• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2001

Rearfoot control can be defined as the relative ability of a shoe to limit the amount of subtalar joint pronation immediately following footstrike. A normal amount of pronation provides a means of decreasing peak forces experienced by the leg, but excessive pronation of the foot can be arised its injures. The purpose of this study is to compare amount of pronation according to a difference between medial and later hardness of shoe midsole for better design of running shops. The experiment is examined for 7 running shoes. 8 males. to measure the Achilles tendon angle and rearfoot angle using high speed camera. The results is conducted that the changes of Achilles tendon angle significantly differ at each test shoe with increased running speed. And, a difference between medial and lateral hardness of midsole affects rearfoot motion of runner. The displacements of maximal Achilles tendon angle described a amount of pronation motion is decreased when medial hardness of midsole is large more than lateral.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.203-225
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• 2002

An excessive Q-angle has been implicated in the development of knee injuries by altering the lower-extremity locomotion kinematics. The purpose of this study was performed to examine the correlation between the Q-angle and the CTA during pronation and supination of the foot in the standing status. The participants of this examination were 60 adult(30 men and 30 women) who had no orthopaedic and neurological impairment, aged between 20 and 40years. The foot tilt(FT1)is made of acrylic plate and the slope of the surface is altered as $0^{\circ}$ pronation$(10^{\circ},\;20^{\circ},\;30^{\circ})$ and supination $(10^{\circ},\;20^{\circ},\;30^{\circ})$. The results were as follows : 1. The result about the Q-angle and the CTA by comparing pronation and supination of the foot There was statistical significance difference in the left /right Q-angle and the left/right CTA with pronation and supination of the foot(P<0.05). 2. The result about correlation in the left /right lower-extremity There were positive correlation between the right Q-angle and the right CTA and negative correlation except the supination$(30^{\circ})$ between the left Q-angle and the left CTA.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.342-366
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• 2002

An excessive Q-angle has been implicated in the development of knee injuries by altering the lower-extremity locomotion kinematics. The purpose of this study was measured the Q-angle and the CTA when the foot moves pronation and supination of the foot in the standing status. The participants of this examination were 60 adult(30 men and 30 women) who had no orthopaedic and neurological impairment, aged between 20 and 40years. The foot tilt(FT 1)is made of acrylic plate and the slope of the suface is altered as $0^{\circ}$, pronation ($10^{\circ},20^{\circ},30^{\circ}$)and supination($10^{\circ},20^{\circ},30^{\circ}$). The results were as follows : 1. The result about the left/right Q-angle and the left/right CAT There was no statistical significant difference between the left and the right side of the Q-angle with different position of the foot(P > 0.05). While significant difference in the left CTA at the $0^{\circ}$, pronation($10^{\circ},20^{\circ},30^{\circ}$) and supination($10^{\circ},20^{\circ}$) has been observed(P < 0.05). 2. The result about the Q-angle and the CTA between male and female There was significant difference in the Q-angle between male and female with different position of the foot(P < 0.05). while significant different in the right CTA at the $0^{\circ}$ pronation ($20^{\circ}$)(P < 0.05), no significant difference in the left CTA have been observed(P > 0.05). 3. The result about correlation between the left/right Q-angle and the left/right CAT There was statistical significant positive correlation between the left/right Q-angle and the left/right CAT with the different position of the foot(P < 0.01).

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.175-187
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to find the relationship between Achilles tendon angle, angular velocity from 2D cinematography utilized to easily analyze the functions of shoes, ankle joint moment, knee joint moment, and hip joint moment from 3D cinematography utilized to predict the injury. Also, this study was to provide the optimal standard to analyze the injury related to the shoes. Subjects in this study were 30 university male students and 18 conditions (2 types of running speed, 3 of midsole hardness, 3 of midsole height) were measured using cinematography and force platform. The results were as following. 1) Hip joint abduction moment was effected by many variables such as running speed, midsole height, maximum achilles tendon angle, ground reaction force. 2) Knee joint rotational moment in running was approximately 1/10 - 1/4 times of the injury critical value and eversion moment was approximately 1/4 - 1/2 times of the injury critical value. 3) Ankle joint pronation moment in running was 1/3 - 1/2 times of the injury critical value. 4) Knee joint rotational moment was found to be irrelevant with maximum achilles tendon angle or angular velocity. 5) Pronation from running was thought to be relevant to rather eversion moment activity than rotational moment activity of knee joint. 6) Plantar flexion abductor of ankle showed significant relationship with the ground reaction force variable. 7) When the loading rate for ground reaction force in passive region increased, extensor tended to be exposed to the injury. Main variables in biomechanical analysis of shoes were impact absorption and pronation. Among these variables, pronation factor was reported to be relevant with knee injury from long duration exercise. Achilles tendon angle factor was utilized frequently to evaluate this. However, as the results of this study showed, the relationship between these variables and injury relating variable of knee moment was so important. Studies without consideration on this finding should be reconsidered and reconfirmed.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.299-309
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• 2021

