• Title/Summary/Keyword: Productive area

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Effect of body weight at photostimulation on productive performance and welfare aspects of commercial layers

  • Fazal Raziq;Jibran Hussain;Sohail Ahmad;Muhammad Asif Hussain;Muhammad Tahir Khan;Assad Ullah;Muhammad Qumar;Fazal Wadood;Gull-e-Faran
    • Animal Bioscience
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    • v.37 no.3
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    • pp.500-508
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    • 2024
  • Objective: Due to current selection practices for increased egg production and peak persistency, the production profile, age at maturity, and body weight criteria for commercial layers are constantly changing. Body weight and age at the time of photostimulation will thus always be the factors that need to be adequately addressed among various production systems. The current study was carried out to determine the effects of pullets' body weight (low, medium, and heavy) on their performance, welfare, physiological response, and hormonal profile. Methods: With regard to live weight, 150 16-week-old pullets were divided into three groups using a completely randomized design (CRD) and held until the 50th week. One-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the data under the CRD, and the least significant difference test was used to distinguish between treatment means. Results: In comparison to the medium and light birds, the heavy birds had higher body weight at maturity, an earlier age at maturity, and higher egg weight, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, egg yolk index, breaking strength, egg surface area, egg shape index, egg volume, and hormonal profile except corticosterone. However, the medium and light birds had lower feed consumption rates per dozen eggs and per kilogram of egg mass than the heavy birds. Light birds showed greater body weight gain, egg production, and egg specific gravity than the other categories. At 20 weeks of age, physiological response, welfare aspects, and catalase were non-significant; however, at 50 weeks of age, all these factors-aside from catalase-were extremely significant. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that layers can function at lower body weights during photostimulation; hence, dietary regimens that result in lighter pullets may be preferable. Additionally, the welfare of the birds was not compromised by the lighter weight group.

A geographical study of the Korean Tobacoo forming region (韓國 煙草載培地域의 地理學的 硏究)

  • ;Kim, Kwang Ja
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.21
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    • pp.16-37
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    • 1980
  • The purpose of this study is to clarify how the Korean tobacco farming region has been geographically formed by natural and cultural environments, and to examine and cultural environments, and to examine whether it can be recognized as a major part of agricultultural regions. The questions asked in this study are associated with the spatial diffusion of tobacco cultivation, the patterns and processes of the farming region from 1900 to 1960, and the regional characteristics of the concentrated farming area since 1960. The study is inductively approached and most data used were collected from old records and field works. The delineation of the tobacco farming region was derived by applying the concept of the uniform region. Tobacco was introduced through Japan during the years of Kwang Hae Kun (1616-1622). According to the old records, three places, Waekwan, Dongrae, and Ulsan, were the first tobacco raising areas. In the 1700's the well-known tobacco farming regions were scattered all around the nation in places like Jinan, Samdeung, Seongcheon, Gangdong, Yeongweol and Yeongyang. This distributon pattern suggests that tobacco farming in Korea developed spatially along main traffic routes before the 1700's. Untill the 1920's the pattern of tobacco regions was relatively static. Since the 1920's, it has shown a pattern of concentration in the Choongbuk province, where the new highly productive yellow tobacco has been introduced. It was not until the 1960's that yellow tobacco instead of the native variety came to be cultivated all over the country. In the 1960's, the tobacco farming region tended to be concentrated and localized in north western Choongnam, northern Cheonbuk, Choongbuk, and Kyeongbuk including Cheongsong, Andong, and Yeongyang. Since 1970, tobacco production has declined in some of the former major areas of cultivation in terms of its density, while there have appeared highly concentrated areas in Cheongsong and Andong, centered around Yeongyand. There has also emerged a secondary major concentrated area along the coast including such places as Kochang, Yeongkwang and Mooan. The appearance of the Yeongyang tobacco area as the most important core region can be described as follows; at first this area has the disadvantage of being in competition with other places for selling cash crops besides tobacco, because it is located in a mountain zone and it is far from the major metropolises of Seoul and Pusan. Thus has been formed the farming mentality that agricultural management makes the most profit on farming tobacco because tobacco is stable in price and selling routes. As a result of this longstanding belief, these areas (Yeongyang, Cheongsong and Andong) have developed into tobacco concentrated regions. Finally, the tobacco concentrated regions of Korea have changed through time. The factors affecting this change have been the kind of tobacco grown, the monopoly system, agricultural techniques and the expansion of arable land through the clearing of slopes. In conclusion, the research indicates that the localized and concentrated patterns of tobacco cultivation are geographically typical. Thus, recognition of tobacco farming region is important to understanding the agricultural region of Korea as a whole.

