• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.83-87
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• 2015

Omega-3, a polyunsaturated fatty acid, is an essential fatty acid necessary for human health, and it protects against cardiovascular disease, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. In the present study, we investigated the effects of omega-3-rich harp seal oil (HSO) on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin-(IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and IL-12/IL-23 (p40) in peritoneal macrophages of mice. The culture supernatants of murine macrophages exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), HSO, or HSO+LPS were harvested to assay IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, and IL-12/IL-23 (p40) cytokines and NO. TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-12/IL-23 (p40) levels, except IL-6, were lower in the culture supernatants of mouse peritoneal macrophages exposed to LPS plus HSO than those of the groups exposed to LPS alone. These observations demonstrate that omega-3-rich harp seal oil downregulates the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-12/IL-23 (p40). These results suggest that HSO could be potentially used as a preventive agent or as an adjunct in anti-inflammatory therapy, if more research results were accumulated.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.18.1-18.9
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• 2019

Objective: This study evaluated the presence of residual root canal filling material after retreatment using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Materials and Methods: Extracted human teeth (single- and double-rooted, n = 21/each; C-shaped, n = 15) were prepared with ProFile and randomly assigned to three subgroups for obturation with gutta-percha and three different sealers (EndoSeal MTA, EndoSequence BC sealer, and AH Plus). After 10 days, the filling material was removed and the root canals were instrumented one size up from the previous master apical file size. The teeth were scanned using micro-CT before and after retreatment. The percentage of remaining filling material after retreatment was calculated at the coronal, middle, and apical thirds. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni post hoc correction. Results: The tested sealers showed no significant differences in the percentage of remaining filling material in single- and double-rooted teeth, although EndoSeal MTA showed the highest value in C-shaped roots (p < 0.05). The percentage of remaining filling material of AH Plus and EndoSeal MTA was significantly higher in C-shaped roots than in single- or double-roots (p < 0.05), while that of BC sealer was similar across all root types. EndoSeal MTA showed the highest values at the apical thirds of single- and double-roots (p < 0.05); otherwise, no significant differences were observed among the coronal, middle, and apical thirds. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, a large amount of EndoSeal MTA remained after retreatment, especially in C-shaped root canals.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.202-211
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• 2000

The aim of this study was to compare the apical sealing ability of a new thermoplasticized gutta-percha filling technique, the Easy Filling and the Quick Obturation system with lateral condensation technique and Thermafil system to evaluate their clinical acceptabilities. Fifty-two extracted single-rooted teeth were instrumented to #35 using the .04 taper ProFile system. Four groups of 12 teeth were obturated by lateral condensation technique. Thermafil system and two new thermoplasticized gutta-percha techniques, the Easy Filling system and Quick Obturation system (Meta Dental co. Ltd. Korea), respectively. Four teeth served as controls. After the teeth were immersed in 2% methylene blue dye for 48 hours, they were resected horizontally at 1mm to 5mm level from the anatomical apex using a low-speed microtome. Each section was examined under a stereomicroscope at ${\times40}$ magnification and photographed. After each image was scanned, the leakage area was measured at each level using Brain 3 (Nosdia Tech., Korea) software. Leakage ratio was calculated for each group and was analyzed statistically to come up with the following results: 1. At 1mm level, the Quick Obturation system had the largest amount of apical leakage and it was statistically significant when compared with the lateral condensation group and the Thermafil group (p<0.05). 2. At 2mm and 3mm level, there were no significant difference of apical leakage among all four groups (p>0.05), and from 4mm level, no apical dye penetration was observed in all the groups. In conclusion, the apical seal produced by Easy Filling system and the Quick Obturation system was comparable to lateral condensation technique and Thermafil system except for the 1mm level. More improvement of the apical seal can be expected as the operator becomes skillful with the new techniques.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.217-225
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• 2020

