• 한국인쇄학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.51-63
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• 1996

Contributions by Tsai Lun, the paper inventor, are as follows; 1. As most of the materials, which were used, were the waste articles, the cost was cheap and the large quantity could be produced at a time. 2. It was much more convenient to use or carry them beyond comparison with the existing materials. 3. He established how to manufacture the paper if which the materials is vegetable fiber and invented a successive paper making. 4. He extended the kinds of paper manufacturing materials by instructing the worker about how to make the bark paper from the paper mulberry fiber, namely, he tried to realized the technological renovation to connect the past and the future. 5. As a result of his efforts, he greatly contributed to the social development as the supply of books and knowledge was smoothly active, and the paper is the best and ultimate one as the writing material.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2012

This study is assessed the urinary hippuric acid (HA) concentration in toluene-exposed workers. Toluene is widely used in the coating, printing, painting and petroleum industries. We analyzed the hippuric acid level of toluene-exposed workers (males: 198, females: 63) from 2008 to 2010 and examined the relationship between hippuric acid and the characteristics of their work. The measurements of the urinary hippuric acid were confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Among the subjects, males had on average more work experience than females (males: 9.17 years, females: 4.45 years), but females showed a higher hippuric acid concentration levels than males (males: 0.26 g/L, females: 0.75 g/L). The mean of the HA concentration according to the age group was 0.19 g/L in 30's, 0.30 g/L in 40's, 0.54 g/L in 50's, 1.36 g/L in 60's. Those in their 60's had the highest concentration. The mean of HA concentration according to the type of work was 0.70 g/L for the coating, 0.52 g/L for the painting, and 0.16 g/L for the printing industries, revealing that the workers in the coating industry had the highest concentration. By the highest order, the mean of HA concentration by working period was as follows; less than 5 years, ${\leq}5\;years{\sim}<10\;years$. The factors that influence the HA concentration are not only how long one is exposed to toluene but also the type of work, worker's age, and their gender.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.156-161
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• 2011

Objectives: Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is a colorless, water-miscible organic liquid with low viscosity at standard temperature and pressure. THF has been used as a solvent and a precursor for various syntheses of polymers. However, THF is known to irritate to the eyes, skin and mucus membranes. Overexposure by inhalation, ingestion or skin contact may produce nausea, dizziness, headaches, respiratory irritation and possible skin burns. The purpose of this study is to evaluate of the worker exposure and characteristics of workers in the workplaces that use or manufacture THF. Methods: Sixteen factories in Korea, which manufacture or use THF, were selected for this study and a total of 130 air samples including 104 time-weighted average (TWA) samples and 26 short-term exposure limit (STEL) samples, were collected. Air samples were collected with charcoal tube (100mg/50mg) and analyzed by gas chromatograph/flame ionization detector(GC/FID). Results: The TWA concentration of THF was 16.05ppm (GM) at PS script printing, 2.32ppm (GM) at PVC stabilizer, 1.03ppm (GM) at Lithium triethylborohydride, 0.63ppm (GM) at Polytetramethylene ether glycol(PTMEG), 0.42ppm (GM) at Manufacturing THF, 0.13ppm (GM) at Glue and 0.12ppm (GM) at synthetic rubber/resins. Two out of sampes for PS script printing exceeded 50ppm as 8-hour exposure limit of MOEL. The short term exposure to THF was 54.77ppm (GM) at PS script printing, 17.10ppm (GM) at PTMEG, 13.76ppm (GM) at Manufacturing THF, 2.86ppm (GM) at Lithium triethylborohydride, 0.87ppm (GM) at synthetic rubber/resins and 0.13ppm (GM) Glue. We found that the highest exposure process for both the TWA and STEL samples was PS script process. Two samples exceeded 100ppm as short term exposure limit of Ministry of Employment and Labor(MOEL). Conclusions: Characteristic of STEL concentration for THF is considerably different from TWA concentration in workplaces because workers could exposure high concentration of THF in a moment when they work irregularly schedule. So exposure controls for momentary works have to be prepared, and considered the skin absorption and inhale of THF.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.67-78
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• 2017

본 연구는 중증장애인생산품 생산시설 실태분석을 통해 중증장애인생산품 판매를 활성화하고, 생산시설 운영을 성공적으로 지원하는 방안을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 2016년 12월 현재 지정받은 생산시설 403개 중 289개를 대상으로 조사하였다. 연구결과, 첫째, 중증장애인생산품 생산시설 289개소 중 장애인보호작업장(57.1%), 장애인복지단체(29.8%), 장애인근로사업장(13.1%) 순으로 나타났다. 근로자는 총 8,358명으로 1개 시설 평균 28.92명이고, 이중 장애인근로자는 6,119명(평균 21.17명)으로 나타났다. 근로장애인 중 중증장애인이 85.8%로 기준인 60%보다 높은 것으로 확인되었고, 근로장애인의 시급은 평균 5,235원으로 최저임금보다 낮은 수준으로 나타났다. 둘째, 지정품목은 인쇄/광고(18.6%)가 가장 많았고, 식품(14.3%), 사무/문구(12.8%)순으로 나타났다. 셋째, 총매출액은 1개소당 17.8억원이고, 매출원가는 15.7억원이며 이익은 2.1억원으로 나타났다. 또한, 지정받은 기간이 길수록 매출액이 증가하는 것으로 확인되었다. 넷째, 지정을 통하여 매출 향상, 장애인고용 향상, 장애인근로자 임금향상, 근무조건 개선에 도움이 되는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로, 성공적인 운영을 위해서 우선구매비율 확대(19.4%), 구매가산점 확대(17.5%), 판로지원 확대(10.2%)가 필요한 것으로 확인되었다. 이를 근거로 개선방안을 제시하였다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.154-162
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• 2015

