• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.845-852
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• 2010

프로스타글란딘 D2 (PGD2)와 E2 (PGE2)는 COX-2로부터 유래되는 주요 프로스타노이드로서, 슈도모나스에 의한 폐감염이 발생하였을 경우 폐에서 합성되어 슈도모나스 세균감염을 조절할 수 있음을 밝힌바 있음. 본 연구에서는 두 프로스타노이드의 생성 비율을 조절하는 기전을 연구하고자함. 마크로파아지에 의해 PGD2/PGE2 비율이 결정되는 지 조사하기 위해, 마우스의 허파로부터 마크로파아지를 분리하고 LPS로 처리할 경우, COX-2, PGD2합성 효소인 L-PGDS, PGE2의 합성효소인 mPGES-1 등의 발현이 두 프로스타노이드의 생성 비율에 미치는 영향을 조사하였음. 또한 이 효소들의 발현이 일차 허파 마크로파아지에 특이적인지의 여부를 조사하기 위해, 허파 마트로파이지 세포주인 MH-S와 비교 조사하였음. COX-2가 프로스타글린딘 비율에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해, COX-2 특이적 siRNA릉 이용하여 COX-2의 발현을 억제하고 L-PGDS, mPGES-1 등의 발현을 조사하였음. 결과에 따르면, 일차 허파 마트로파아지는 MH-S과는 달리 많은 양의 PGE2를 생성하나, 두 세포간 COX-2, L-PGDS, mPGES-1의 발현에는 큰 차이가 없었음. 이는 이들 효소 외에 다른 인자들이 두 프로스타노이드의 비율을 결정하는데 관여함을 제시함. LPS의 처리에 의해 폐염증을 발생시키고 허파에서의 PGD2/PGE2 비율을 조사한 결과, LPS에 의해 폐염증이 발생할 경우 LPS를 처리한 일차 허파 마크로파아지와 유사하게 PGE2의 발현이 PGD2에 비해 상당히 높았음. 결과적으로 본 연구의 결과는, 허파에서의 PGD2/PGE2 비율은, COX-2, L-PGDS, mPGES-1 등 PGD2나 PGE2의 합성에 직접적인 영향을 주는 효소에 의해 결정되지 않으며, 허파마크로파아지의 PGD2/PGE2 비율을 반영할 가능성을 제시함.

• 예술인문사회 융합 멀티미디어 논문지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.443-450
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 갈퀴나물(Vicia amoena) 전초를 이용한 에탄올 추출물의 세포독성과 항염증 활성 효과를 평가하였다. RAW264.7 cell(대식세포)에서 염증 매개 물질인 lipopolysaccharide(LPS)로 염증을 유발시켜 nitric oxide (NO) 및 prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂)같은 염증 유발 인자들의 생성 저해효과를 확인하였다. 갈퀴나물 에탄올 추출물의 염증 유발 인자 억제 시 저해효과를 측정하였을 때 nitric oxide 및 prostaglandin E₂ 생성을 농도 의존적으로 현저하게 저해하는 농도인 40 ㎍/㎖의 농도에서 LPS에 의해 유도된 NO를 36.0 ± 0.5 % 저해하였으며, 특히 PGE₂에서는 88.0 ± 0.8 % 만큼 유의성 있는 저해효과를 나타내었다. 따라서 본 연구결과는 갈퀴나물의 에탄올 추출물이 유의성 있는 항염증 효과를 나타내며, 이러한 효능은 예방의학적 가능성을 충분히 가지고 있기에 염증성 질환의 예방을 위한 항염증 소재로의 개발 가능성을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 차후 에탄올 추출물의 보다 다양한 농도 및 유기용매 분획물에서 염증반응을 매개하는 iNOS·COX-2 등 의 다양한 효소의 발현과 Iκ-Bα의 분해 등 염증반응의 신호전달물질의 변화에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1396-1402
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 갈조류의 일종인 톳(H. fusiforme)의 항염증 효과에 관한 생화학적 기전 해석을 위하여 U937 단핵구 세포를 이용하였으며, PMA에 의하여 인위적으로 유발된 COX-2의 발현 및 $PGE_2$의 생성 증가에 미치는 몇 가지 톳 추출물의 영향을 조사하였다. PMA는 U937 세포에서 처리 농도 의존적으로 COX-2의 전사 및 번역수준의 발현을 증가시켰으나, COX-1의 발현에는 큰 변화가 없었다. PAM에 의한 COX-2의 발현 증가는 $PGE_2$ 생성 증가와 연관성이 있었고, 톳의 열수 추출물에 비하여 에탄올 및 메탄올 추출물은 COX-2의 발현 증가는 $PGE_2$ 생성 증가를 매우 억제시켰으나, COX-1의 발현에는 영향을 주지 않았다. 아울러 PMA에 의한 NF-$\kappa$B의 핵내 이동 및 I$\kappa$B의 분해를 톳의 에탄올 및 메탄올 추출물이 완벽하게 차단시켰다. 본 연구의 결과는 톳의 에탄올 및 메탄올 추출물이 NF-$\kappa$B의 활성을 차단함으로서 COX-2의 발현 및 $PGE_2$ 생성을 저해하였음을 의미하며, 이는 톳이 강력한 항염증 효능을 가지고 있음을 뒷받침하여 주는 것이다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.63-69
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• 1983