Background: This study was performed to provide a long-term bacterial seal through the formation of reparative dentin bridge, calcium silicate-based pulp capping materials have been used at sites of pulpal exposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mineralization-inducing potentials of calcium silicate-based pulp capping materials (ProRoot MTA [PR], Biodentine [BD], and TheraCal LC [TC]) in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). Methods: Specimens of test materials were placed in deionized water for various incubation times to measure the pH variation and the concentration of calcium released. The morphology of HDPCs cultured on the specimens was examined using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Alizarin red S staining and alkaline phosphatase assays were used to evaluate mineralization-inducing potentials of the capping materials. Results: BD showed the highest calcium release in all test periods, followed by PR and TC. (p<0.05). All experimental groups showed high alkalinity after 1 day, except at 14 days. BD showed the highest cell viability compared with PR and TC after 1 and 3 days, while TC showed the lowest value (p<0.05). The CLSM analysis showed that cells were well adhered and expressed actin filaments for all pulp capping materials. Mineralization by PR and BD groups was higher than that by TC group based on alizarin red S staining. BD showed significantly higher alkaline phosphatase activity than PR and TC, while TC showed the lowest value (p<0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of the in vitro study, BD had higher mineralization-inducing potential than PR and TC.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.213-221
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• 2022

Purpose: The efficacy of the amount of sealer in the root canal and two retreatment NiTi file systems in removing filling materials. Materials and Methods: Extracted premolars with a single root canal were selected for this study. After access opening and root canal preparation up to size #40/.06, the specimens were randomly divided into four groups. Gutta percha (GP) tapers of .06 or .04 were used for each group and filled using a single-cone filling technique with CeraSeal, a calcium silicate-based sealer. Each group was retreated either using the ProTaper Universal Retreatment System (PTUR) or the Hyflex Remover (HR). The time taken to remove the filling material, the amounts of apically extruded debris, and canal cleanliness were measured and compared. Results: The amount of sealer did not affect the efficiency when removing the filling materials. However, the filling material was removed faster in the HR group than in the PTUR group. Two types of NiTi files showed similar retreatment effects in the amounts of apically extruded debris and in the degree of canal cleanliness. Conclusion: The amount of sealer in canal filling had no significant effect on retreatability. Retreatment with HR removed filling materials is faster than PTUR. There was no difference in other removal efficiencies according to the type of retreatment NiTi file.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the apical micro leakage in root canal filled with Resilon by several self-etching primers and methacrylate-based root canal sealer. Seventy single-rooted human teeth were used in this study. The canals were instrumented by a crown-down manner with Gate-Glidden drills and .04 Taper Profile to ISO #40. The teeth were randomly divided into four experimental groups of 15 teeth each according to root canal filling material and self-etching primers and two control groups (positive and negative) of 5 teeth each as follows: group 1 - gutta percha and $AH26^{(R)}$ sealer: group 2 - Resilon, $RealSeal^{TM}$ primer and $RealSeal^{TM}$ sealer: group 3-Resilon, Clearfil SE $Bond^{(R)}$ primer and $RealSeal^{TM}$ sealer group 4-Resilon, $AdheSe^{(R)}$ primer and $RealSeal^{TM}$ sealer. Apical leakage was measured by a maximum length of linear dye penetration of roots sectioned longitudinally by diamond disk. Statistical analysis was performed using the One-way ANOVA followed by Scheffe's test. There were no statistical differences in the mean apical dye penetration among the groups 2, 3 and 4 of self-etching primers. And group 1, 2 and 3 had also no statistical difference in apical dye penetration. But, there was statistical difference between group 1 and 4 (p < 0.05). The group 1 showed the least dye penetration. According to the results of this study, Resilon with self-etching primer was not sealed root canal better than gutta precha with $AH26^{(R)}$ at sealing root canals. And there was no significant difference in apical leakage among the three self-etching primers.

• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.204-212
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the apical microleakage in root canal filled with Resilon by methacrylate-based root canal sealer or 2 different self-adhesive resin cements. Seventy single-rooted extracted human teeth were sectioned at the CEJ perpendicular to the long axis of the roots with diamond disk. Canal preparation was performed with crown-down technique using Profile NiTi rotary instruments and GG drill. Each canal was prepared to ISO size 40, .04 taper and 1 mm short from the apex. The prepared roots were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups of 15 roots each and 5 roots each for positive and negative control group. The root canals were filled by lateral condensation as follows. Group 1: Gutta-percha with AH-26, Group 2: Resilon with RealSeal primer & sealer, Group 3: Resilon with Rely-X Unicem, Group 4: Resilon with BisCem. After stored in $37^{\circ}C$, 100% humidity chamber for 7 days, the roots were coated with 2 layers of nail varnish except apical 3 mm. The roots were then immersed in 1% methylene blue dye for 7 days. Apical microleakage was measured by a maximum length of linear dye penetration after roots were separated longitudinally. One way ANOVA and Scheffe's post-hoc test were performed for statistical analysis. Group 1 showed the least apical leakage and there was no statistical significance between Group 2, 3, 4. According to the results, the self adhesive resin cement is possible to use as sealer instead of primer & sealant when root canal filled by Resilon.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.290-298
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• 2002

3차원적으로 잘 충전된 근관은 치근단 누출과 재감염을 방지하며, 조직이 잘 치유될 수 있는 생물학적 환경을 제공해준다. 이 때문에 근관계의 완전한 충전은 근관치료의 중요한 목표 중의 하나이다. 본 연구의 목적은 4가지 방법으로 근관충전 후 디지털 방사선 사진을 촬영하여 근관충전의 질을 평가하고 투명표본을 제작하여 색소침투범위를 측정함으로써, 근관충전방법에 따른 치근단부 폐쇄능을 비교 평가하고자 하는 것이다. 직선형의 단근관을 갖는 80개의 전치를 선택하여 ProFile$^{\circledR}$ 니켈-티타늄 회전식 기구를 사용하여 근관을 성형한 후 무작위로 20개씩 4군으로 나누었다. 사용된 근관충전법은 다음과 같다：MicroSeal$^{\circledR}$(Group A), Thermafil$^{\circledR}$(Group B), Continuous wave 충전법(Group C), 측방가압충전법(Group D), 각 군에서 10개 치아는 Sealapex를, 나머지 10개 치아는 AH26$^{\circledR}$을 충전용 시멘트로 사용하였다. 근관충전이 끝난 치아는 충전의 질과 길이를 평가하기 위해, 근원심과 협설방향으로 디지털 방사선 사진을 이용하여 촬영하였다. 각 치아의 치근단부 2mm를 제외한 나머지 부위는 두겹의 nail varnish를 바르고, 2% methlylene blue용액에 48시간동안 침잠시켰다. 흐르는 물에 깨끗이 세척한 후, 투명치아를 만들었다. 선상의 색소침투를 관찰하고 치관측 최대깊이를 입체현미경하에서 40배율로 평가하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 충전방법에 따른 근단부 폐쇄효과를 비교시, 실험군 모두 비교적 양호한 근단부 폐쇄효과를 보였고 통계학적으로 유의성이 없었다. 2. 충전용 시멘트에 따른 근단부 폐쇄효과를 비교시, AH26$^{\circledR}$을 사용한 군에서 Sealapex를 사용한 군보다 더 적은 색소침 투를 나타냈다(p<0.05). MicroSeal$^{\circledR}$을 이용한 실험 1군내에서 AH26$^{\circledR}$을 사용하였을 때 미세누출이 더 적었고(p<0.05), 다른 군내에서는 통계학적으로 유의성이 없었다. 3. 근단부 충전상태에 따른 미세누출 비교시, 저충전, 과충전과 색소침투간에는 상관관계가 없었다. 4.충전방법에 따른 근단부 충전상태 평가시, Thermafil$^{\circledR}$을 이용한 실험 2군에서 과충전이 많이 나타났다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과로, 기존의 측방가압법 및 여러 열가소성 충전법이 유사한 근단부 폐쇄효과를 나타낸 바, 방법에 따른 술자의 숙련도, 충전시간, 재근관치료의 편이성 등을 고려하여 근관충전방법을 선택하는 것이 합리적일 것이라고 사료된다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.204-212
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the apical microleakage in root canal filled with Resilon by methacrylate-based root canal sealer or 2 different self-adhesive resin cements. Seventy single-rooted extracted human teeth were sectioned at the CEJ perpendicular to the long axis of the roots with diamond disk. Canal preparation was performed with crown-down technique using Profile NiTi rotary instruments and GG drill. Each canal was prepared to ISO size 40, .04 taper and 1 mm short from the apex. The prepared roots were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups of 15 roots each and 5 roots each for positive and negative control group. The root canals were filled by lateral condensation as follows. Group 1: Guttapercha with AH-26, Group 2: Resilon with RealSeal primer & sealer, Group 3: Resilon with Rely-X Unicem, Group 4: Resilon with BisCem. After stored in $37{\circ}C$, 100% humidity chamber for 7 days, the roots were coated with 2 layers of nail varnish except apical 3 mm. The roots were then immersed in 1% methylene blue dye for 7 days. Apical microleakage was measured by a maximum length of linear dye penetration after roots were separated longitudinally. One way ANOVA and Scheffe's post-hoc test were performed for statistical analysis. Group 1 showed the least apical leakage and there was no statistical significance between Group 2, 3, 4. According to the results, the self adhesive resin cement is possible to use as sealer instead of primer & sealant when root canal filled by Resilon.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.307-315
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• 2001