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Comparison Between Methods for Suitability Classification of Wild Edible Greens (산채류 재배적지 기준설정 방법 간의 비교 분석)

  • Hyun, Byung-Keun;Jung, Sug-Jae;Sonn, Yeon-Kyu;Park, Chan-Won;Zhang, Young-Seon;Song, Kwan-Cheol;Kim, Lee-Hyun;Choi, Eun-Young;Hong, Suk-Young;Kwon, Sun-Ik;Jang, Byoung-Choon
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.43 no.5
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    • pp.696-704
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    • 2010
  • The objective of this study was analysis of two methods of land suitability classification for wild edible green. One method was Maximum limiting factor method (MLFM) and the other was Multi-regression method (MRM) for land suitability classification for wild edible green. The investigation was carried out in Pyeongchang, Hongcheong, Hoeingseong, and Yanggu regions in Korea. The obtained results showed that factors related to the decision classification of the land suitability for wild edible green cultivation were land slope, altitude, soil morphology and gravel contents so on. The classification of the best suitability soil for wild edible greens were fine loamy (silty), valley or fan of soil morphology, well drainage class, B-slope (2~7%), available soil depth deeper than 100cm, and altitude higher than 501m. Contribution of soil that influence to crop yields using Multi-regression method were slope 0.30, altitude 0.22, soil morphology 0.13, drainage classes 0.09, available soil depth 0.07, and soil texture 0.01 orders. Using MLFM, area of best suitable land was 0.2%, suitable soil 15.0%, possible soil 16.7%, and low productive soil 68.0% in Hongcheon region of Gangwon province. But, area of best suitable land was 35.1%, suitable soil 30.7%, possible soil 10.3%, and low productive soil 23.9% by MRM. There was big difference of suitable soil area between two methods (MLFM and MRM). When decision classificatin of the land suitability for wild edible green cultivation should consider enough analysis methods. Furthermore, to establishment of land suitability classification for crop would be better use MRM than MLFM.

A Geochemical Study on Trace Elements in the Granitic Rocks in relation to Mineralization in the Limestone Area of the Taebaegsan Basin (화강암류중 미량원소와 태백산분지내 석회암지역 광화작용과의 지구화학적 관계)

  • Lee, Jae Yeong
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.179-196
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    • 1987
  • Various skarn ore deposits of Pb-Zn, Fe-Cu, W-Mo and others are widely distributed in the study area which consists mainly of Cambro Ordovician calcareous rocks. The ore deposits are all in close association with specific types of granitic rocks of mid-late Cretaceous age according to the kinds of ores: Fe-Cu deposit with granodiorite-quartz monzodiorite, Pb-Zn deposit with granite-granodiorite, W-Mo deposit with granite, and Mn deposit with quartz porphyry. The granitic rock of Fe-Cu deposit has lower content in K and higher in Ca than those of Pb-Zn deposits. On the contrary, the granitic rock of W-Mo deposit has much higher content in K and lower in Ca in comparison to those of Pb-Zn deposits. However, the granitic rock of Mn deposit shows similar variation to those of Pb-Zn deposits. Lithophile trace elements of Sr and Rb tend to vary in close relation with major elements of K and Ca, respectively. In good contrast, chalcophile elements of Cu, Pb, Zn, Wand Mo are enriched in the granitic rocks of their ore deposits, and other trace elements of Ni and Co show a trend to vary in relation with Mg, Fe and Cu, which have the same replacement index (0.14) as Ni and Co. Average K/Rb and Ca/Sr ratios of the granitic rocks range nearly within 300~150 and 150~40, respectively, and the distribution pattern of the ratios is different according to the kind of ore deposits: Fe-Cu deposit is plotted toward K-Rb poor region whereas Pb-Zn and W-Mo deposits toward K-Rb rich region. In contrast, Fe-Cu and Fe deposits are plotted toward Ca-Sr rich region whereas Pb-Zn deposit toward Ca-Sr poor region. The variation trend of chemical elements of the mid-late Cretaceous granitic rocks in the study area is similar to that of the Cretaceous granitic rocks in the Gyeongsang Basin. Therefore, this geochemical result may be applicable to determining what kinds of ore deposits a Cretaceous granitic rock is favourable for, and whether it is productive or non-productive for systematic geochemical exploration works.

