• 제목/요약/키워드: Products' price

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Agribusiness: An Ethical Approach to Marketing

  • Ngoe, Tata joseph
    • Agribusiness and Information Management
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    • 제5권1호
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    • pp.11-19
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    • 2013
  • Price skimming practices, false claim on products, false information/communication, marketing overseas, and deception on products in marketing have received significant attention by the researchers of ethics in marketing studies. This research considers these phenomena as marketing instruments that grossly violate the practice of ethics in this domain. The two most crucial parts in marketing that have received greater attention are product safety and advertising. The paper also examines Ethical Marketing as the ability to make marketing decisions that are morally right and acceptable to all. In order words, ethics in marketing explains how moral standards can be applied in marketing decisions. It seeks to answer the research question by looking at some fundamental business ethics theories, namely, Virtue ethics, Utilitarian, and Deontological approaches to business ethics. Nevertheless, ethics in business is very controversial as many hold different view about what makes up the standard morals that corporations should take and so it is necessary for any organization to formulate its ethical codes to follow.

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컨조인트 분석을 이용한 캐주얼 브랜드의 제품 개발 -외재적 속성을 중심으로- (Developing Fashion Products of Casual Brand with Conjoint Analysis -focusing on extrinsic attributes-)

  • 최선형
    • 대한가정학회지
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    • 제44권12호
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    • pp.105-115
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    • 2006
  • The purpose of this study is to apply conjoint analysis to fashion product development. Conjoint measurement was undertaken on the traditional casual market, composed of Polo, Beanpole, Maru and Giordano brands. Product's attributes, such as brand name, price, country of origin and style, were selected as choice factors. Twelve profiles were used for full-profile stimulus cards method. Based on the importance and utility rates of the product attributes, preferences for the products currently in the market and simulated products were calculated. The results increased our understanding of the trends in traditional casual market and assisted in the preparation of marketing strategies for each brand.

유전자재조합식품에 대한 주부의 인식 조사 (Housewife\`s recognition on Genetically modified organism products)

  • 정은희;이은정;한지희
    • 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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    • 제12권1호
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    • pp.29-40
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    • 2001
  • This work was conducted to observe the housewives´ recognition about GMO products and their opinions about the development and production of GMO. Seventy eight percent of the subjects in this study were aware of GMO and GMO product which is best known to them was bean. Only 6.2% of the subjects considered GMO as safe and 42.1% did not know whether it is safe or not. Most of the subjects were unlikely to choose to purchase the GMO because of unproved safety, but many subjects were willing to purchase if the safety was informed with high reliability, even though 25.9% of the subjects were still negative. But when GMO product is offered with low price compared with ordinary products, only 24.6% were willing to purchase, showing that the safety was considered more important than the low price.

브랜드자산과 소비자행동의 관계 (The Relation of Brand Equity and Consumer Behavior.)

  • 김세환
    • 산업융합연구
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    • 제8권1호
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    • pp.1-18
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    • 2010
  • The purpose of this study is to examine the impacts of sports marketing mix factors on brand equities and consumer behaviors. The findings of this study are as follows: first, there are differences in sports marketing mix factors, depending on individual characteristics. Differences are found in gender and living standard with regard to individual characteristics and prices. second, there are differences in brand equities, according to individual characters. third, sports marketing mix factors impact brand equities. fourth, the sports marketing mix factors impact perceive quality, brand recognition, location related to brand image and products. fifth, sports marketing mix factors impact brand equities and consumer behaviors. In regards with brand equities and repeat purchases, sports marketing mix factors impact promotion, products, perceived quality and image. In satisfaction, the sports marketing mix factors impact location, price promotion and product recognition. In the intention of transmission by word of mouth, the factors impact price, products, perceive quality and image.

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MOBILE APP FOR COMPUTING OPTION PRICE OF THE FOUR-UNDERLYING ASSET STEP-DOWN ELS

  • JUNSEOK, KIM;DAEUN, JEONG;HANBYEOL, JANG;HYUNDONG, KIM
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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    • 제26권4호
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    • pp.343-352
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    • 2022
  • We present the user-friendly graphical user interface design and implementation of Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) for computing option price of the four-underlying asset step-down equity linked securities (ELS) using the Android platform. The ELS has been one of the most important and influential financial products in South Korea. Most ELS products are based on one-, two-, and three-underlying assets. However, currently there is a demand for higher coupon payment from ELS products because of the increased interest rate in financial market. In order to allow the investors to have higher coupon payment, it is necessary to design a multi-asset ELS such as four-asset step-down ELS. We conduct the computational experiments to demonstrate the performance of the Android platform for pricing four-asset step-down ELS. Furthermore, we perform a comparison test with a three-asset step-down ELS.