The application of Nd:YAG laser and irrigants to the root surface can change its surface configurations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Nd:YAG laser and irrigants on the apical seal of obturated canals. In this study, 66 single rooted teeth were randomly assigned to 4 group of 14 teeth each. 8 teeth were served us positive and negative controls. The teeth were divided into 6 groups as follows. Group A: Nd:YAG laser, 5% NaOCl + Rc-prep Group B: Nd:YAG laser, Saline Group C: 5% NaOCl + Rc-prep Group D: Saline Group E: Positive control Group F: Negative control 66 teeth were instrumented using Maillefer ProFile$^{\circledR}$ (Orifice Shapers, .04 taper, .06 taper Dentsply, Switzerland). Two of each group were selected at random, and the canal wall surfaces were examined under a SEM. 12 teeth of each group were obturated using by lateral condensation technique. Specimens were immersed in india ink for 7days, decalcified by 10% nitric acid, dehydrated by 75. 80. 85, 90, 95 and 100% alcohol in order cleared by methyl salicylate and then measured of dye penetration with stereomicroscope($\times$15 magnification) and Image Pro plus. The data were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA test and Duncan's Multiple Range test. The results were as follows : 1. The mean leakage was 0.128$\pm$0.376 for group A, 0.237$\pm$0.325 for group B, 0.397$\pm$0.468 for group C, 0.586$\pm$0.402 for group D, and there were statistically significant differences between group A and group D, group B and group D. (p<0.05). 2. Group A had better sealing ability than Group C, but there was statistically no significant differences. (p>0.05). 3. Group B had better sealing ability than Group D and there was statistically significant difference. (p<0.05). 4 Group A had better sealing ability than Group B, but there was statistically no significant difference. (p>0.05). 5. Group C had better sealing ability than Group D, but there was statistically no significant difference. (p>0.05). 6. As a result of observation under SEM, Smear layers were removed in Group A, B. but Smear layers were partially removed and smear plugs were remained in Group C, Smear layers were not removed in Group D. To be specially, Melting of smear layer were showed in Group C. 7. These results suggests that the laser has a potential in reducing the apical microleakage of obturated canals.