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare the ankle pronation squat with the general squat and investigate the effect on the geun varum and the muscles around the knee. Methods : Subjects were chosen as the target for squat exercise with the distance between the knees more than 5 cm. The selected 30 students were randomly divided into 15 pronation squat group and 15 general squat group, and performed five sets movements 20 times. Global postural system (GPS) and digital goniometer were used to check the distance between the knees and the Q angle, and muscle activity was measured with EMG during squat exercise. Results: The result is as follows. First, as a result of analyzing the change in the distance between the knees, the distance between the knees decreased and the Q angle increased in the pronation squat group after exercise. Second, as a result of analyzing the change in muscle activity of the peroneus longus, the muscle activity increased in the pronation squat group after exercise, and it was more effective than the general squat group. Third, as a result of analyzing the change in the VMO (vastus medialis oblique) and VL (vastus lateralis) muscle activity ratio, the activity ratio of the pronation squat group increased after exercise, and the imbalance in the VMO/VL muscle activity was decreased. Conclusion: The pronation squat exercise applied to the ankle will greatly affect what is made into a balanced leg as decreased of the distance between knees, increased of Q angle, increased of the muscle activity of the peroneus longus and the ratio of VMO/VL.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.14-19
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• 2008

Purpose: We tried to understand the effects of the derotational closing wedge Akin osteotomy during the operation for the hallux valgus with pronation of great toe. Materials and Methods: Eighty five patients who had undergone Akin osteotomy among the eighty seven patients who had been treated with Scarf osteotomy with hallux valgus were included in this study. Derotational supination was added on the medial closing wedge Akin osteotomy at the base of proximal phalanx and it was secured with K-wire, headless screw or staple. We measured and analyzed pre- and post-operative hallux primus valgus angle and hallux pronational rotatory angle. Results: The hallux primus valgus angle improved an average of $14{\pm}2.98$ degrees to $-1{\pm}1.68$ degrees with the hallux pronational rotatory angle respectively from $24.8{\pm}7.64$ degrees to $4.7{\pm}4.22$ degrees. Conclusions: After the metatarsal osteotomy for the treatment of the hallux valgus with the pronation of great toe, derotational closing wedge Akin osteotomy can give us a belief that it can correct the hallux primus valgus angle and hallux pronational rotatory angle also and it can be a helpful method for minimizing the recurrence rate of the hallux valgus deformity.

• 한국산업경영시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국산업경영시스템학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.291-296
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• 2002

The midsole hardness of athletic footwear affects capability of absorbing impact shock and controls rearfoot movement during running and walking. The prior studies were focused on examining the proper hardness of footwear for rearfoot movement or to finding effective hardness for absorbing impact shock. The displacements of maximal Achilles tendon angle described a amount of pronation motion is decreased when medial hardness of midsole is large more than lateral. Increasing hardness of footwear midsole are effected to reduce maximum and intial pronation angle, but declined the ability of impact shock during heelstrike. For determination of effectiveness hardness of midsole, therefore, the study that makes a compromise between rearfoot movement and absorbing impact during footstrike must be performed. The purpose of this study is to examine quantitative values of rearfoot control and absorbing impact shock with different hardness of medial and lateral midsole on heel portion. The results are useful to define biomechanical hardness of midsole for developing running shoes. As variable for impact shock, accelerations onto shank and knee are measured during 4 running speeds (5, 7, 9, 11km/h). Also, maximum and $10\%$ pronation angle (Achilles tendon angle) were measured using high-speed camera.