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A study on the Types of Utilization and Administration of Common Forests in Korea (마을공동소유림(共同所有林)의 이용(利用) 및 관리실태(管理實態) 조사연구(調査硏究))

  • Lee, Mahn Woo
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.61 no.1
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    • pp.60-68
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    • 1983
  • Ever since the day of pre-modernized society where the farming skill had been in the stagnant condition, the common farmwoodlands have been utilized in common (collectivelly) by villagers in order to harvest farmwoodlands and fuelwoods. Later, during the process of modernization, most of the common farmwoodlands were transferred into national or public forests by the administrative enforcement, but there were still various types of village (common) forests such as the common forests owned by joint owners, village block associations, village forest productive societies, Village Forestry Association(V.F.A.), and the national or public forests leased to V.F.A. As Village Forestry Association is organized with a few villages, each of common forests ow nod to the villages is obliged to be diversely controlled by other managers than the chief of V.F.A. Therefore, it is to be desired that the control of common forests should be under Gun Forestry Association Union. While the rate of the use of common forests for fuelwoods and cemetery has been considerably high, villagers wish to promote the timber forest establishment through the collective management by their improved farming skills and economical situations. In these present circumstances the village forest productive societies should be guided to work in closer cooperation with Gun Forestry Association Union. Since the management of common forests is still extensive, it still remains in the semi-management condition under which we can not find any management plan or measure to control forest damage. Especially the small area common forests should have appropriate size for the joint management. This will promote the forest productivity through the lease for reforestation of disposable national forests or public county forests and the contracts for profit sharing. Today owing to increasing forest value, frequent dispute has occurred on the common right telated to the village forests and rationalization of forest management has been disregarded. If a necessary measure were taken to control the dispute such as transferring the registeration right of ownership to the village forest productive society, the confidence of local inhabitants can be regained and the productivity of forests can be naturally increased.

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Effect of Seed Blending Rates Between Rye and Barley on Forage Production and Quality in Daejon Area (대전지역에서 호밀과 보리의 파종비율이 건물수량 및 사료가치에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, In-Duk;Lee, Hyung-Suk;Shin, Yeun-Ho
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.28 no.4
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    • pp.289-294
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    • 2008
  • This experiment was conducted at college of Agriculture and Life Science in Chungnam National University from September, 2004 to June, 2007 in order to evaluate the mixture possibility between barley and rye in the area of Daejeon. Rye (cultivar; Koolgrazer) and barley (cultivar; Daeyeon Bori) were set for the experiment. The experiment was arranged in four treatments: R100 (rye 100%), R60 + B40(rye 60% + barley 40%), R50% + B50% (rye 50% + barley 50%), and R40% + B60% (rye 40% + barley 60%). The experiment was repeated three times in the randomized complete block. The average dry matter (DM) yield for three years of R100 weighed 9,282 kg and its DM yield was higher than any other DM yield. The higher the barley seed rates are, the lower the DM yield is (p<0.05). As the barley seed rates increased 40%, 50%, and 60% respectively, its vegetative percentage tended to increase 30%, 41%, and 47%, but the barley vegetative percentage against its seed rates did bring forth somewhat low results. Compared with R100, the contents of crude protein (CP) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) got higher as the barley seed rates became higher, while the contents of NDF, ADF, cellulose, and lignin were lower (p<0.05). Compared with R100, the yields of crude protein dry matter (CPDM) and digestible dry matter (DDM) showed lower in the any mixed barley (p<0.05). Thus, in case of using barley mixed with rye in the area of Daejeon, it seems to be quite difficult, unless the supply of high-productive barley variety is followed, to enhance the yields of DM, CPDM, and DDM.