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ and indomethacin upon the electrical activity of the isolated cat stomach muscle strips$(1.5{\times}7.0\;cm)$. Fifty-seven muscle strips, obtained from 57 cat stomachs(including corpus and antrum) were studied in a muscle chamber filled with Krebs solution(pH 7.4, temperature $36{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$) aerated with 5% $CO_2$ in $O_2$. The electrical activity was recorded by five capillary electrodes (Ag-AgCl), of which two were placed on the corpus and three on the antrum. After recording of the electrical activity in normal Krebs solution, $PGE_2$ in concentrations of 0.25(N=7), 0.5(=7), 1(N=7) and $2{\times}10^{-7}\;M(N=6)$ were administered to 27 muscle strips, while indomethacin was applied in concentretions of 0.25(N=9), 0.5(N=10), 1(N=6) and $2{\times}10^{-3}\;M(N=5)$ to the remaining 30 strips. The mean frequency were minutely measured from each electrogastrogram. 1) By adding $PGE_2$ in all doses, gastric slow wave frequency increased significantly compared with that in resting state. 2) Following $PGE_2$ administration, peak slow wave frequency increased dose-dependently. 3) After indomethacin addition in all doses, the slow wave frequency decreased significantly compared with that in resting state. 4) Following indomethacin administration, incidence of complete abolition of slow wave increased dose-dependently, and its latent period decreased also in a dose-dependent manner. It is inferred from the above results that prostaglandin $E_2$ has a facilitatory role in the development of gastric slow wave in cat.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.201-210
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• 2003

Objective: The role of prostaglandin $E_2$ (PGE2) in the etiopathogenesis of immune and inflammatory diseases has become the subject of recent debate. To determine the role of PGE2 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we tested the effect of exogenous PGE2 on the production of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by rheumatoid synoviocytes. Methods: Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were prepared from the synovial tissues of RA patients, and cultured in the presence of PGE2. The COX-2 mRNA and protein expression levels were determined by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. The PGE2 receptor subtypes in the FLS were analyzed by RT-PCR. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to measure the NF-${\kappa}B$ binding activity for COX-2 transcription. The in vivoeffect of PGE2 on the development of arthritis was also tested in collagen induced arthritis (CIA) animals. Results: PGE2 ($10^{-11}$ to $10^{-5}M$) dose-dependently inhibited the expression of COX-2 mRNA and the COX-2 protein stimulated with IL-$1{\beta}$, but not COX-1 mRNA. NS-398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, displayed an additive effect on PGE2-induced COX-2 downregulation. The FLS predominantly expressed the PGE2 receptor (EP) 2 and EP4, which mediated the COX-2 suppression by PGE2. Treatment with anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibodies partially reversed the PGE2-induced suppression of COX-2 mRNA, suggesting that IL-10 may be involved in modulating COX-2 by PGE2. Experiments using an inducer and an inhibitor of cyclic AMP (cAMP) suggest that cAMP is the major intracellular signal that mediates the regulatory effect of PGE2 on COX-2 expression. EMSA revealed that PGE2 inhibited the binding of NF-${\kappa}B$ in the COX-2 promoter via a cAMP dependent pathway. In addition, a subcutaneous injection of PGE2 twice daily for 2 weeks significantly reduced the incidence and severity of CIA as well as the production of IgG antibodies to type II collagen. Conclusion: Our data suggest that overproduced PGE2 in the RA joints may function as an autocrine regulator of its own synthesis by inhibiting COX-2 production and may, in part, play an anti-inflammatory role in the arthritic joints.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.190-198
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• 2000

