• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.113-118
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• 2010

Due to diverse soil-forming environments and different purposes of the soil classification, numerous soil classification systems have been developed worldwide. The World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) and the Soil Taxonomy of the United States are well-known in Korea. However, the German Soil Systematics based on somewhat different principles from the two former systems is little-known. The objective of this paper is therefore to give a short overview of the principles of the German Soil Systematics. The German Soil Systematics consists of a six-level hierarchical structure which comprises soil divisions, soil classes, soil types, soil subtypes, soil varieties, and soil subvarieties. Soils in Germany are firstly classified into one of four soil divisions according to the soil moist regime: terrestrial soils, semi-terrestrial soils, semi-subhydric/subhydric soils, and peats. Terrestrial soils are subdivided into 13 soil classes based on the stage of soil formation and the horizon differentiation. Semi-terrestrial soils are differentiated into four classes regarding the source of soil moist: groundwater, freshwater, saltwater, and seaside. Semi-subhydric/subhydric soils are subdivided into two classes: semi-subhydric and subhydric soils. Peats are classified into two classes of natural and anthropogenic origins. Classes can be compared to orders of the U.S. Taxonomy. Classes are subdivided into 29 soil types with regard to soil forming-processes for terrestrial soils, into 17 types with regard to the soil formation for semi-terrestrial soils, into five types with regard to the content of organic matter for semi-subhydric/subhydric soils, and also into five types with regard to peat-forming processes for peats. The soil mapping units in Germany are types, which can be additionally subdivided into ca. 220 subtypes, several thousands of varieties and subvarieties using detailed nuances of morphologic features of soil profile. Soil types can be compared to great groups of the U.S. Taxonomy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.52-61
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• 1980

This study is carried out to learn the properties of forest soils in Korea and propose the reasonable management methods of forest land. Among 178 soil series surveyed until now in Korea forest soils include 64 series broken down according to the weathered products into 5 categories such as residual materials on mountain and hill, residual materials on rolling and hill, colluvial materials on local valley and fans, alluvial materials and volcanic ash soils. What discussed in this paper are classification system, parent rocks, texture class and drainage conditions of Korean forest soils. The characteristics of Korean forest soil properties classified in U.S.D.A. soil classification system are as follows: 1. Residual soils on mountain and hill (29 soil series) are almost Lithosols without any distinct soil profile development. They have loamy skeletal (11 series), coarse loamy (5 series), fine loamy (3 series), and fine clayey soils (3 series). Their drainage conditions are somewhat excessively drained in 16 series and well drained in 7 series. 2. Residual soils on rolling and hill (19 series) are Red-Yellow Podzolic soils with well developed soil profiles. They have coarse and fine loamy texture in 12 series and fine clayey texture in 5 series mostly with well drained condition. 3. Colluvial soils on local valley and fans (13 series) include mostly Regosols and some Red-Yellow Podzolic Soils and Acid Brown Forest Soils. They have loamy skeletal (4 series), coarse loamy (3 series), fine loamy (3 series), and fine clayey soils (2 series) with well drained condition. 4. Soil textures of weathered products of parent rocks are as follows: 1) Parent rocks producing coarse texture soils are rhyolite, granite gneiss, schist, shale, sandstone, siltstone, and conglomerate. 2) Parent rocks producing fine and heavy texture soils are limestone, basalt, gabbro, and andesite porphyry. 3) Granite is a parent rock producing various textured soils.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.136-146
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• 2024

This paper introduces the seismic facies classification and mapping of igneous bodies found in the sedimentary sequences of the Yellow Sea shelf area of Korea. In the research area, six extrusive and three intrusive types of igneous bodies were found in the Late Cretaceous, Eocene, Early Miocene, and Quaternary sedimentary sequences of the northeastern, southwestern and southeastern sags of the Gunsan Basin. Extrusive igneous bodies include the following six facies: (1) monogenetic volcano (E.mono) showing cone-shape external geometry with height less than 200 m, which may have originated from a single monogenetic eruption; (2) complex volcano (E.comp) marked by clustered monogenetic cones with height less than 500 m; (3) stratovolcano (E.strato) referring to internally stratified lofty volcanic edifices with height greater than 1 km and diameter more than 15 km; (4) fissure volcanics (E.fissure) marked by high-amplitude and discontinuous reflectors in association with normal faults that cut the acoustic basement; (5) maar-diatreme (E.maar) referring to gentle-sloped low-profile volcanic edifices with less than 2 km-wide vent-shape zones inside; and (6) hydrothermal vents (E.vent) marked by upright pipe-shape or funnel-shape structures disturbing sedimentary sequence with diameter less than 2 km. Intrusive igneous bodies include the following three facies: (1) dike and sill (I.dike/sill) showing variable horizontal, step-wise, or saucer-shaped intrusive geometries; (2) stock (I.stock) marked by pillar- or horn-shaped bodies with a kilometer-wide intrusion diameter; and (3) batholith and laccoliths (I.batho/lac) which refer to gigantic intrusive bodies that broadly deformed the overlying sedimentary sequence.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 1979

