intermediate and low PD rate during the growing-finishing period respectively. Results of this study suggest that there is a need for separate feeding strategies for individual group of pigs with different PD rate. It should be noted that average value for each group presented in this report is not the adequate amount for an animals potential for maximum PD rate. With recent development in growth modeling and access to computer technologies to facilitate computation, pork producers can easily estimate pigs protein deposition rate and thus can make their own feeding strategies.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.122-134
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• 1987

In order to investigate the effect of dietary protein and fat levels on the growth and the utilization of nitrogen and energy and body composition in rats, Sprague\ulcornerDawley 48 male rats of 8 weeks old weighing approxijIlately 215-220g were subjected to feeding trials for 8 weeks and then subsequently to metabolic trials for 2 weeks. Four dietary protein levels (4, 8, 16, 32%) and each protein level contained two fat levels(3.9, 11.7%=1O,3J% of 3600kcal ME/kg) by addition of an appropriate amount of carbo\ulcornerhydrate and the following results were obtained. The body weight gain and food efficiency ratio of the rats to which a diet of 16% protein and 3.9% fat was fed were significantly higher than in either case of 8% pro\ulcornertein diet or of 32% protein diet. The digestibility of protein in the experimental diets was 73.3 -93.4%. The digesti\ulcornerbility of energy ( energy absorption) in the experimental diets was 83.2 -91.5%. The utilization of protein and the metabolic energy efficiency in the experimental diets was highest at the diet of 8% protein and 3.9% fat. The analysis of the body composition after feeding trials for 8 weeks has shown that the content of body water and protein were not affected by protein and fat levels in diet. The content of body fat in the rats to which 3.9% fat diet was fed was high\ulcornerer than that in those to which 11.7% fat diet was fed. From the above experimental results it may be suggested that the best formula of diet for the 8 weeks old rats may be composed of the 8% protein and 3.9% fat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.315-321
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• 1992

The utilization of feeding white sweet lupin (Lupinus angustifolius cv. Uniwhite) seeds supplemented with the limiting amino acids were investigated in day-old single comb White Leghorn male chicks. These were fed a commercial chick mash for the first 10 days and on a semi-synthetic protein-free diet for the next 6 days. For the subsequent 6 days of experimental feeding period, the birds were fed on the protein-free diet, basal diet containing 9.31% of lupin seed meal (LSM) protein, diets supplemented with methionine, methionine + tryptophan or methionine + tryptophan + lysine in the basal diet, and diet containing 9.84% of soybean meal (SBM) protein. When the LSM protein was supplemented with methionine, protein intake, body weight gain, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein ratio (NPR) were increased (p<0.05). The birds excreted lower urinary nitrogen and fecal nitrogen per protein comsumption, had improved apparent (AD) and true (TD) digestibility but did not alter biological value (BV) of the protein. Metabolizability (MEn/GE) and heat production (HP) per MEn intake (HP/MEn) was lowered while energy retention (ER) was highered (p<0.05) compared with those of the basal diet. Also the body weight gain, PER, NPR and ER was increased but the BV and HP/MEn was lowered compared with those of the SBM protein. The results indicated that lupin seed supplemented with methionine increase body weight gain and energy rentention but did not alter biological value compared with those of lupin seed and soybean meal.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.1548-1553
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• 2000

An experiment was conducted to study the nutritional quality of whole crop corn silage ensiled with cage layer manure in sheep. Treatments were designed as a $3{\times}3$ Latin square with 16-day periods. Sheep were allotted in one of three diet-treatments, which were whole crop corn silage (CS), whole crop corn+30% cage layer manure (CLM) silage (based on DM; MS) and rice straw+concentrate (SC) mixed at 8:2 ratio (on DM basis). Silage ensiled with CLM significantly increased (p<0.05) digestibilities of crude protein, NDF and ADF, TDN over the other treatments. Ruminal pH in sheep fed SC was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the other diets at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h after feeding. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration of the MS treatment was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the other treatments at 0, 1, 2 h after feeding. The MS treatment highly increased (p<0.05) feed intake, digestibility of organic matter and crude protein, nitrogen intake and retained nitrogen. The MS treatment highly increased (p<0.05) purine derivative (PD) excretion leading to higher microbial protein synthesis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1568-1572
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• 2002

A 152 day trial was conducted to see the effect of feeding naturally fermented wheat straw (FWS) with either energy, protein or energy protein supplements on the growth of buffalo calves. Twenty four male buffalo calves (10-12 months old) divided in 6 equal groups were individually offered FWS as sole roughage along with either conventional concentrate mixture (conc), maize grains (M), solvent extracted mustard cake (DMC), M-DMC mixture (50:50), deoiled rice bran (DRB) or uromol bran mixture (UBM) in 70:30 ratio. The digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen retention and nutritive value was maximum in FWS:UBM followed by FWS:DMC and FWS:Conc groups. Almost, all the blood parameters were observed well within the normal range except that of blood urea (FWS:UBM) and creatinine (FWS:DMC and FWS:DRB). The dietary combination in which FWS was supplemented with only conventional protein supplement like DMC proved to be highly efficient as far as live weight gain was concerned. FWS supplemented with energy-protein combination i.e. MDMC could also be used as complete feed for growing calves in comparison to conventional feeding system.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 1989

