• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.265-275
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• 2013

China is one of the countries with the highest reserves of coal bed methane (CBM) in the world. Likewise, the CBM industry is significantly growing in China. However, activities related to CBM development have led to more environmental problems, which include serious environmental damage and pollution caused by CBM-produced water. In this paper, the detailed characteristics of CBM-produced water in the southern Qinshui Basin were investigated and analyzed and compared with local surface water and coal mine drainage. Most of CBM-produced water samples are contaminated by higher concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS), K (Potassium), Na (Sodium) and $NH_4$. The alkalinity of the water from coalmines and CBM production was higher than that of the local surface water. The concentrations of some trace elements such as P (Phosphorus), Ti (Titanium), V (Vanadium), Cr (Chromium), Ni (Nickel), Zn (Zinc), Ge (Germanium), As (Arsenic), Rb (Rubidium), and Pd (Palladium) in water from the coalmines and CBM production are higher than the acceptable standard limits. The ${\delta}D$ and ${\delta}^{18}O$ values of the CBM-produced water are lower than those of the surface water. Similarly, the ${\delta}D$ values of the CBM-produced water decreased with increasing drainage time.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.167-177
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• 2011

Billions of barrels of briny produced water are generated in the United States every year during oil and gas production. The first step toward recovering or reusing this water is to remove the hazardous organics dissolved in the briny produced water. Biological degradation of hazardous volatile compound could be possible regardless of salinity if they were extracted from briny water. In the current work, the effectiveness of a vapor phase biofilter to degrade the gas-phase contaminants (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes, BTEX) extracted from briny produced water was evaluated. The performance of biofilter system responded well to short periods when the BTEX feed to the biofilter was discontinued. To challenge the system further, the biofilter was subjected to periodic spikes in inlet BTEX concentration as would be expected when it is coupled to a Surfactant-Modified Zeolite (SMZ) bed. Results of these experiments indicate that although the BTEX removal efficiency declined under these conditions, it stabilized at 75% overall removal even when the biofilter was provided with BTEX-contaminated air only 8 hours out of every 24 hours. Benzene removal was found to be the most sensitive to time varying loading conditions. A passive, granular activated carbon bed was effective at attenuating and normalizing the peak BTEX loadings during SMZ regeneration over a range of VOC loads. Field testing of a SMZ bed coupled with an activated carbon buffering/biofilter column verified that this system could be used to remove and ultimately biodegrade the dissolved BTEX constituents in briny produced water.

• Clean Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.446-450
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• 2012

Strong alkaline electrolyzed water which is produced in cathode by electrolyzing the solution where electrolytes (NaCl, $K_2CO_3$ etc.) are added in diaphragm electrolytic cell, is eco-friendly and has cleaning effects. So, it is viewed as a substitution of chemical cleaner. In addition, strong alkaline electrolyzed water is being used by some Japanese automobile and precision parts manufacturing industries. When strong alkaline electrolyzed water is produced by using diaphragm electrolytic cell, it is necessarily produced at the anode side. Since strong acidic electrolyzed water produced is discarded when its utilization cannot be found, production efficiency of electrolyzed water is consequently decreased. Also, there is a weakness electrolytic efficiency is decreasing due to the pollution of diaphragm. In order to overcome this, non-diaphragm all-in-one electrolytic cell integrated with electrode reaction chamber and dilution chamber was applied. Strong alkaline electrolyzed water was produced for different composition of electrolytes, and their properties and characteristics were identified. In comparing the properties between strong alkaline electrolyzed water produced in diaphragm electrolytic cell and that produced in all-in-one electrolytic cell, the differences in ORP and chlorine concentration were found. In emulsification test to confirm surface-active capability, similar results were obtained and strong alkaline electrolyzed water produced in non-diaphragm all-in-one electrolytic cell was identified to be useable as a cleaner like strong alkaline electrolyzed water produced in diaphragm electrolytic cell. Strong alkaline electrolyzed water produced in non-diaphragm all-in-one electrolytic cell is thought to have sterilizing power because it has active chlorine which is different from strong alkaline electrolyzed water produced in diaphragm electrolytic cell.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.210-215
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• 2017

