• 한국전자거래학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.163-181
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• 2010

최근 온난화 현상에 따른 범세계적 위기가 초래됨에 따라 선진국을 중심으로 교토의정서가 체결되었으며, 이를 계기로 온실가스 규제가 본격화되기 시작하였다. 또한 교토의정서의 교토유연성체계라는 시장메커니즘이 도입되어 온실가스 배출에 대한 소유권이 설정되고, 수급에 따라 배출권 가격이 형성되는 등 새로운 무형의 자원을 거래하는 탄소시장이 등장하게 되었다. 학계에서는 탄소배출효과를 측정하는 방법론과 이를 탄소배출권의 경제적 비용으로 전환하고자 하는 연구들이 태동하기 시작하였다. 본 연구에서는 전자정부 정보화사업 중 하나인 G2B 시스템을 통해 전통적인 조달업무 프로세스가 온라인화 됨에 따라 저감되는 탄소 배출저감효과 즉, e-transformation화에 따른 탄소저감효과를 측정하는 ECRE(Evaluation of $CO_2$ Reduction in E-transformation)모델과 절차를 제시하고자 한다. ECRE 모델은 세계 기후협의체(IPCC)의 방법론을 근간으로 하여 크게 '이동 수단에 따른 탄소저감효과', '종이 문서 절감에 따른 탄소저감효과' 2가지의 탄소배출량을 측정하고 이를 탄소배출권의 경제적 비용으로 환산한다. 또한 본 연구에서는 탄소저감효과를 효과적으로 측정하기 위하여 5단계와 10개의 세부절차로 구성된 절차를 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 ECRE 모델과 절차를 이용하여 정부기관은 물론 온실가스 규제를 받게 되는 에너지 환경기업 등에서 정보화사업을 통한 탄소감축 실적의 추정 및 추가적인 정보화사업 추진으로 기대되는 탄소저감효과를 사전에 시뮬레이션해 볼 수 있는 도구로서 활용이 기대된다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2010

While increased use of motor cycles in the recent years for various demands could worsen air quality, only few studies have been conducted on estimation of emission factors and characterization of emissions from motorcycle. In this study, emissions from selected six models of motorcycle based on largest market share and production rate were investigated. To investigate gaseous and carbonaceous air pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbon (THC), nitrogen oxide ($NO_x$), elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC), total 124 motorcycles between 2003 and 2007 model year were tested with regulatory driving conditions, such as CVS-40 and CVS-47 mode. These motorcycles were further sub-categorized based on their displacement (< 50 cc, 50~150 cc, and $\geq$ 150 cc), type of stroke (2- and 4 strokes) and model year (2003~2005 and 2006~2007). Tested motorcycles with recent model year (2006~2007) exhibited less emissions of regulatory gaseous and carbonaceous air pollutants compared to old model year (2003~2005). Chemical analysis showed that CO present in highest concentration followed by THC and $NO_x$ for all tested motorcycles. Interestingly, two strokes motorcycle produced higher THC emission but less CO and $NO_x$ than those of four strokes. For all types of displacement and stroke, emission factors (gram per kilometer) of THC and CO except $NO_x$ with recent model year (2006~2007) showed decreased trend compared to old model year (2003~2005). In addition to this, due to mixed combustion between gasoline fuel and lubricant, two strokes motorcycle showed OC > EC emission trend.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2012년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.151-152
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• 2012

Recently, there are growing interests in building LCCO₂ Assessment to reduce carbon emissions. However, existing methods of assessment system include inefficiency in the process of CO₂ calculation requiring considerable data input. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop an efficient building assessment system appropriate to material production in construction stage. To that end, quantity input technology was limited to data mapping. Also quantity calculation based on work breakdown structure and item codes consisted of hierarchical structure that is based on facet classification were analyzed. As a result, connectivity links of quantity calculation and CO₂ functional units through item codes for data mapping, and assessment system including calculation and database parts were developed.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.225-241
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• 2007