Four seasonal trials were conducted to study the effect of feeding clomiphene citrate on carcass composition of broilers. It was fed at 5, 10, 15 mg levels per kg feed for a period of two weeks, 3-4 weeks ($S_1$), 4-5 weeks ($S_2$) and 5-6 weeks ($S_3$) of age. Total carcasses were analysed for moisture, ether extract and protein. Clomiphene citrate significantly decreased the moisture with concomitant increase in ether extract content of the carcasses at all the ages and seasons. Carcass protein was significantly decreased at all the ages and seasons. The responses in the different level of clomiphene citrate is dose dependent. The carcass moisture decreased with age while protein and ether extract contents increased in all seasons. The females had more ether extract and less moisture contents than male. The carcass ether extract was higher in summer and rainy seasons followed by spring and winter seasons, and the differences were significant. A concomitant significant decrease of carcass moisture was observed. The effect of seasons on carcass protein varied at different ages but there appeared to be a trend towards decreasing carcass protein in summer and rainy seasons than winter and spring seasons.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.1-5
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• 1974

Forty weaning albino rats were used to find the effects of alternate feeding of high protein diet with different intervals on growth, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, weight of some internal organ, protein digestibility and nitrogen balance. Results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The growth rate and feed efficiency of group B fed high protein and low protein alternately in every other day was equal to that of A group fed medium protein diet daily. However, the rats fed high protein diet once every three days or every four days could not result in same growth that obtained by group A. 2. The protein efficiency ratio of each group was the same without significant difference. 3. The liver weight appeared to be in proportion to final body weight, but intestine weight and length appeared not to be affected by treatments. 4. The protein digestibility in each group was insignificant. However, urinary nitrogen loss of intermittent high protein feeding group was lower than that of control group and the nitrogen retention ratio decreased with increased nitrogen intake.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 1998

This study conducted to evaluate effects of popped soybean on levels of ruminal peptides and blood amino acids in Holstein calves fed sudan grass hay as a forage source and popped (PSB) soybean as a concentrate supplement. At 0, 2, 4 and 6 h after feeding, rumen fluid and blood samples were collected from the rumen and jugular vein, respectively, and amino acids, peptides and other nitrogen-containing compounds in the rumen were analyzed. Ruminal pH tended to be higher in the RSB than in the PSB treatments, and declined upto 4 h after feeding, since then increased in both treatments. The concentrations of ammonia-N in all treatments increased upto 2 h after feeding, and then decreased gradually with time after feeding. The concentrations of ammonia N in the rumen were not significantly different between the treatments, however, those in RSB treatment appeared to be higher. Also, protein concentrations in the rumen were not significantly different between the treatments. Peptide productions were the highest at 2 h after feeding in the group fed RSB which is rapidly degradable in rumen, whereas those in the group fed PSB which is slowly degradable in rumen were maximized at 4 h after feeding. The concentration of total free essential amino acids in plasma was higher in the RSB treatment than in the PSB, but disappearance rates of these amino acids out of plasma was higher in the PSB treatment than in the RSB treatment. Disappearance rates of free non-essential amino acids in plasma were not significantly different between the treatments. Consequently, this study implies that the production of peptide and utilization of blood amino acid may be controlled by the modification of protein degradability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.86-90
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• 2006

This study was carried out to determine the effects of free choice feeding of starter feed and whole cereals on the growth of turkey poults. Two hundred-seventy poults (7-d old) were divided into 3 treatment groups each with 3 replications containing 15 males and 15 females. Control poults (C) were fed only on starter feed (280 g CP and 11.7 MJ ME/kg). Treatments for choice-fed turkey poults were offered a choice of a starter feed and wheat (120 g CP and 12.3 MJ ME/kg) for wheat selecting (WS) or maize (83 g CP and 13.9 MJ ME/kg) for maize selecting (MS) group in separate feeders. Final live weight (2,280.7 g for the C vs. 2,374.3 and 2,324.6 g for the WS and MS), daily gain (39.21 g vs. 40.87 and 39.99 g) and total feed intake (95.2 g vs. 103.2 and 97.9 g) in the WS poults were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of the C group, but feed conversion ratio was not significantly different between the treatments. The proportional intakes of cereals vs. total feed intake were 11% in both the WS and MS group. The amount of protein intake in the C group (280 g CP/kg diet) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that in WS and MS groups (263 and 259 g CP/kg diet, respectively) whilst the ME intake in the C group (11.7 MJ/kg diet) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that in MS group (11.9 MJ/kg diet). Our results showed that turkey poults fed starter feed and whole wheat in a free choice feeding system have a higher efficiency in terms of daily gain, final live weight, and an economic advantage may be obtained from free choice feeding due to a reduced protein intake and feed cost.