본 연구는 백서 복직근피판에 있어 허혈-재혈류 손상에 미치는 prostaglandin E1(PGE-1)의 예방효과를 분석 실험하였으며, 그 기전으로 내피세포의 intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1)이 down regulation 됨을 확인하였다. 기존의 PGE-1은 혈관 확장 및 혈소판 응고 저하 등의 기전으로 피판 이식술 후 주로 사용하였으나, 허혈-재혈류 손상 시에 PGE-1 역할에 대한 연구는 잘 알려진바 없다. 허혈-재혈류 손상에 대한 기전은 현재 여러 가설로 설명되고 있으나, 최근 내피 세포와 백혈구의 역할이 주목을 받고 있다. 장시간 허혈 상태의 피판은 재혈류시 백혈구가 내피세포에 접착함으로써 직간접적인 경로로 독소를 생성하며, 결국 내피세포 및 주변조직의 괴사로 이어진다. 본 연구는 면역조직학 염색을 통한 내피세포의 ICAM-1 발현 억제와 그로 인한 백혈구의 내피세포 접착 억제를 그 기전으로 볼 수 있었으며, PGE-1을 술 중 투여함으로써 피판의 생존율을 향상시킬 수 있었다.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1997

Recently prostaglandin $E_1(PGE_1)$ has been shown to ensure flap survival by producing vasodilation of the peripheral vessels and platelet disaggreation. However, direct observation and detailed quantitative studies of the effects of $PGE_1$ on the cutaneous microcirculation have not been reported. In the present study, we investigated cutaneous microcirculatory changes in the rabbit ear chamber(REC) with an intravital microscope following intravenous administration of $PGE_1$. The results obtained in this study indicate that $PGE_1$ administered intravenously at a rate of 200ng/kg/min might act directly on the vessels and cause dilatation of metarterioles and capillaries without affecting vasomotion and systemic blood pressure. Clinically in order to evaluate the effect of an intravenous administration of $PGE_1$ on the cutaneous microcirculation, cutaneous blood flow, skin temperature and transcutaneous $Po_2$ in the pedicle or free flap of operated patients were evaluated by the combination of several measurements following the administration of $PGE_1$. The present study suggests that improvement of cutaneous microcirculation by $PGE_1$ may enhance the survival rate of flap or replantation. Both vessel arterial ischemia and venous congestion are main factors of tissue necrosis in the flap surgery. Vasodilatory or antithrombotic agents have been used in salvage of flap necrosis. However, the therapeutic effects of those drugs are still not well elucidated. Recently prostaglandin $E_1(PGE_1)$ has been shown to ensure flap survival by producing vasodilatation of the peripheral vessels and platelet disaggregation[1-3]. Emerson and sykes[4] have obtained significant improvement in the flap survival in the rat using $PGI_2$. Suzuki et al.[5] have reported prolonged flap survival length by using $PGE_1$ in the rabbit and concluded that $PGE_1$ improved the microcircuration in the flap. However, direct observation and detailed quantitative studies of the effects of $PGE_1$ on the cutaneous microcirculation have not been reported. In the present study, we investigated microcirculatory changes in the rabbit ear chamber[6,7] with an intravital microscope following intravenous administration of $PGE_1$.

