• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.164-168
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• 1995

In order to elucidate the cytotoxicity-structure correlation of ginseng-derived components, several prosapogenins and sapogenins were prepared from Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) saponins by acid hydrolysis or alkaline cleveage, and their chemical structures were identified by a combination of spectral and physical methods. Some of these degradation products showed the cytotoxic activities against various cancer cell lines, A549, SK-OV-3, SK-Mel-2, P388, L1210 and K562. The significant difference in cytotoxicity between stereoisomers was not found and the activity was inversely proportional to the number of sugars linked to sapogenins. Diol-type prosapogenins and sapogenins showed higher cytotoxicity than triol-type ones.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.126-130
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• 2005

Ginseng saponins have been known as main active principles and are quantified as the index components of ginseng and its products for quality control. However ginseng saponins are easily hydrolyzed in acidic solutions of crude drug preparations. Due to the hydrolysis of saponins in acidic condition, it is generally difficult to determine ginseng saponins In crude drug preparations. Ginseng saponins, prosapogenins and sapogenins of crude drug extracts were quantified by HPLC. Ginseng saponins were quantified by HPLC on $Lichrosorb-NH_2$ column with acetonitrile/water/1-butanol(80:20:10, v/v). Ginseng $prosapogenin-Rg_2$ and $-Rg_2$ were extracted with ethyl acetate from $50\%$ acetic acid hydrolyzates of saponin fractions and quantified by HPLC on $Lichrosorb-NH_2$ column with acetonitrile/water(90:10, v/v). Ginseng sapogenins, panafadiol and panaxatriol, were extracted with diethyl ether from $7\%-sulfuric$ acid hydrolyzates of saponin fractions and quantified by HPLC on ${\mu}-Bondapak\;C_{18}$ column with acetonitrile/methano1/chloroform(83:10:7, v/v). These methods of analyses of sapogenins and prosapogenins were more useful for quality control than those of ginseng saponins in some of crude drug preparations.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1993.09a
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• pp.206-214
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• 1993

Ginseng saponins have been known as main active principles and analyzed as the index components in ginseng and its products for quality control. But it is generally difficult to analyze the saponins in crude drug preparations. Saponins, Prosapogenins and sapogenins of crude drug preparation were identified by TLC and determined quantitatively by HPLC. $Prosapogemins-Rg_3\;-Rg_2\;and\;{\Delta}^{20}-prosapogenin$ were extracted with ethyl acetate from $50\%$ acetic acid hydrolyzates of saponin fractions and identified by TLC with lower phase of $CHCl_3/MeOH/H_2$ O\65:35:10. v/v)on silica gel plate, and quantified by HPLC on $Lichrosorb-NH_2$ column with $CH_3CN/H_2O(90:10,\;v/v).$ Sapogenins. panaxadiol and panaxatriol. were extracted with ethyl ether from $7\%-sulfuric$ acid hydrolyzates of saponin fractions and identified by TLC with chloroform/acetone(1 : 1 v/v) on silica gel plate. and quantified by HPLC on u - Bondapak $C^{18}$ column with $CH_3CN/MeOH/CHCl_3(83:10:7.\;v/v).$ These analyses of prosapogenins and sapogenins are more useful for quality control than those of saponins in crude drug preparations such as So - Shi - Ho - Tang(소시호탕), Sa - Kun - Ja - Tang(사군자탕), Yook - Kun - Ja - Tang(육군자탕), and In - Sam -Tang(인삼탕)

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.171.3-172
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• 2001

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.202.2-203
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• 2001

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1993.09a
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• pp.132-137
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• 1993

Several Prosapogenins and sapogenins obtained by acid hydrolysis or alkaline cleavage of Korean red ginseng saponins were separated and identified by spectral and physical methods. Some of these degradation products showed the cytotoxic activities against various cancer cell lines, that is, A549, SK - OV - 3, L121O, P388 and K562. The significant difference of activity between stereoisooers was not approved and the activity was inversely proportional to the number of sugars binding to sapogenins. It was clear that diol type prosapogenins and sapogenins were more cytotoxic than triol type ones.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.102-106
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• 2012

