• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.188-194
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• 2022

Background: Medial elbow laxity develops in throwing athletes due to valgus forces. Medial elbow instability in professional, collegiate, and high school athletes is well documented; however, the medial elbow of young throwing athletes has received less attention. This study investigated the medial elbow and common flexor tendon during applied elbow valgus stress of youth baseball players. Methods: The study included 15 participants. The medial elbow width and thickness of the common flexor tendon were measured on ultrasound images. Results: No significant side differences in medial elbow width or common flexor tendon were found at rest or under applied valgus stress. At rest, the medial elbow joint width was 3.34±0.94 mm on the dominant side and 3.42±0.86 mm on the non-dominant side. The dominant side increased to 3.83±1.02 mm with applied valgus stress, and the non-dominant side increased to 3.96±1.04 mm. The mean flexor tendon thickness was 3.89±0.63 mm on the dominant side and 4.02±0.70 mm on the non-dominant side. Conclusions: These findings differ from similar studies in older throwing athletes, likely because of the lack of accumulated stress on the medial elbow of youth throwing athletes. Maintaining elbow stability in young throwing athletes is a vital step to preventing injury later in their careers.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.172-182
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• 2002

Objectives: We did research in the cause of the Pitchers' injury and their recovery process to make a detailed injury list for the purpose of finding the cause of the Korean professional pitchers' injury and its classification. We drew the conclusion through the results as following. Methods: We posed a question to the 80 pitchers playing in the first team of the eight Korean professional baseball team and analyzed the 62 pieces of question paper except the paper having a mistake. We used SAS/PC statistical package in analyzing the data. Results: In the frequency of the pitchers' shoulder injury in the last three years, the injured of all the players were 61.3$\%$ and the injury free players were 28.7$\%$. The cause of the injury was 45.2$\%$ wrong pitching motion, which was the highest value. For the shape of a pain when injured, the reverberation ache feeling when he is hit in the weight commanded an absolute majority as 19.4$\%$. Those who had muscular pain were 17.7$\%$, which was felt mostly at the pitching motion. The most trouble name of the injured shoulder was bicepstendinitis as 16.1$\%$ while the injury of shoulder joint was the lowest as 1.6$\%$. As the most widely used treatment, 25.8 percent of all the players had taken an electronical thraphy after injury. 14.5 percent of the players who had an injury to the shoulder told that they have an operation and 85 percent of them didn't. As a sort of the operation, a repairing of labrum was 44.4 percent, which is the highest value and the 77.8 percent pitchers are performing a normal pitching through rehabilitation after the operation and 22.2 percent of them are undergoing rehabilitation training. Conclusion: The research have shown that the main cause of the injury, concerning the Korean professional pitchers throwing lots of ball in both matches and practices, is overuse syndrome, bad mechanism, muscle weakness and instability of balance. I think that the role of trainer, physical therapy, and team physician taking charge of the players' injury must learn physical test method by heart exactly to check up the state of the injury definitely at the initial phase. Moreover, when the cause of the injury part after a close examination is discovered, the scientific and good surgery is essential to the rehabilitation success and making a classification of shoulder instability is useful to make a operation plan as well as the players' rehabilitation, treatment.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.61-66
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• 2020

Recently, attempts have been made to use data to operate games, seasons, and teams in professional baseball. Therefore, in this study, we collected baseball game records and analyzed the relationship between on-base rate and pitching count induction, and this was defined as the third record for non-game factors such as discomfort index, which includes the weather application data. When the discomfort index was over 75, the pitcher's induction of pitching was high, and when the discomfort index was less than 69.9, the on-base rate was high, but when the discomfort index was 70 or more and less than 75, the batter's on-base performance was the lowest. Through the results of the study, it could be inferred that the discomfort index, the batter's on-base rate, and the number of induction pitches are related, and that it is highly likely to be related to the pitcher's performance. Through this study, we could see the possibility of defining a cumulative/ratio record defined as the primary record and a saver metric defined as the secondary record, and a third, tertiary record linking data outside the game.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.78-98
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• 2018

On the 855 pure Korean commercial fictional movies, excluding diversity films, released in Korea from 2004 to August 2017, I conducted deciles distribution analysis of box office performance of those movies and average box office performance of directors, producers and lead actors who involved in making them. Deciles distribution analysis of average box office performance might be helpful to predict their next box office performance of newly produced Korean movies and to evaluate their contribution to box office performance. In baseball, the various index such as winning rate, on-base percentage, slugging percentage, stolen base percentage, battling average, earned run average is used for predicting and reviewing of professional players. In this study, I evaluate the script's narrative quality by the indirect method of insight and judgment of creative manpower involved in making the movies. For the more productive prediction, direct statistical analysis method on the narrative of the script needs to develop. Time series analysis is required to evaluate the rise and fall of creative manpower and network analysis is also necessary to see the interaction among creative people.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.99-110
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• 2016