작업환경중 톨루엔 농도와 뇨중 마뇨산 농도와의 상관성에 대하여 54개 사업장에서 일하는 124명의 근로자를 대상으로 연구하였다. 가장 높은 실내 작업장의 톨루엔 농도는 인쇄 공정에서 81.116ppm으로 측정되었으며, 기하평균농도는 12.304 ppm으로 높은 값을 나타내었다. 톨루엔 노출 작업자의 뇨중 마뇨산 농도의 기하평균은 0.714 g/g creatinine으로, 비노출군에 비하여 5배 정도 높게 나타났다. 인쇄 공정 노동자의 평균 뇨중 마뇨산 농도는 다른 공정의 노동자에 비해 가장 높은 1.145g/g creatinine 이었다. 작업자의 노출 톨루엔 농도와 뇨중 마뇨산 농도 사이의 상관계수는 r=0.624 (P<0.01)로 상관성이 비교적 높은 것으로 나타났으나, 뇨중 마뇨산 농도와 근로자의 성별, 음주 및 흡연, 근무경력 등의 상관성은 낮게 나타났다. 노출 톨루엔 농도 X에 대한 뇨중 마뇨산 농도 Y의 회귀방정식은 Y = 0.037X + 0.562로 표현할 수 있다. 결론적으로 작업장에서의 톨루엔 노출농도에 따라 뇨중 마뇨산농도가 유의하게 증가함을 알 수 있다.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.175-181
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• 1999

The present study was conducted to evaluate nutrient intakes of industrial workers with hyperlipidemia and cholesterol-saturated fat indices(CSI) of their daily meals and various side dishes accompanied with alcohol. Thirty eight male subjects of 41.0$\pm$6.5 years whose average serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were 222.9$\pm$37.7 and 282.3$\pm$139.3mg/이 were interviewed on daily intakes of foods and drinking habits including types and amounts of side dishes using 24-hour recall and questionnaire methods. Average energy habits including twenty six non-drinkers and twelve drinkers were 2365$\pm$41 and 2822$\pm$417kcal, respectively but intakes of other nutrients were not very different between two groups. Carotene intakes was, however, low in drinkers. Intakes of saturated fat, cholesterol and CSI of subjects' daily meals were 15.4$\pm$5.4g, 229$\pm$114mg and 27.1$\pm$10.4 for non-drinkers and 18.7$\pm$7.8g, 238$\pm$69mg and 30.8$\pm$9.8 for drinkers. CSI of their daily meals varied from 10 to 60 without much differences in energy values and were positively correlated with serum cholesterol levels(r=0.2606, p<0.05). Average alcohol intakes obtained from subjects' drinking habit was 89.5$\pm$46.8g per day and major side dish was roasted beef giving 660$\pm$234kcal of energy and 24.3$\pm$8.0 of CSI. From the present study, it is concluded that industrial workers are more prone to have hyperlipidemic diets due to alcohol. To improve their diet and health, an appropriate nutrition education should be necessary and CSI of various Korean foods and meals can be used as handy self-control education tool.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.225-235
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• 2010

This study was aimed to assess the status of working environment, health care management status and cause of exposure in manufactories using dimethylformamide (DMF). For the purpose, airborne concentration of DMF in the workplaces and N-methylformamide (NMF) in worker's urine were measured with job type and process. In addition, management of local exhaust ventilation system (LEV) and personal protective equipment (PPE) was evaluated at 35 work places (107 workers) located in Busan and Gimhae area. Mean DMF concentrations in work places by job type and process were of high level measured in printing and record media reproduction (5.23 ppm) and flaking process (2.48 ppm). Workers in adhesive job were measured a large amount of urine NMF (21.59 mg/${\ell}$). 98.1% of DMF handling workers were provided respirators, but 67.3% of those workers used them. The main reasons for not using respirators were inconvenience and difficulty of breathing. Airborne concentrations of DMF were higher in the workplaces in which LEVs were working abnormally, but there was not statistically significant. In addition, the urine NMF levels were correlated with management of LEV within the workers who did not use the respirators (p<0.048). These results implied that LEV should be installed and maintained properly to protect the workers from the exposure to DMF. Management of PPE should be also necessary to protect the workers from chemical hazards.