소비자의 이타주의적 가치관과 자기중심적 가치관이 사회적 책임의식과 윤리적 패션제품에 대한 프리미엄 가격 지불의도에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Consumers' Altruistic and Egocentric Values on Social Responsibility and Willingness-to-pay a Price Premium for Ethical Fashion Products)

  • 최영현;안가영;김은혜;이규혜
    • 한국의류산업학회지
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    • 제22권5호
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    • pp.570-583
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    • 2020
  • The fashion industry is accountable for labor and environment-related issues. With such issues raised, consumers' social responsibility for environmental and labor issues has become an important factor that shapes the perception of companies. This study investigates the relationship between consumer values, concerns regarding social issues, and willingness to pay a premium for ethical fashion products. This study included two exogenous variables of altruistic value and egocentric value. In the conceptual model, consumers' social responsibility was conceptualized as two constructs of environmental consciousness and labor-issue consciousness. It was then analyzed as mediating variables. Willingness to pay a premium for ethical fashion products was the endogenous variable. Data was collected and analyzed with PLS-SEM from 600 consumers. The assessment of discriminant validity and construct validity using CFA were conducted before analyzing the model. Structural equation modeling results revealed that altruistic value directly influenced environmental consciousness and labor-issue consciousness. However, egocentric value was directly and significantly influenced only by labor-issue consciousness. Both environmental and labor issue consciousness directly influenced customers' willingness to pay a premium, but did not significantly change their willingness to pay a premium. Two-stage serial mediation analysis results indicated that the constructs did not have a significant mediation effect on the exogenous variables (altruistic value and egocentric value) and the endogenous variable (willingness to pay a premium) for ethical fashion products. This study found the influence of consumer's personal values on their willingness to pay a higher price for ethical fashion products.

Why Genuine Luxury Brands Are Consumed? Counterfeits? Examining Consumer Identification

  • Suh, Hyunsuk
    • Asia Marketing Journal
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    • 제14권3호
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    • pp.69-102
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    • 2012
  • Owing to increased number of luxury brand users, both genuine and counterfeit luxury product consumption continues to increase every year. Luxury brand is defined as use or display of a particular branded products which brings the ownership prestige apart from its functional utility(Grossmand and Shapiro 1988). Some luxury brands have imitations sold in marketplace due to their popularity. These imitations or counterfeits have been jumping on the bandwagon of the upturn in sales of their originals. The purpose of our study is to understand consumer's underlying motives to consume luxury brands, genuine and or counterfeits. To do this, we propose functional theories of attitudes, decision-making styles, and life attitudes to form the determining causes for different consumption choices of luxury brands: genuine brands, counterfeit brands, both genuine and counterfeit brands, and no consumption on luxury brands types. In proposed causal pathways, we examine moderated effects of socio-psychological factors to further investigate if consumer profiles would exert influences in causal relationships. From the existing theories of functional attitudes: value-expressive and social-adjustive attitudes, we developed and introduced a new measure of rationality-consumptive attitude. From the existing eight decision-making characteristics of consumer styles inventory(CSI), three measures of high-quality, hedonic-shopping, and price-shopping styles were primarily applied in the study along with newly introduced measure of 'high-price' being added, which makes four total. Seven life attitude measures of life purpose, life control, will to meaning, goal seeking, future mean to fulfill, life satisfaction, and religiosity were applied. Finally, such socio-psychological measures as age, gender, marital status, income, and age-gap between couples were assumed to function as moderators. With 430 valid study samples, ages from 20s to 50s, with more females(316) than males(114), with average personal possessions of 5 genuine and 9 counterfeit luxury brands, we conducted questionnaire survey. Results indicated that social-adjustive function is totally disappeared in the relationship due to current social trend of widespread consumptions on both genuine and counterfeit brands which in turn, make consumers feel less special on wearing or carrying them unlike in the past. Self-expressive function and rationality-consumptive functions act as strong catalysts for genuine brand consumption and counterfeit brand consumption, respectively. On consumers' decision-making styles, high-price sublation is the most powerful indicator anticipating counterfeit consumption, even more powerful than personal incomes. In life attitude, the overall model fit was not validated, and only life control and life satisfaction are proven to be significant on both genuine and counterfeit product consumptions. Employment of socio-psychological factors in the model improved understanding of users further. Young consumers tend to go for genuine products over counterfeits. Consumers in different income groups; low, medium and high, all significantly consume genuine products for reasons of different decision-making styles. The results indicated that consumers whose personal disposition is predisposed to consume products in the form of reflection of his or her personality, go only for genuine brands for quality reason, while consumers who rationally consume products for its function or usability, go only for counterfeits for high-price sublation reason. Meanwhile, both product users support for high-price orientation who are not well off.