According to Soil Taxonomy which has been developed over the past 20 years in the soil conservation service of the U. S. D. A, Soils in Korea are classified. This system is well suited for the classification of the most of soils. But paddy field soils have some difficulties in classification because Soil Taxonomy states no proposals have yet been developed for classifying artificially irrigated soils. This paper discusses some problems in the application of Taxonomy and suggestes the classification of paddy field soils in Korea. Following is the summary of the paper. 1. Anthro aquic, Aquic Udipsamments : The top soils of these soils are saturated with irrigated water at some time of year and have mottles of low chroma(2 or less) more than 50cm of the soil surface. (Ex. Sadu, Geumcheon series) 2. Anthroaquic Udipsamments : These sails are like Anthroaquic, Aquic Udipsamments except for the mottles of low chroma within 50cm of the soil surface. (Ex. Baegsu series) 3. Halic Psammaquents : These soils contain enough salts as distributed in the profile that they interfere with the growth of most crop plants and located on the coastal dunes. The water table fluctuates with the tides. (Ex. Nagcheon series) 4. Anthroaquic, Aquic Udifluvents : They have some mottles that have chroma of 2 or less in more than 50cm of the surface. The upper horizon is saturated with irrigated water at sometime. (Ex. Maryeong series) 5. Anthro aquic Udifluvents : These soils are saturated with irrigated water at some time of year and have mottles of low chroma(2 or less) within 50cm of the surface soils. (Ex. Haenggog series) 6. Fluventic Haplaquepts : These soils have a content of organic carbon that decreases irregularly with depth and do not have an argillic horizon in any part of the pedon. Since ground water occur on the surface or near the surface, they are dominantly gray soils in a thick mineral regolith. (Ex Baeggu, Hagseong series) 7. Fluventic Thapto-Histic Haplaquepts : These soils have a buried organic matter layer and the upper boundary is within 1m of the surface. Other properties are same as Fluventic Haplaquepts. (Ex. Gongdeog, Seotan series) 8. Fluventic Aeric Haplaquepts : These soils have a horizon that has chroma too high for Fluventic Haplaquepts. The higher chroma is thought to indicate either a shorter period of saturation of the whole soils with water or some what deeper ground water than in the Fluventic Haplaquepts. The correlation of color with soil drainage classes is imperfect. (Ex. Mangyeong, Jeonbug series) 9. Fluventic Thapto-Histic Aeric Haplaquepts : These soils are similar to Fluventic Thapto Histic Haplaquepts except for the deeper ground water. (Ex. Bongnam series) 10. Fluventic Aeric Sulfic Haplaquepts : These soils are similar to Fluventic Aeric Haplaquepts except for the yellow mottles and low pH (<4.0) in some part between 50 and 150cm of the surface. (Ex. Deunggu series) 11. Fluventic Sulfaquepts : These soils are extremely acid and toxic to most plant. Their horizons are mostly dark gray and have yellow mottles of iron sulfate with in 50cm of the soil surface. They occur mainly in coastal marshes near the mouth of rivers. (Ex. Bongrim, Haecheog series) 12. Fluventic Aeric Sulfaquepts : They have a horizon that has chroma too high for Fluventic Sulfaquepts. Other properties are same as Fluventic Sulfaquepts. (Ex. Gimhae series) 13. Anthroaquic Fluvaquentic Eutrochrepts : These soils have mottles of low chroma in more than 50cm of the surface due to irrigated water. The base saturation is 60 percent or more in some subhroizon that is between depth of 25 and 75cm below the surface. (Ex. Jangyu, Chilgog series) 14. Anthroaquic Dystric Fluventic Eutrochrepts : These soils are similar to Anthroaquic Fluvaquentic Eutrochrepts except for the low chroma within 50cm of the surface. (Ex. Weolgog, Gyeongsan series) 15. Anthroaquic Fluventic Dystrochrepts : These soils have mottles that have chroma of 2 or less within 50cm of the soil surface due to artificial irrigation. They have lower base saturation (<60 percert) in all subhorizons between depths of 25 and 75cm below the soil surface. (Ex. Gocheon, Bigog series) 16. Anthro aquic Eutrandepts : These soils are similar to Anthroaquic Dystric Fluventic Eutrochrepts except for lower bulk density in the horizon. (Ex. Daejeong series) 17. Anthroaquic Hapludalfs : These soils' have a surface that is saturated with irrigated water at some time and have chroma of 2 or less in the matrix and higher chroma of mottles within 50cm of the surface. (Ex. Hwadong, Yongsu series) 18. Anthro aquic, Aquic Hapludalfs : These soils are similar to Anthro aquic Hapludalfs except for the matrix that has chroma 2 or less and higher chroma of mottles in more than 50cm of the surface. (Ex. Geugrag, Deogpyeong se ries)