This study compared the contents of ginsenosides depending on steaming conditions of red ginsengs to provide basic information for developing functional foods using red ginsengs. The red ginseng steamed eight times at $98^{\circ}C$ ranked atop the amounts of prosapogenins ever detected in red ginsengs (ginsenoside $Rg_2$, $Rg_3$, $Rg_5$, $Rg_6$, $Rh_1$, $Rh_4$, $Rk_1$, $Rk_3$, $F_1$, $F_4$, 1.15%) among red ginsengs steamed more than twice. When steamed eight times at $98^{\circ}C$, 2.7 times as much prosapogenins such as ginsenosides $Rg_2$, $Rg_3$, $Rg_5$, $Rg_6$, $Rh_1$, $Rh_4$, $Rk_1$, $Rk_3$, $F_1$, and $F_4$ as those steamed just once at $98^{\circ}C$ was collected. In addition, the red ginsengs steamed eight times at $98^{\circ}C$ contained more amounting ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (0.28%) than that in the red ginseng steamed several times at random. Accordingly, it is recommendable that red ginsengs steamed 8 times, which proved to be the optimal steaming condition, be used rather than those steamed 9 times (black ginsengs), in order to develop red ginseng products of high prosapogenin concentration and high functions.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.205-210
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• 1998

Glucosidic bonds at the C20 position of the sapogenins were hydrolyzed easily in the lower pH, higher temperatures and longer times to give prosapogenins and sugars. The glucosidic bond of saponin at the C3 of ginsenoside-Rb1, which is secondary carbon, was relatively stable due to the low electron density of -0.2. But the bond of saponin at the C20 position, which is tertiary carbon with the relatively high electron density of -0.3, was liable to be hydrolyzed even in weakly acidic solution by the increase of heating time. On the other hand, red ginseng contained 13.34 mg/g of citric acid, 8.78 mg/g of malonic acid, 3.70 mg/g of oxalic acid, 2.13 mg/g of malic acid and 0.44 mg/g of succinct acid. Ginseng saponins were very stable in ginseng extract neutralized with sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate corresponding to the equivalent amount of the total organic acid in the red ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.93-97
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• 1978

From the crude saponin obtained from the pods of Gleditschia officinalis seven spots were identified by TLC and quantity of gleditschia B was the highest among them. Ten kinds of prosapogenins were identified from the partial hydrolysates of crude saponin and found that prosapogenin E contain oleanolic acid as a sapogenin and prosapogenin F does echinocystic acid as the sapogenin. Hydrolysis of crude saponin yield glucose and rhamnose and the same sugar were also identified from the mixture of prosapogenin E and F.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.282-287
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the difference of ginsenoside compositions in crude ginseng saponins prepared by five different methods including three new methods. Two known methods are hot methanol(MeOH) extraction/n-butanol(n-BuOH) fractionation and hot MeOH extraction/Diaion HP-20 adsorption/MeOH elution. Three new methods are hot MeOH extraction/cation AG 50W $absorption/H_2O$ elution/n-BuOH extraction, cool MeOH extraction/Diaion HP-20 adsorption/MeOH elution and direct extraction with ethyl acetate(EtOAc)/n-BuOH. Analysis of ginsenoside composition in the crude saponins by conventional HPLC/RI(Refractive Index) did not show great difference between methods except EtOAc/n-BuOH method. However, HPLC/ELSD (evaporative light scattering detector) employing gradient mobile phase afforded fine resolution of ginsenoside Rf, $Rg_1$ and $Rh_1$, and great difference of ginsenoside compositions between methods. LC/MS revealed that large amount of prosapogenins were produced during the pass through the cation exchange (AG 50W) column being strongly acidic. Six major ginsenosides such as $Rb_1,w;Rb_2,$ Rc, Rd, Re and $Rg_1$, 5 prosapogenins and one chikusetsusaponin were identified by LC/MS. A newly established HPLC method employing ODS column and gradient mobile phase of $KH_2PO_4/CH_3CN$ revealed that malonyl ginsenosides were detected only in the crude saponin obtained from cool MeOH extraction.