This study examined the factors affecting the team identification of professional baseball fans. The factors were divided into the fan factor, game factors, and other factors. For the analysis, two investigators visited stadium three times in total and a total number of 297 spectators were sampled using a convenience sampling method from three baseball teams. For the fan factor, a fan who began supporting his/her team from childhood or after childhood was used as a dummy variable. The interaction effects between the fan factor and other variables were investigated to offer a stereoscopic understanding about the role of kids marketing. In addition, three game factors and four non-game factors were analyzed. The results regarding fan variable and interaction effects were obtained. Fans from their childhood have much stronger team identification, and show interaction effects with the players. Regression analysis revealed player, promotion and fan service, price, and regional connection to have positive relations with team identification. This study is especially meaningful in a sense that it has proposed positive results regarding marketing to children, and the results will contribute to both the academic field and the industry.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.255-262
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• 2013

Data envelopment analysis(DEA) is a linear programming procedure designed to evaluate the relative efficiency of a set of peer entities called decision making units which use the same inputs to produce the same outputs. It has been widely employed in a variety of disciplines as an efficiency or performance measurement tool for comparing a set of entities such as firms, banks, hospitals, nations and organizations. The method, however, cant's make the priority of their performance when many units have efficiency score of unity or 100 percent. In this paper, we propose a new approach which combine qualitative method(graphical approach using network analysis) and quantitative method(super-efficient analysis using DEA), and present the results of an empirical analysis using the data of the Korean professional baseball players. As a result, there were 12 DMU that priority is hardly realized through DEA. However, this problem could be solved with super-efficiency analyzing. Also, more in-depth interpretation was able through integrating results of dendrogram and super-efficiency analyzing and prospecting it in qualitative, quantitative ways.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.563-575
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in craniofacial characteristics of professional sportsmen who have practiced since their prepubertal periods. From the standardized lateral and P-A cephalograms of 137 sportsmen, 7 angular, 19 linear, 4 ratio, and 2 index measurements were measured and evaluated by means of statistical methods. The samples were divided into three groups: Group 1; ice hockey(n=17), foot-ball(n=27), basketball(n=16) Group 2; baseball(n=16), gymnastics(n=13), and Group 3; judo(n=18), ssireum(n=10), weight lift(n=20). The results were as follows: It seemed obvious that the cephalic indices of the 3 groups exhibited brachycephalic headform (Group 1; $0.85{\pm}0.04$, Group 2; $0.84{\pm}0.04$, Group 3; $0.83{\pm}0.06$) and there was no statistical difference among the groups (p>0.05). The facial indices of the Group 1 ($0.93{\pm}0.05$) and Group 2 ($0.93{\pm}0.04$) exhibited definite leptoprosopic facial forms while the Group 3 ($0.90{\pm}0.04$) showed more or less euryprosopic facial form, and there appeared significant difference between the Group 1 and 3 (p<0.05), and also between the Group 2 and 3 (p<0.05). There appeared strong relationships between the facial indices and the facial axis angle, mandibular plane angle, total craniofacial height, total facial height, upper anterior dental height, lower anterior dental height, mandibular length, lower anterior facial height ratio, and especially with lower anterior facial height (p<0.001). It seemed that most of the vertical facial measurements of the Group 1 and 2 appeared to be larger than those of the Group 3.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.103-114
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• 2010

People generally focus on the supply side when conducting a study on the movie industry. However, to understand the movie industry better, one needs to analyze both sides - the demand and supply of movies. This paper analyzes demand-side factors that have long been taken for granted in Korea's movie industry. The study used data for 1991~2008 on the following demand-factors : the average ticket prices, the number of working days and hours, the average personal income, the number of spectators for the two major professional sports, cable TV, the number of movies released each year and the number of movie screens. This study shows that ticket prices do not conform to the law of demand. According to the law of demand, increasing price leads to a decline in demand. However, in reality, the number of viewers went up along with ticket prices. The study found that demand for movies was correlated to income levels and leisure time. An increase in the number of leisure hours and income levels pushed up demand. Contrary to general belief, a growth in the availability of substitutes, such as professional sports(soccer and baseball), did not result in a fall in demand for movies. The audiences for both sports and movies grew simultaneously as the amount of leisure time increased. Contrary to the general expectations that more diversified genres of movies will draw larger audiences by satisfying different individual tastes, the diversification had little impact, but the number of movie screens was positively correlated with audience size. In sum, changes in ticket prices and the quantity of substitutes had little influence on demand in the movie industry. Rather, it was the supply side of the industry that induced demand.