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.1
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• pp.54-71
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• 1991

To classify and analyze the forest communities and their structures, the vegetation in Mt. Joghe was investigated from July, 1980 to August, 1989. The results obtained are as follow ; 1. A total of 750 kinds of vascular plant(49 orders, 122 families, 434 genera, 627 species, 1 subspecies, 111 varieties and 11 forma)were observed in Mt. Ioghe. The newly observed plant species were Dioscorea quingueloba, Spiranthes sinensis, Cephalanthera falcata, Angelica gigas, Clematis patents, Paeonia obovata, Hibiscus mulabilis, Ainsliaea acerifolia, Dictamnus dasycarpus, Cynachum ascyrifolia, Vaccinium koreanum, Erythrortium japonicum, Indigofera kirilowii (17species), Broussonetia kazinoki var, humillis, Euonymus, fortunei var. radicans, Juniperus communis var, nippnnica, Callicarpa japonica var. radicans, Joniperus communis var. rzipponica, Callicarpa japonica var. taquetii (4 varieties) and L indera obtusiloba for. billosum (1 forma). 2. The life spectrum of flora in Mt. Joghe was classified into $CH-D_1-R_5-e$ type. Distribution area was identical to Southern type by Nakai, Lee, and Yim. A few subtropical species were also observed. 3. Simpson's species diversity index(Ds) was 0.9 and Shannon-Weiner's diversity index (H') was 1.004. These indice suggest that the vegetation in Mt. Joghe is of complicated forest communities. 4. Pte-Q was 1.81 which was higher than the nationwide mean of 1.68. Urbanization Index (UI) was 28.75 for naturalized plant species, and 17.49 for exotic woody plant species, which were similar to those of Mt. Baekun and Mt. Naejang. 5. The forest vegetation of Mt. Joghe was grouped in 3 vegetation types : 7 natural plant Communities dominated by Quercus serrat, Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabilis, Carpinus laxiflora, Pinus derasiflora and Platycarya strobilacea, 8 substitutional plant communities Styrax japonica, Stewartia koreana, Lindera erytlrrocarpa, Zelkova serrata, Rhtrs chinensis, Controversa, and Frzrxirtus manrlshurica, and 7 plantation Communities composed of Pinus koraiensis, Pinus rigida, Magnolia nbnvata, Chamecyparis obkrsa, Larie ieptolepis, Castanea crenata and Cryptomeria japonica. 6. Actual vegetation maps and profile diagrams were made by phytosocialogical classification. 7. As the important and unique species in Mt. Joghe, Lindera sericea, Penicaria tilitorme, Hex macropoda, Hex macropoda for. pseudo-macropoda, Steroartia koreana, Adenopkora palustris and Corylop.,is coreana, which were also seported by Lee(1977), Kim and Yark(1989), were identified and Vaccinium coreanum, Cremastra appendiculinium, Juniperus comminis van. nipponica, Cephalanthera falcata, Broussortetia kazinoki var. humilis, paeonia obovata, Deutzia prunifolia, Dictamnus dasyarpus, Angelica gigics and Bupleurum falcatum were odditionally observed.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2010