A closed flux chamber system was used for measuring major greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from tideland and/or wetland soils in estuarine area at Saemankum, Kunsan in southwestern Korea during from months of February to June 2006. Hourly averaged GHG soil emissions were measured two to three times a day during the ebb tide hours only. Site soils were analyzed for soil parameters (temperature, pH, total organic contents, N and C contents in soil) in the laboratory. Soil GHG fluxes were calculated based on the GHG concentration rate of change measured inside a closed chamber The analysis of GHG was conducted by using a Gas Chromatography (equipped with ECD/FID) at laboratory. Changes of daily, monthly GHGs' fluxes were examined. The relationships between the GHG emissions and soil chemical contents were also scrutinized with respect to gas production and consumption mechanism in the soil. Soil pH was pH $7.47{\pm}0.49$ in average over the experimental period. Organic matter contents in sample soil was $6.64{\pm}4.98\;g/kg$, and it shows relatively lower contents than those in agricultural soils in Kunsan area. Resulting from the soil chemistry data, soil nitrogen contents seem to affect GHG emission from the tidal land surface. The tidal soil was found to be either source or sink for the major GHG during the experimental periods. The annual average of $CH_{4}\;and\;CO_{2}$ fluxes were $0.13{\pm}0.86\;mg\;m^{-2}h^{-1}\;and\;5.83{\pm}138.73\;mg\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$, respectively, which will be as a source of these gases. However, $N_{2}O$ emission showed in negative flux, and the value was $-0.02{\pm}0.66\;mg\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$, and it implies tidal land surface act as a sink of $N_{2}O$. Over the experimental period, the absolute values of gas fluxes increased with soil temperature in general. Averages of the ambient gas concentration were $86.8{\pm}6.\;ppm$ in $CO_{2},\;1.63{\pm}0.34\;ppm\;in\;CH_{4},\;and\;0.59{\pm}0.15\;ppm\;in\;N_{2}O$, respectively. Generally, under the presence of gas emission from agricultural soils, decrease of gas emission will be observed as increase in ambient gas concentration. We, however, could not found significant correlation between the ambient concentrations and their emissions over the experimental period. There was no GHG compensation points existed in tide flat soil.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2023

급격한 산업화에 따른 에너지 사용량의 증가로 대기 중 이산화탄소(CO₂)의 농도가 증가하여 기후변화가 가속화되고 있다. 여기에 대응하기 위해 에너지 패러다임 전환이 필요하고, 그 일환으로 수소(H₂)가 주목받고 있다. 하지만 현재 대부분(95%)의 수소가 화석연료 기반의 추출수소로 생성되며, 많은 양의 CO₂를 배출하고 있다. 이를 그레이수소라 하는데 여기에 CO₂포집·이용·저장(CCUS)기술을 적용하여 CO₂ 배출량을 줄이면 블루수소가 된다. 상용 CO₂ 포집기술로는 습식법, 건식법, 분리막법이 있는데 각자 장단점을 가지고 있어 배가스 특성분석이 선행되어야 한다. 수소생산기지에서 배출되는 CO₂는 수분제거 시 20%를 상회하고 배출량은 중소규모로 분류되어 습식법 보다 분리막법의 적용이 유리할 것으로 판단된다. 또한, LNG 냉열을 사용할 수 있다면 분리막의 포집성능(선택도)이 향상되어 효율적인 CO₂ 포집 공정 구현이 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 수소생산기지에서 배출되는 배가스를 분석하고 여기에 적합한 CO₂ 포집기술에 대한 논의가 이뤄질 것이다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권4호
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• pp.770-781
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• 2022

Meteorological disasters caused by climate change like heat, cold waves, and unusually long rainy seasons affect the milk productivity of cows. Studies have been conducted on how milk productivity and milk compositions change due to heat stress (HS). However, the estimation of losses in milk production due to HS and hereby environmental impacts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are yet to be evaluated in Korean dairy farms. Dairy milk production and milk compositions data from March to October 2018, provided by the Korea Dairy Committee (KDC), were used to compare regional milk production with the temperature-humidity index (THI). Raw data for the daily temperature and relative humidity in 2018 were obtained from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). This data was used to calculate the THI and the difference between the maximum and minimum temperature changing rate, as the average daily temperature range, to show the extent to which the temperature gap can affect milk productivity. The amount of milk was calculated based on the price of 926 won/kg from KDC. The results showed that the average milk production rate was the highest within the THI range 60-73 in three regions in May: Chulwon (northern region), Hwasung (central region), and Gunwi (southern region). The average milk production decreased by 4.96 ± 1.48% in northern region, 7.12 ± 2.36% in central region, and 7.94 ± 2.57% in southern region from June to August, which had a THI range of 73 or more, when compared to May. Based on the results, the level of THI should be maintained like May. If so, the farmers can earn a profit of 9,128,730 won/farm in northern region, 9,967,880 won/farm in central region, and 12,245,300 won/farm in southern region. Additionally, the average number of cows raised can be reduced by 2.41 ± 0.35 heads/farm, thereby reducing GHG emissions by 29.61 ± 4.36 kg CO₂eq/day on average. Overall, the conclusion suggests that maintaining environmental conditions in the summer that are similar to those in May is necessary. This knowledge can be used for basic research to persuade farmers to change farm facilities to increase the economic benefits and improve animal welfare.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.201-210
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• 2014