• 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.108-112
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• 2024

회내족은 넙다리두갈래근의 활성화를 증가시키거나 근피로 또는 과사용증후군(overuse syndromes)을 초래한다. 본 연구에서는 회내각(pronation angles)이 20° 이상인 회내족 피험자를 대상으로 회내각과 근피로지수와의 관계를 파악하는 것이다. 나이 범위가 15-61세인 12명의 피험자가 실험에 참여하였으며, 30초 동안 4.5 km/h의 속도로 트레드밀 보행시 넙다리두갈래근의 근전도를 측정하여 근피로지수인 중앙주파수와 저주파수 대역 크기의 기울기를 산출하였다. 본 연구에 참여한 피험자로부터 산출한 두 가지 근피로지수와 회내각 사이의 관계가 정상인과 유사할 것이라는 가정 하에 실험한 결과, 근피로지수와 회내각 사이의 유의한 상관성을 얻을 수 있었다 (r>0.60; p<0.05).

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.19-24
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• 2010

본 연구는 원위요골의 회전에 따른 골밀도의 변화를 알아보고 원위요골 골밀도와 요추 골밀도를 비교 분석하였다. 골밀도 측정시 정확한 측정 자세를 알아보고자 자체 제작한 보조기구를 이용하여 수술, 기형이나 외상력이 없는 20, 30대 남성 11명을 대상으로 전완부를 DR(digital diagnostic IR-1100-150 ; Philips)로 촬영하였고 남성 21명을 DXA(QDR 4500W ; HOLOGIC, USA)로 골밀도 측정을 시행하였다. 실험은 두 가지로 수행하였다. 첫째, 보조기구를 이용하여 11명을 대상으로 전완부를 DR로 중립위(0도)를 기준으로 내회전 및 외회전 각각 3, 6, 9도에서 촬영하였고 둘째, 요추 및 전완부(Forearm)의 골밀도를 21명을 대상으로 DXA 장비를 이용해 중립위(0도)를 기준으로 내회전 및 외회전 각각 5, 10도에서 측정하였고 통계프로그램 SPSS 12.0v으로 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 DR로 촬영한 11명의 원위요골 회전각은 내회전인 경우가 82%(n = 9)로 가장 많았으며, 평균 내회전 각도는 7도였다. 외회전 6도와 중립위(0도)에서도 1명(9%)씩 나타났다. 전체평균 회전각은 내회전 5.1도였다. DXA로 측정한 21명의 원위요골 회전각은 내회전인 경우가 43%(n = 9)로 가장 많았으며, 평균 내회전 각도는 7.2도였다. 외회전은 24%(n = 5)이고 평균 외회전 각은 6도이며 중립위(0도)은 33%(n = 7)로 나타났다. 전체평균 회전각은 내회전 4.1도였다. 요추와 원위요골의 상관 계수는 r = 0.30, p = 0.18로 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 요추의 골밀도가 원위요골의 골밀도를 대변하지 못하기 때문에 원위요골 골밀도의 평가는 원위요골에서 측정해야 한다. 전완부 골밀도 측정시 중립위는 원위요골이 외회전이 대부분이기 때문에 최저 골밀도의 회전각에서 일정하게 골밀도를 측정하기 위해서는 중립위 보다 내회전이 필요하며 내회전 각은 약 5도가 추천된다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2006

This study was to analysis three dimension angle of the upper extremity segment and trunk to putting the protector in women bowlers. For this study, the subjects selected 4 players of national and university team. All subjects putted in the same wrist support to satisfy the experiment conditions. To get three dimensions position coordination of swing motion used for 6 ProReflex MCU 240 camera produced by Qualisys. After position coordination calculation, Three dimension angle of the trunk and the upper extremity segment calculated for Matlab 6.5. the result is following; In the trunk motion, there were little differences among the subjects in a flexion and extension change. There were a lot of differences in motion change of the abduction-adduction and internal-external rotation, but the motion types translated to the adduction-abduction-adduction and from the internal rotation toward the external rotation. In the upper arm segment the Flexion and extension showed a consistent motion in the down swing and up swing phase. And the motion change of abduction-adduction and pronation-supination showed a abduction-adduction-abduction and pronation-supination change during swing phase. In the forearm segment changes, it showed a lot of differences among the subjects and a similar change with the upper arm segment. Especially, the hand segment showed a supination motion from the backswing apex to release phase, but for increasing a rotation velocity of ball, the hand segment translated toward pronation in follow throw phase.