Produced water is the largest wastestream of oil and gas exploration. It consists of various organic and inorganic compounds that hinder its beneficial use. This study compared the treatment of produced water in a batch suspended and biofilm activated sludge process. The biofilm carrier material was made from Gardenia Carinata shell. COD, $NH_4{^+}-N$ and $NO_3-N$ removal was monitored in both the suspended (control) and floating carrier bioreactors. The results show a rapid reduction of produced water constituents in the floating carrier bioreactor. COD, $NH_4{^+}-N$ and $NO_3-N$ removal was in the range of 99%, 98% and 97% for the floating carrier bioreactor whereas it was 88%, 84% and 83% for the control bioreactor. The rapid reduction of COD, $NH_4{^+}-N$ and $NO_3-N$ clearly indicate that the floating carrier materials served as an attached growth medium for microorganisms, improved the breakdown of produced water constituents and reduced inhibition of microbial metabolic activities.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.681-687
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• 2011

Produced water from oil production processes is mostly composed of oily wastewater. So, it is important to extract and remove the oil components from the produced water environmentally and in utilizing water resources. Produced water treatment is classified as physical, biological and chemical method. The technology trend of oil treatment for produced water was analyzed based on patent application years, countries, main applicants, and each technologies.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.289-296
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• 2005

Purpose of this research is to quantitatively and qualitatively investigate the blow down wastewater produced from Yeosu Industrial Complex. Approximately, 38,325,000 tons/year of wastewater is produced, processed and finally discharged. Six representative companies, namely, A, B, C, D, E, F were chosen for this study. Each company produce over 5,000 tons/day of wastewater. In total, 6,844 tons/day of blow down water is produced from these six companies, put together. However, companies A and C produce about 24% and 37% of blow down water, respectively. It was found that the blow down water had favorable qualities, except for its high conductivity, ranging from 230 to $1,700{\mu}s/cm$. It was evident that, this water can be suitable for reuse, for industrial purposes, if a suitable treatment, for example, RO membrane process is adopted to remove high conductivity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.30-40
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• 1998

Increasing water consumption produced sludge problems of the water treatment plants. The objective of this study is to investigate aluminium coagulants recovery n acidic and alkaline conditions. Water treatment plant sludge produced in Pusan Metropolitan City were tested for the aluminium extraction process. Experiment samples were obtained in summer from water treatment plants of Deoksan and Myongjang. Aluminium coagulants used in these plants during the test period were polyaluminium chloride(PAC), polyaluminium sulfate organic(PSO), polyaluminium sulfate silicate(PASS). Aluminium contents of water treatment sludge were in the range of 7.2~10.9% of the total solids. The recovery percentages for aluminium and iron by acidic extraction method was evaluated to 88% and 42% respectively. Extracted mass variation for other materials such as iron, manganese, total organic carbon was observed during the extraction operation. Alkaline extraction produced more than two times amount of total organic carbon than that in the acidic extraction process.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09b
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• pp.794-795
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• 2006

Metal powder for dust core application was developed. The powder can be produced improved high-pressure water atomization process. The process has produced powder of spherical shape and lower coercivity. The dust core obta ined shows lower core loss.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.955-960
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• 2002

The recycled washwater, which has different water quality and is produced about 5 to 20% of the total water volume treated, affects the unit operation of water treatment, especially coagulation process. However, the effects of recycled washwater on unit operation of water treatment have not been fully investigated. In this study, effects of recycled washwater on coagulation process were investigated to find the optimum coagulation condition by analyzing turbidity, $UV_{254}$, TOC removal efficiencies. In addition, effects of recycled washwater on residual Al after coagulation were studied by analyzing soluble and particulate Al. The size distribution and fractal dimension of coagulated also analyzed. The recycled washwater was lower pH than the raw water. And the recycled washwater had higher $UV_{254}$, TOC and residual Al concentration than the raw water. Residual Al concentration of recycled washwater was about 50 times higher than that of raw water. Optimum coagulant dosages on the blending recycled washwater and the raw water for turbidity, $UV_{254}$ and Al removal were lower than that on the raw water. However, TOC removal increased by increasing coagulant dosage. The size and fractal dimension of coagulated particle produced in the blending recycled washwater were larger, which imply faster settling velocity, than those produced in the raw water only.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.511-519
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• 2016

Shale gas has become increasingly important as a viable alternative to conventional gas resources. However, one of the critical issues in the development of shale gas is the generation of produced water, which contains high concentration of ionic compounds (> TDS of 100,000 mg/L). Accordingly, membrane distillation (MD) was considered to treat such produced water. Experiments were carried out using a laboratory-scale direct contact MD (DCMD). Synthetic produced water was prepared to examine its fouling propensity in MD process. Antiscalants and in-line filtration were applied to control fouling by scale formation. Fouling rates (-dJ/dt) were calculated for in-depth analysis of fouling behaviors. Results showed that severe fouling occurred during the treatment of high range produced water (TDS of 308 g/L). Application of antiscalant was not effective to retard scale formation. On the other hand, in-line filtration increased the induction time and reduced fouling.