• 산경연구논집
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• 제12권11호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2021

Purpose: Carbon emissions have now become a major concern around the world, especially for the government and private sector. Unfortunately, in Indonesia, disclosure related to company carbon emissions is still done voluntarily. This research aims to provide empirical evidence on the effect of environmental performance, carbon emission disclosure, and carbon emission intensity on the cost of equity capital. Research design, data, and methodology: This research uses secondary data with a sample consisting of Indonesia companies that are sensitive to the environment and listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017-2019. The analytical tool used in this research was multiple regression models. Result: The study found a carbon emission disclosure had a significant positive effect on the cost of equity capital. Carbon emission intensity and company size had a significant negative effect on the cost of equity capital. Meanwhile, environmental performance did not have a significant effect on the cost of equity capital. Conclusion: Therefore, the results of this research are expected to provide feedback to the company's stakeholders that environmental performance and carbon emissions are some of the points seen by investors in making investment decisions.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.77-106
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• 1994

This study attempts to evaluate the beneficial equity and operational efficiency of the three Korean medical insurance programmes and thereby suggest directions for their policy improvement. Concepts of the equity and effciency were reviewed to develop indicators for comparative analysis. For the analysis, statistical and financial accounting data for 1991, issued by the National Federation of Medical Insurance and the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation, on the operational status and performances of the programmes, were collected and rearranged to be suited to the purpose of the study. The analysis reveals that beneficial inequity exists between self-employed and employee programs. and that operational inefficiency is prominent in both programms for self-employeds and for Government employees and private school teachers. In order to improve the beneficial inequity of the self-employed program, it is suggested that policies be formulated and implimented toward increasing the program revenue through increasing subsidies from the Government, and through inter- program finance adiustment. For the operational inefficiency of the two programs, it is judged that, toghether with the administrative support and control from the Government and the insurance society bodies, self- efforts be initiated to improve the internal mangement styles and systems of the insurance societies. Finally, from the viewpoint of the structural efficiency, expansion of the preventive insurance benefits by the insurance soceties is recommended both for beneficial equity and operational efficiency.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.86-100
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• 2012

이 연구의 목적은 영남 지역 공공 민간 사회복지사의 이직의도 차이를 보이스(voice)가설과 형평성(equity)이론으로 설명하는 데 있다. 이 연구를 통해서 파악한 사실은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 공공 민간 사회복지사의 직무만족 급여 이직의도 수준에 차이가 있다. 공공사회복지사는 급여수준은 높지만 직무에는 덜 만족하고, 그럼에도 불구하고 이직의도는 높지 않은데 비해서, 민간사회복지사는 급여수준은 낮은데도 직무에는 만족하고, 그렇지만 이직의도는 높다는 역설적(paradoxical)인 결과를 보여주고 있다. 둘째, 보이스가설이 공공 민간 사회복지사 '직무만족-이직의도' 사이의 역설적 관계를 설명하는 가설이 될 수 있다. 민간사회복지사의 경우 직무만족이 높은데도 불구하고 이직의도가 상대적으로 강한 것은 사실이지만, 보이스 기능을 하는 '임파워먼트' 변수를 방정식에 포함시켜 회귀분석한 결과 공공 민간 부문 사이의 이직의도 차이가 없어졌다. 이러한 결과는 임파워먼트를 통해서 조직 내의 보이스 기능을 강화하면 민간사회복지사의 이직의도가 약해진다는 사실을 보여주는 것이다. 셋째, 형평성이론도 사회복지사 '직무만족-이직의도' 사이의 역설적 관계를 설명하는 이론이 될 수 있다. 민간사회복지사는 공공사회복지사보다 근로조건이 열악하기 때문에 '결과 대 투입' 비율이 공정하지 않다고 느낄 수 있어서, 직무에는 만족하지만 이직의도는 강해지는 역설적인 상황이 발생할 수 있다. 마지막으로, 이론적 실증적 논의 외에도 임파워먼트의 보이스 기능과 급여조정 필요성 등에 대한 제도적 정책적 함의를 논의하였다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.33-46
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• 2014

Amiable composition is a means of dispute resolution based on the arbitrator's authority to base his decision on equity. Although this method has been used frequently in the last decades of the 20th Century, the number of the published awards by amiable compositeur arbitrators is getting lower and lower. The reason(s) for unpopularity of amiable composition should be sought in its very nature, in its relationships with other institutions such as arbitration in law, equity, ex aequo et bono arbitration, other means of dispute resolution and in its role in the development of the rules specific to international commerce. A brief look at the history of law shows that the concept of equity comes to the scene every time that the rigidity of the rules of law challenges the justice. This has been the case in the 20th Century with respect to international commercial law which was deprived of specific rules. The role of amiable composition has been to contribute to the development of the rules specific to international commerce. The progressive codification of such rules in the last decades is also owed to amiable composition, which has accomplished its mission in the evolution of these rules.