This study was conducted to reclassify Anryong series based on the second edition of Soil Taxonomy and to discuss the formation of Anryong series distributed on the mountain foot slope. Morphological properties of typifying pedon of Anryong series were investigated and physico-chemical properties were analyzed according to Soil survey laboratory methods manual. The typifying pedon of Anryong series has brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam Ap horizon (0-22 cm), strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) cobbly clay loam BAt horizon (22-35 cm), strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) cobbly clay loam Bt1 horizon (35-55 cm), reddish brown (5YR 5/4) cobbly clay loam Bt2 horizon (55-82 cm), and brown (7.5YR 5/4) cobbly clay loam Bt3 horizon (82-120 cm). The typifying pedon has an argillic horizon from a depth of 22 to 120 cm and a base saturation (sum of cations) of less than 35% at 125 cm below the upper boundary of the argillic horizon. It can be classified as Ultisol, not as Alfisol. It has udic soil moisture regime, and can be classified as Udult. Also that meets the requirements of Typic Hapludults. It has 18-35% clay at the particle-size control section, and have mesic soil temperature regime. Therefore Anryong series can be classified as fine loamy, mesic family of Typic Hapludults, not as fine loamy, mesic family of Ultic Hapludalfs. Anryong series occur on mountain foot slope positions in colluvial materials derived from acid and intermediate crystalline rocks. They are developed as Ultisols with clay mineral weathering, translocation of clays to accumulate in an argillic horizon, and leaching of base-forming cations from the profile for relatively long periods under humid and temperate climates in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.224-229
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• 2010

This study was conducted to reclassify Cheongpung series based on the second edition of Soil Taxonomy, and to dicuss the formation of Cheongpung series distributed on the diluvial terrace. Morphological properties of typifying pedon of Cheongpung series were investigated, and physico-chemical properties were analyzed according to Soil survey laboratory methods manual. The typifying pedon of Cheongpung series has red (2.5YR 4/6) silty clay loam Ap horizon (0-18 cm), red (2.5YR 4/8) clay BAt horizon (18-35 cm), red (2.5YR 4/2) cobbly clay Bt1 horizon (35-65 cm), and red (2.5YR4/6) cobbly clay Bt2 horizon (more than 65 cm). The typifying pedon has an argillic horizon from adepth of 18 to more than 65 cm, and a base saturation (sum of cations) of less than 35% at 125 cm below the upper boundary of the argillic horizon. It can be classified as Ultisol, not as Alfisol. It has udic soil moisture regime, and can be classified as Udult. Also that meets the requirements of Typic Hapludults. It has 35% or more clay at the particle-size control section, and have mesic soil temperature regime. Therefore Cheongpung series can be classified as fine, mesic family of Typic Hapludults, not as fine, mesic family of Ultic Hapludalfs. Cheongpung series occur on moderately elevated diluvial terrace which have relatively stable geomorphic surface. They are developed as Ultisols with clay mineral weathering, translocation of clays to accumulate in an argillic horizon, and leaching of base-forming cations from the profile for relatively long periods under humid, and temperate climates in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1973

This study examined the morphological, physical and chemical characteristics of the Yesan and the Songjeong series derived from residuum of the granite developed on gently sloping to rolling relief in Honam reclamable land Area. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. The morphological characteristics. In the Yesan series, the surface soils(Ap horizons) are brown to dark brown sandy loam. The subsoils(B horizons) are yellowish red to red sandy clay loam to sandy loam and the soil profile development is weak. The Songjeong series, the surface soils (Ap horizons) are washed by erosion, so the subsoils are revealed on the surface, and these are dark red silty clay loam. The subsoils (B horizons) are red silty clay loam and thin clay cutans are formed on the ped faces of the structure. The substrata of two soil series are deeply weathered granitic saprolite. 2. The physical and chemical characteristics. The distribution of clay content tends to increase from surfaces to subsoils with depth gradually. On the Yesan series, the content of clay is less than 18%, soil pH (6.0 in the surface-soil, 4.5-5.0 in the subsoil), the content of organic matter (1.8% in the surface soil, 0.1~0.4% in the subsoil), available phosphate (40 ppm), the cation exchange capacity(4~8 me/100 gr) are very low, and the base saturation (57.8% in the surface soil, 46.3% in the subsoil) is moderate. On the Songjeong series, the content of clay is 30~40%, pH (5.7-6.0), the content of in organic matter (1.25% in the surface soil, 0.1~0.4% in the subsoil), available phosphate(4 ppm), the cation exchange capacity(6.2 me/100 gr in the surface soil, 2~6 me/100gr in the subsoil) are very low, and the base saturation(28.1% in the surfacesoil, 16~23% in the subsoil) is also low. 3. The Yesan and Songjeong series are for med under a temperate humid climate, and classified as Red Yellow Soils in the old classification system. According to U.S.D.A. 7th approximation the former belongs to Typic Dystrochrepts in Inceptisols, and the latter, Typic Hapludults in Ultisols.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.86-96
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• 2006