이 연구는 콘크리트 구조물의 전과정 $CO_2$ 평가를 위한 단계적 모델을 제시하였다. 고려된 시스템 경계는 원료채취에서부터 재활용까지로서, 구성재료, 운송, 레미콘 공장에서의 계량 및 배합, 구조물의 사용 및 해체, 폐콘크리트의 파쇄 및 재활용까지를 포함한다. 구조물의 운영(40년) 및 재활용(20년) 단계에서 탄산화에 의한 $CO_2$ 포집양은 탄산화 깊이를 예측하기 위해 제시된 모델로부터 산정하였다. 제시된 $CO_2$ 평가모델에 기반하여 콘크리트 구조물의 전과정 $CO_2$양을 직접적으로 평가할 수 있는 성능평가표를 구체화하였다. 제시된 성능평가표를 이용한 사례분석 결과 보통포틀랜드 시멘트(OPC)가 콘크리트 구조물의 전과정 $CO_2$ 양에 미치는 기여비율은 약 85%이었다. 탄산화에 의한 $CO_2$ 포집양은 콘크리트 구조물의 전과정 $CO_2$ 양에 약 15~18%로 평가되었는데, 이는 OPC 생산으로부터 배출된 양의 약 19~22%에 해당된다. 결국, 제시된 $CO_2$ 성능평가표는 콘크리트 구조물의 각 단계에서 $CO_2$ 배출 또는 포집을 쉽게 결정할 수 있는 가이드라인으로서 설계 또는 시공 시 효율적으로 이용될 수 있다.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제58권3호
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• pp.214-222
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• 2022

This study calculated the on-site measurement (Tier 4) of greenhouse gases emitted during the production stage of major fishing periods that utilize set nets and bamboo weir fishing boats. In addition, using theoretically calculated results (Tier 1), the emission factor presented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was comparatively analyzed. On average, carbon emissions for each operating period in the bamboo weir and set net were calculated to be 0.16 and 3.58 kg CO₂ time^-1, respectively; and the measurement values (Tier 4) for each tool were about 4-17 times lower than their respective theoretical values (Tier 1). Significant differences were found based on engine performance. As port entry, port departure, and operating periods of the vessels show negligible variation with short distances, the operation of the vessel engine was considered as the main variable for carbon emissions in anchovy set net fishing.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.501-508
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• 2012

Reducing carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) exhaust has become a major issue for society in the last few years, especially since the initial release of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 that strictly limited the emissions of greenhouse gas for each country. One of the primary sectors affecting the levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases is agriculture where $CO_2$ is not only consumed by plants but also produced from various types of soil and agricultural ecosystems including greenhouses. In greenhouse cultivation, $CO_2$ concentration plays an essential role in the photosynthesis process of crops. Optimum control of greenhouse $CO_2$ enrichment based on accurate monitoring of the added $CO_2$ can improve profitability through efficient crop production and reduce environmental impact, compared to traditional management practices. In this study, a sensor-based control system that could estimate the required $CO_2$ concentration considering emission from soil for cucumber greenhouses was developed and evaluated. The relative profitability index (RPI) was defined by the ratio of growth rate to supplied $CO_2$. RPI for a greenhouse controlled at lower set point of $CO_2$ concentration (500 ${\mu}mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}$) was greater than that of greenhouse at higher set point (800 ${\mu}mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}$). Evaluation tests to optimize $CO_2$ enrichment concluded that the developed control system would be applicable not only to minimize over-exhaust of $CO_2$ but also to maintain the crop profitability.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.137-148
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• 2022

본 연구는 레디믹스트 콘크리트의 환경성적표지 현황 조사와 이를 통한 레디믹스트 콘크리트 규격, 생애주기, 권역별 탄소배출량 특성 분석을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 콘크리트 산업의 탄소배출량 산정이 요구되고 있는 관련 인증제도를 분석하고, 레디믹스트 콘크리트 제품의 탄소배출량 현황분석을 위해 전과정평가 기법에 기반한 EPD 인증을 받은 제품군을 대상으로 하여 레디믹스트 콘크리트의 활성화 정도를 분석하였다. 또한 레디믹스트 콘크리트 제품의 생애주기별 탄소배출량 분석, 규격별 탄소배출량 분석, 권역별 탄소배출량 분석을 수행하여 각 특성에 따른 탄소배출량 추이를 검토하였다. 분석결과 생애주기별 탄소배출량은 제조전단계가 99% 수준을 나타냈으며, 18MPa에서 40MPa로 증가할수록 탄소배출량도 증가하는 추세를 보였다. 단, 동일 규격이라고 하더라도 수도권의 탄소배출량이 남부지역 대비 높은 탄소배출량을 나타냈다.