• 재무관리논총
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.233-265
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• 1996

We examine the impact of public and private information on price movements using the thirty DJIA stocks and twenty-one NASDAQ stocks. We find that the standard deviation of daily returns on information days (dividend announcement, earnings announcement, insider purchase, or insider sale) is much higher than on no-information days. Both public information matters at the NYSE, probably due to masked identification of insiders. Earnings announcement has the greatest impact for both DJIA and NASDAQ stocks, and there is some evidence of positive impact of insider asle on return volatility of NASDAQ stocks. There has been considerable debate, e.g., French and Roll (1986), over whether market volatility is due to public information or private information-the latter gathered through costly search and only revealed through trading. Public information is composed of (1) marketwide public information such as regularly scheduled federal economic announcements (e.g., employment, GNP, leading indicators) and (2) company-specific public information such as dividend and earnings announcements. Policy makers and corporate insiders have a better access to marketwide private information (e.g., a new monetary policy decision made in the Federal Reserve Board meeting) and company-specific private information, respectively, compated to the general public. Ederington and Lee (1993) show that marketwide public information accounts for most of the observed volatility patterns in interest rate and foreign exchange futures markets. Company-specific public information is explored by Patell and Wolfson (1984) and Jennings and Starks (1985). They show that dividend and earnings announcements induce higher than normal volatility in equity prices. Kyle (1985), Admati and Pfleiderer (1988), Barclay, Litzenberger and Warner (1990), Foster and Viswanathan (1990), Back (1992), and Barclay and Warner (1993) show that the private information help by informed traders and revealed through trading influences market volatility. Cornell and Sirri (1992)' and Meulbroek (1992) investigate the actual insider trading activities in a tender offer case and the prosecuted illegal trading cased, respectively. This paper examines the aggregate and individual impact of marketwide information, company-specific public information, and company-specific private information on equity prices. Specifically, we use the thirty common stocks in the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) and twenty one National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (NASDAQ) common stocks to examine how their prices react to information. Marketwide information (public and private) is estimated by the movement in the Standard and Poors (S & P) 500 Index price for the DJIA stocks and the movement in the NASDAQ Composite Index price for the NASDAQ stocks. Divedend and earnings announcements are used as a subset of company-specific public information. The trading activity of corporate insiders (major corporate officers, members of the board of directors, and owners of at least 10 percent of any equity class) with an access to private information can be cannot legally trade on private information. Therefore, most insider transactions are not necessarily based on private information. Nevertheless, we hypothesize that market participants observe how insiders trade in order to infer any information that they cannot possess because insiders tend to buy (sell) when they have good (bad) information about their company. For example, Damodaran and Liu (1993) show that insiders of real estate investment trusts buy (sell) after they receive favorable (unfavorable) appraisal news before the information in these appraisals is released to the public. Price discovery in a competitive multiple-dealership market (NASDAQ) would be different from that in a monopolistic specialist system (NYSE). Consequently, we hypothesize that NASDAQ stocks are affected more by private information (or more precisely, insider trading) than the DJIA stocks. In the next section, we describe our choices of the fifty-one stocks and the public and private information set. We also discuss institutional differences between the NYSE and the NASDAQ market. In Section II, we examine the implications of public and private information for the volatility of daily returns of each stock. In Section III, we turn to the question of the relative importance of individual elements of our information set. Further analysis of the five DJIA stocks and the four NASDAQ stocks that are most sensitive to earnings announcements is given in Section IV, and our results are summarized in Section V.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.85-111
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• 2012