Ecoclimap-1, a new complete surface parameter global database at a 1-km resolution, was previously presented. It is intended to be used to initialize the soil-vegetation- atmosphere transfer schemes in meteorological and climate models. Surface parameters in the Ecoclimap-1 database are provided in the form of a per-class value by an ecoclimatic base map from a simple merging of land cover and climate maps. The principal objective of this ecoclimatic map is to consider intra-class variability of life cycle that the usual land cover map cannot describe. Although the ecoclimatic map considering land cover and climate is used, the intra-class variability was still too high inside some classes. In this study, a new strategy is defined; the idea is to use the information contained in S10 NDVI SPOT/VEGETATION profiles to split a land cover into more homogeneous sub-classes. This utilizes an intra-class unsupervised sub-clustering methodology instead of simple merging. This study was performed to provide a new ecolimatic map over Northeast Asia in the framework of Ecoclimap-2 global database construction for surface parameters. We used the University of Maryland's 1km Global Land Cover Database (UMD) and a climate map to determine the initial number of clusters for intra-class sub-clustering. An unsupervised classification process using six years of NDVI profiles allows the discrimination of different behavior for each land cover class. We checked the spatial coherence of the classes and, if necessary, carried out an aggregation step of the clusters having a similar NDVI time series profile. From the mapping system, 29 ecosystems resulted for the study area. In terms of climate-related studies, this new ecosystem map may be useful as a base map to construct an Ecoclimap-2 database and to improve the surface climatology quality in the climate model.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.39-54
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• 2013

Recent explosive increase of electronic commerce provides many advantageous purchase opportunities to customers. In this situation, customers who do not have enough knowledge about their purchases, may accept product recommendations. Product recommender systems automatically reflect user's preference and provide recommendation list to the users. Thus, product recommender system in online shopping store has been known as one of the most popular tools for one-to-one marketing. However, recommender systems which do not properly reflect user's preference cause user's disappointment and waste of time. In this study, we propose a novel recommender system which uses data mining and multi-model ensemble techniques to enhance the recommendation performance through reflecting the precise user's preference. The research data is collected from the real-world online shopping store, which deals products from famous art galleries and museums in Korea. The data initially contain 5759 transaction data, but finally remain 3167 transaction data after deletion of null data. In this study, we transform the categorical variables into dummy variables and exclude outlier data. The proposed model consists of two steps. The first step predicts customers who have high likelihood to purchase products in the online shopping store. In this step, we first use logistic regression, decision trees, and artificial neural networks to predict customers who have high likelihood to purchase products in each product group. We perform above data mining techniques using SAS E-Miner software. In this study, we partition datasets into two sets as modeling and validation sets for the logistic regression and decision trees. We also partition datasets into three sets as training, test, and validation sets for the artificial neural network model. The validation dataset is equal for the all experiments. Then we composite the results of each predictor using the multi-model ensemble techniques such as bagging and bumping. Bagging is the abbreviation of "Bootstrap Aggregation" and it composite outputs from several machine learning techniques for raising the performance and stability of prediction or classification. This technique is special form of the averaging method. Bumping is the abbreviation of "Bootstrap Umbrella of Model Parameter," and it only considers the model which has the lowest error value. The results show that bumping outperforms bagging and the other predictors except for "Poster" product group. For the "Poster" product group, artificial neural network model performs better than the other models. In the second step, we use the market basket analysis to extract association rules for co-purchased products. We can extract thirty one association rules according to values of Lift, Support, and Confidence measure. We set the minimum transaction frequency to support associations as 5%, maximum number of items in an association as 4, and minimum confidence for rule generation as 10%. This study also excludes the extracted association rules below 1 of lift value. We finally get fifteen association rules by excluding duplicate rules. Among the fifteen association rules, eleven rules contain association between products in "Office Supplies" product group, one rules include the association between "Office Supplies" and "Fashion" product groups, and other three rules contain association between "Office Supplies" and "Home Decoration" product groups. Finally, the proposed product recommender systems provides list of recommendations to the proper customers. We test the usability of the proposed system by using prototype and real-world transaction and profile data. For this end, we construct the prototype system by using the ASP, Java Script and Microsoft Access. In addition, we survey about user satisfaction for the recommended product list from the proposed system and the randomly selected product lists. The participants for the survey are 173 persons who use MSN Messenger, Daum Caf$\acute{e}$, and P2P services. We evaluate the user satisfaction using five-scale Likert measure. This study also performs "Paired Sample T-test" for the results of the survey. The results show that the proposed model outperforms the random selection model with 1% statistical significance level. It means that the users satisfied the recommended product list significantly. The results also show that the proposed system may be useful in real-world online shopping store.