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축산물(畜産物) 수요(需要)의 장기여측(長期予測)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (A Study on the Long Term Demand Estimation for the Livestock Products)

  • 김철호
    • 농업과학연구
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    • 제10권2호
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    • pp.393-405
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    • 1983
  • The demand for livestock and poultry products including beef, pork, chicken, egg and milk whose income elasticities are relatively higher than other staple foods, has been increased significantly during the past two decades in response to the remarkable increase in per capita GNP. This trend will be continued during the fifth and the sixth five year economic development plan period beginning with 1982. The annual GNP growth rate will be 7.5% on the average during the next 10 years. It is greatly needed to estimate the demand for beef, pork, chicken egg and milk and to study the feasibilities of domestic production of livestock products for the formulation of adequate policies in order to equate the consumption and the production during the 1980s. So this study reviewed the possible changes in the food consumption patterns during the 1980s, estimated the demand for beef, pork, chicken, egg and milk by using empirical demand functions and finally made suggestions for the formulation of long term price stabilization policies for each livestock, poultry and dairy products through the equilibrium of the quantity of demand for and supply of the products. There are many factors affecting the demand for meats, but this study considered own price, prices of supplements and substitutes and per capita income as the independent variables in the demand equations. It was found that it's own price and income were most significantly affecting factors among others and the degree of substitution effects were remarkably different among the products. According to the meat demand derived in this study, per capita consumption of beef, pork and chicken in the base year 1982 was 11.2kg for total meat, 2.5kg beef, 6.0kg pork and 2.5kg chicken, 106 pieces egg, 15.1kg milk respectively, while those in 1991 were 19.3kg for total meat, 4.8kg beef, 9.6kg pork, 4.9kg chicken, 133pieces egg and 44.1kg milk. It is also predicted through this study that, when the level of production costs be maintained, the domestic production of pork and chicken will meet the demand for them during the fifth and sixth five year economic plan period. However, there will be chronic shortage of beef supply during the coming years. The annual import requirement will be 30,000tons to 40,000tons during the period. In order to stabilize the domestic livestock and poultry and dairy products market, the government should introduce measures to curb the increase in beef consumption by encouraging the consumption of pork and chicken. For this, the livestock production policy measures should be concentrated on : 1) the improvement of infrastructures of beef production by introducing advanced feeding and management technology, subsidies for the establishment of facilities and price support programs for farmers : 2) the development of dairy beef : 3) the reinforcement of the forecast systems for pork and chicken production and consumption.

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유럽 법제에서 오픈 프라이스 청약의 유효성에 관한 고찰 (A Study on the Validity of Open-price Offer in European Law)

  • 김재성
    • 무역상무연구
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    • 제38권
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    • pp.47-68
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    • 2008
  • I have observed the validity of open-offer from a point of European contract law in comparison with International Trade Law in this paper. Generally we know that an offer is an expression of willingness bo be bound to the contract. In English law if there are no intention it will be considered such as circulation of price lists or catalogues. As for French law these activities could be considered as an offer. However German law is closer to English law as to an offer. A contract which does not ascertained price is open-price terms and it can be applied not only for general commercial contracts but also for franchise or for distributorship agreements especially in Europe. When open-price terms applied to reserve a exclusive right to the contract the validity of contract can be a serious matter between principals. In English law an offer must be sufficiently complete to be capable of acceptaqnce. English law does not require that price terms should be indicated on offer. English law allow a open-price terms in the contract. In French law a contract will be valid in the absense of a price which is either determined or objectively determinable. A price by the market price of similar products is not enough to be valid offer. It should be recognized and accepted objectively by third parties. French law require that price terms should be indicated on offer. Open-price terms are not enough to be an effective offer. However German law shows more flexible than French law. In German law if the price is not fixed in the contract there are four ways to determine it. The seller may determine the price by the time of deliver. By reason of thess backgrounds I have made comparison with European contract law and International trade law on the validity of open-price offer in this paper. It seems that we are not familiar with open-price terms although franchise contract or special terms of contract have been increased in these days. So I hope this paper will be helpful to show a new point of view.

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Applying Keyword Analysis to Predicting Agriculture Product Price Index: The Case of the Chinese Farming Market

  • Wang, Zhi-yuan;Kwon, Ohbyung;Liu, Fan
    • Asia Pacific Journal of Business Review
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.1-22
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    • 2016
  • The prediction of prices of agricultural products in the agriculture IT sector plays a significant role in the economic life of consumers and anyone engaged in agricultural business, and as these prices fluctuate more often than do other prices, the prediction of these prices holds a great deal of research promise. For this reason, academic literature has provided studies on the factors influencing the prices of agricultural products and the price index. However, as these factors vary, they are difficult to predict, resulting in the challenge of acquiring quantitative data. China is one example of a country without a reliable prediction system for prices of agricultural products. Fortunately, disclosed heterogeneous data can be found on the Internet, which allows for the effective collection of factors related to the prediction of these product prices through the use of text mining. The data provided online is valuable in that they reflect the opinions of the general public in real-time. Accordingly, this study aims to use heterogeneous data from the Internet and suggest a model predicting the prices of agricultural products before functional analyses. Toward this end, data analyses were conducted on the Chinese agricultural products market, one of the largest markets in the world.