본 연구는 대형할인점의 PB(Private Brand)상품에 대한 소비자의 지각특성과 관계지속의도 간의 영향관계를 규명하는 것으로서 설문조사에 의한 실증적 연구를 토대로 하였다. 실증적 연구를 위해 선행연구를 바탕으로 하여 PB상품에 대해 소비자가 지각하는 특성으로서의 지각품질, 점포이미지, 브랜드이미지, 지각가치 등의 요인을 도출하고 이들 선행요인이 PB상품의 브랜드신뢰와 브랜드자산을 매개로 하여 관계지속의도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 구조적으로 규명하고자 하였다. 실증적 연구를 위한 설문조사는 2012년 1월부터 2012년 5월 말까지 경기 및 부산지역의 소비자를 대상으로 실시하였다. 설문은 전체 300부를 배부하여 253부(84.3%)를 회수하였으며, 그 중 응답이 누락되었거나 불성실한 설문을 제외한 245부(81.6%)를 유효 표본으로 최종분석에 활용하였다. 연구결과 PB상품에 대한 선택속성으로서의 지각품질, 브랜드이미지 및 지각가치는 브랜드신뢰 및 브랜드자산에 유의적인 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 나아가 이들 브랜드신뢰와 브랜드자산은 관계지속의도에 유의적인 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 PB상품을 판매하는 할인점의 점포이미지는 브랜드신뢰에는 정(+)의 영향을 미치지만 브랜드자산에는 유의적인 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 분석되었다. 즉, 전반적으로 PB상품에 대해 소비자가 지각하는 품질, 점포이미지, 브랜드이미지 및 지각가치와 관계지속의도간의 관계에서 브랜드신뢰 및 브랜드자산 요인이 이들 관계를 매개하고 있음을 구조적으로 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 볼 때 PB상품에 대한 소비자의 관계지속의도를 극대화하고 재구매를 지속적으로 유도하기 위해서는 PB상품의 품질향상, 브랜드이미지 개선 및 브랜드가치를 향상시키는 기본적 노력 위에 PB상품의 브랜드에 대한 신뢰와 자산가치를 극대화시키는 전략적 접근이 요구된다고 할 수 있다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.185-206
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• 2008

The National Health Insurance (NHI) has been the main body of health care system in Korea for the last 30 years since the NHI was founded. However, the inefficient management and strong regulations of the NHI have hindered the development of health care industry. The establishment of the MB government, whose interest lies on economic growth rather than equity, is expected to help the health care services gain a momentum. The essential measures that can step up public health care services overall are the following: the introduction of competition within NHI, the activation of private health care insurance, and the allowance of for-profit hospital. The private-public mix with market mechanism would level up the health care service for the public.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2011년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1572-1581
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• 2011

Since 'The Act on Private Investment of The Infrastructure' was established in 1994, private investment as well as government's investment has been active on transport infrastructure. But investment of transport infrastructure has more risks than others due to overforecast of transport demand for ensuring project validity, and cost uncertainty arising from financial crisis, commodity prices and so on. In the case of Incheon international airport express, after 2 years and 6 months, Incheon international airport express is opened, Korail take over equity stake in private investor due to the problems of MRG(Minimum Revenue Guarantee) be contracted with private investor. Not only that, in other case of Yong-in light rail, it is ongoing for legal disputes between Yong-in local government and private investor on account of opening delaying. On current Investment Assessment System of Transport Infrastructure, Risk Management system on investment of transport infrastructure is inadequate because Sensitivity Analysis in economic efficiency have been performed on the simple method which only changes benefits, expense and social discount rate. For this reason, this study analyze risks for investment of transport infrastructure demand forecast, and rise to the management practice for every particular item.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2018

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to set brand awareness and brand image as independent variables from Keller's (1993) definition of brand equity and to analyze whether those variables have an influence on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty with perceived quality and value as mediator variables. Research design, data, and methodology - Data is collected through questionnaires from 200 of responders. Survey respondents were young people who use convenience stores. Questionnaires were tested in October 2017. SPSS and AMOS were used for structural equation as an analysis method. Results - The analysis results specified above can be summarized as follows: 1) Brand awareness had statistically significant influence on perceived quality and perceived value; 2) Brand image had a positive (+) influence on perceived quality and had no significant influence on perceived value; 3) Perceived quality and perceived value had a significant influence on customer satisfaction, and customer satisfaction had a statistically significant influence on customers' repurchase intention. Conclusions - Brand awareness and brand image had an influence on young consumers' decision-making process for purchasing PB food products. Convenience stores have to focus on developing food products with brand awareness and brand image more suitable for satisfying consumer preferences.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.217-233
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• 1998

This paper analyzed four different perspectives on health care reform in Korea in terms of the basic values, formulated problems and reform plans, implementation methods, and supporting groups. The medical security plan was insisted by social security specialists and social activists focusing on the integration of medical insurance coops in order to enhancing equity and right of the people. However, its perspective was limited to promoting security instead of reforming health care system. The government proposed the health care reform plans in 1994 and in 1997, focusing on promoting efficiency by remedying many problems in health care delivery system. However, its implementation was not successful due to the lack of organizational and financial supporters. Recently, two opposite proposals were issued. The market reform plan paid attention to revitalizing the market function to promoting efficiency by allowing hospitals to treat private patients instead of applying the medical insurance regulation. The government reform plan focused on intensifying governmental planning and intervention in the health care sector in order to removing inefficiency and promoting equity with the supports of social activists and labor unions. Finally, this paper proposed an alternative plan to promote harmonious social relationship between actors in the health care system.