• BMB Reports
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.633-638
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• 2005

Biosynthesis of prostanoids is regulated by three sequential enzymatic steps, namely phospholipase $A_2$ enzymes, cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, and various lineage-specific terminal prostanoid synthases. Prostaglandin E synthase (PGES), which isomerizes COX-derived $PGH_2$ specifically to $PGE_2$, occurs in multiple forms with distinct enzymatic properties, expressions, localizations and functions. Two of them are membrane-bound enzymes and have been designated as mPGES-1 and mPGES-2. mPGES-1 is a perinuclear protein that is markedly induced by proinflammatory stimuli, is down-regulated by anti inflammatory glucocorticoids, and is functionally coupled with COX-2 in marked preference to COX-1. Recent gene targeting studies of mPGES-1 have revealed that this enzyme represents a novel target for anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drugs. mPGES-2 is synthesized as a Golgi membrane-associated protein, and the proteolytic removal of the N-terminal hydrophobic domain leads to the formation of a mature cytosolic enzyme. This enzyme is rather constitutively expressed in various cells and tissues and is functionally coupled with both COX-1 and COX-2. Cytosolic PGES (cPGES) is constitutively expressed in a wide variety of cells and is functionally linked to COX-1 to promote immediate $PGE_2$ production. This review highlights the latest understanding of the expression, regulation and functions of these three PGES enzymes.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.25-34
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• 1989

This experiment was performed to study the effect of prostaglandin $E_2$ on tooth movement and root resorption in orthodontically treated cats. Twenty five cats were divided into five groups and closed coil springs delivered 80gm were stretched between upper canine and 3rd premolar. $10{\mu}g$ of $PGE_2$ was injected locally in the submucosal area of the upper right canine, while the left side served as a control and was injected saline 0.1ml. The distance between canine tip and central cusp tip of the 3rd premolar was measured. Scanning electron photomicrographs were made of the coronal half of the distal root surface of canines and cemental craterings were observed and quantified using point-counting volumetry. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and paired t-test. The results were as follows: 1. The rate of tooth movement of the $PGE_2$ side was increased, particularly at 1 day, compared with the control side. 2. The rate of tooth movement was minimum from 7 days to 10 days. 3. The resorption of root surface of the $PGE_2$ side was decreased from 4 days to 10 days, compared with the control side.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2011

Objectives : Angelicae Gigantis Radix has been known traditional medicine with antimicrobial activities and it has been widely used for treatment of blood and inflammatory diseases. In the present study, some studies examined anti-inflammation effects of Angelicae Gigantis Radix but they usually were performed by ethanol extracted Angelicae Gigantis Radix pharmacopuncture. So We investigated the inhibitory effects of Angelicae Gigantis Radix pharmacopuncture by hot water and ethanol extract on Nitric oxide(NO) and Prostaglandin $E_2$($PGE_2$) production in lipopolysaccharide(LPS) induced macrophage cell. Methods : Angelicae Gigantis Radix was extracted by ethanol and hot water. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. To evaluate anti-inflammation effects of Angelicae Gigantis Radix pharmacopuncture, we examined NO and $PGE_2$ production in LPS induced macrophages. The concentrations of NO and $PGE_2$ were measured by Griess assay and Enzyme Immuno-Assay. Results : 1) The MTT assay demonstrated that cytotoxic effect of Angelicae Gigantis Radix pharmacopuncture by hot water extract and ethanol extract in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were not appeared. 2) Angelicae Gigantis Radix pharmacopuncture by ethanol extract and hot water extract inhibited NO production in LPS induced macrophages significantly. 3) Angelicae Gigantis Radix pharmacopuncture by ethanol extract tended to inhibiting $PGE_2$ production in LPS induced macrophages. And Angelicae Gigantis Radix pharmacopuncture by hot water extract inhibited LPS induced production of $PGE_2$ in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells significantly. Conclusions : This study suggests that Angelicae Gigantis Radix pharmacopuncture may have an anti-inflammatory property through the inhibition of NO and $PGE_2$ production in LPS induced macrophages. It may have a therapeutic potential for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.