Sustainable Livestock Production in Hill and Woodland (산지에서의 환경친화형 조사료변산과 이용)

  • 김태환;성경일;김병완
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Grassland Science Conference
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    • 2002.09b
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    • pp.131-156
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    • 2002
  • Although economically viable, the livestock industry is currently facing a number of challenging environmental problems and highly complex social issues, many of which are related to its size and geographically concentrated nature. Increased emphasis on environmental quality has also placed new demands on livestock producers to ensure that their production practices are in harmony with natural environment. In terms of sustainable agricultural systems, ruminants have served and will continue to serve a valuable role. They are particularly useful in converting vast renewable resources from rangeland, pasture, and crop residues or other by-product into food edible for human. With ruminants, land that is too poor or too erodable to cultivate becomes productive. Also, nutrients in by-products are utilized and do not become a waste-disposal problem. In Korea, however, native and dairy cattle production is not consistent with the advantageous roles of ruminant livestock in sustainable agricultural system because imported feed grains become the main basis for cattle raising. At present the ruminant livestock producers are heavily concentrated in and around the urban areas. About 75% of all the nation's cattle herds are kept on the outskirts of urban areas. As a result, the amount of pasture and forage land available per head of cattle is generally small. Furthermore, animals are raised in a cattle shed with high density. This situation is rather unfavorable for the national economic and environmental points of view As nation income increased, the demand for livestock products grew at an unforeseeable pace. But the pasture area involving in current utilization is tended to decrease during recent years. Based on the above figures more than 250,000 ha of pasture ought to be available for the present herd of cattle. It is obvious that these needs can scarcely be met with arable lands. Lands area for the establishment of new grassland have to be found in the hills and mountains which have not yet been used for crop framing or livestock. The development of extensive grasslands in the hill and woodland areas is now a declared aim. The starting point of the present work is the lack of knowledge of forage production and utilization in hill pasture and woodland in spite of indispensable necessity for livestock production in Korea. The importance of pastoral system in hill region and woodland is particularly emphasized in a standpoint of sustainable livestock production. Main chapter comprises the principle and techniques applicable for improving the utilization of hill pasture and woodland. We finally discussed the problems to solve and future works for a successful livestock production in hill and mountainous area in Korea.

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The Effects of Burning on Composition and Productivity of Grasslands (초지의 구조 및 생산성에 미치는 산불의 영향)

  • 강상준
    • Journal of Plant Biology
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    • v.14 no.3
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    • pp.36-42
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    • 1971
  • The effects of irregular burning of vegetation by man were studied in relation to composition and productivity in a non-agricultural montane grassland in the Chongsun area, Kangwon-Do, Korea. The floristic composition in all study area includes 38 species. Three of the stations are dominated by Arundinella hirta and one is dominated by Miscanthus sinensis. The standing crop of the first station, which was fired in early spring, 1970, was 358.7g/$m^2$ to 497.5g/$m^2$; that of the second station, fired in late 1969 was 351. 5g/$m^2$; the third station, fired sometime in 1968, had a standing crop of 314.5g/$m^2$ to 397.1/$m^2$; the fourth station, having had no recent fires, had a standing crop of 370.0g/$m^2$ to 448.0g/$m^2$. The daily productivity shows a maximum of 6.03g/$m^2$ in the first station, and a minimum of 0.85g/$m^2$ in the fourth station. The productivity of grassland in the study area is at a maximum during July and August because of much precipitation, and decreases rapidly in the months to follow. The productive structure of the first and fourth stations is shown in Fig. 2 and 3. At the first station the maximum height attained by the plants was 180cm. In the height range of 50cm to 100cm there was a maximum of assimilative organs (5.6g/0.25$m^2$$\times$10cm), while in the height range below 50cm there was a maximum of non-assimilative organs (13.0g/0.25$m^2$$\times$10cm). At the fourth station, which has not been fired recently, the maximum height reached by the plants was commonly below 100cm. The assimilative organs showed a maximum abundance in the height range of 40cm to 50cm (4.5g/0.25$m^2$$\times$10cm). while the non-assimilative organs showed their greated abundance in the height range below 10cm (6.0g/0.25$m^2$$\times$10cm). There was a direct relationship between daily productivity and organic matter, available phosphorous, exchangeable calcium and potassium. It appears that the nutrients provided by the ash created in the firing of the study can be an important factor in the productivity of these grasslands.

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An Analysis of Efficiency of Container Terminal Companies in Gwangyang, Busan and Incheon Port (컨테이너터미널 운영사별 효율성 분석)

  • Kim, Jae-Young;Chin, Hyung-In;Kim, Soo-Man
    • Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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    • v.27 no.4
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    • pp.187-205
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    • 2011
  • In considering the size of container logistic flow of Korea, one-port as a hub port is desirable in Busan Port, but as development of Busan Port and Gwangyang Port began as two-ports, they are good as mega hub ports. In case when ports of other regions such as Incheon Port are additionally developed, it is very likely that they become feeder ports rather than mega hub ports. As capital area uses Incheon Port and Pyeongtaek Port for transportation, fierce competition arises due to excessive facilities of terminal companies and it is not easy to be profitable. Therefore, it is more profitable to develop regional hub ports centering on near-sea routes of Korea China Japan rather than local ports such as Incheon Port and Pyeongtaek Port for intensive trade and transportation in the capital area. To mitigate excessive competition between container terminal companies, we need administrative guidance to maintain adequacy through comparing tariffs between ports of Japan and China which are in competitive relations with Korean ports. This study analysed efficiency of container terminal companies in Gwangyang Port, Busan Port and Incheon Port using data for five years from 2006 to 2010. As analytical variables, length of quay, floor area of yard, the number of cranes and employees were analytical variables and a total freight volume was a productive factor.

Development of Optimal Seed Production Methods Using Domestic Rye Cultivar in Central and North Area of Korea (중·북부지역에서 국내육성 호밀품종의 채종방법)

  • Han, Ouk-Kyu;Song, Ju-Hee;Ku, Ja-Hwan;Kim, Dea-Wook;Kwon, Young-Up;Lee, Yu-Young;Park, Chang-Hwan;Kweon, Soon-Jong;Ahn, Jong-Woong
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.38 no.1
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    • pp.44-52
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    • 2018
  • This experiment was conducted at Suwon, Korea from 2013 to 2015. The objective of this study was to establish the optimum seeding rate, and to clarify the nitrogen fertilizer level for rye seed production in central and north area of Korea. We used Korean rye cultivar 'Gogu' for this test. We employed a split-plot design with three replications. The main plots were designed by three seeding levels (3, 5 and $7kg\;10a^{-1}$), but other sub-plots were randomly seeded. The plots were treated with three different nitrogen fertilizer levels (3, 6 and $9kg\;10a^{-1}$). The percentage of productive tiller, number of grain per spike, fertility rate, 1 liter weight, and 1000-grain weight decreased as seeding rate increased from $3kg\;10a^{-1}$ to $7kg\;10a^{-1}$, whereas the number of spike per $m^2$ increased. Therefore the grain yields of rye had less of an effect by increasing seeding rate. There was an increase in number of spike per $m^2$, number of grain per spike, and fertility rate as nitrogen fertilizer level increased from $3kg\;10a^{-1}$ to $9kg\;10a^{-1}$, but grain yields significantly not affected by the interaction of seeding rate ${\times}$ nitrogen fertilizer levels. However, the best seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer level for rye seed production were 5 kg and $5{\sim}6kg\;10a^{-1}$, respectively, considering seed and fertilizer reduction and the prevention of pollution by excess fertilization.