• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.34
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• pp.133-165
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• 2009

'Travelogue to Shenyang(瀋陽日記)' is a documentary literature that Seon Yak-hae (宣若海) who was a military official of Joseon(朝鮮) Dynasty, described matters happened in Shenyang when he visited there as an envoy during early 17th century when Qing(淸) Dynasty and Ming(明) Dynasty coexisted and had diplomatic conflict with Joseon Dynasty. This documentary literature is included in the data collection of China that gathers important historical data of China and has been published and delivered in China, but it hasn't caught attention in Korean academic society. There's another 'Travelogue to Shenyang' which is known in the academic society that is a record of eight years of hostage period of Crown Prince Sohyeon and his group in Shenyang. However, this 'Travelogue to Shenyangl' of Seon Yak-hae is a record of Joseon and other countries' status at that time as well as the Joseon intellectual's activities while visiting Shenyang before the outbreak of the Manchurian Invasion (to Korea) in 1636. Seon Yak-hae who wrote this 'Travelogue to Shenyang' recorded his successful works as an envoy with proud, and showed a unique appearance as a military official and intellect who wanted to observe political and military status of Qing Dynasty secretly and report to his country. Since he was an intellect who had military background, he responded bravely when dealing with diplomatic problem and collected data strategically. He also had the ability as an intellectual official, so he wrote realistic articles and also wrote some poems to express his honest feelings in this peculia Travelogue. Therefore, this ' Travelogue to Shenyang' has both values as a historic records that showed diplomatic status of Joseon in the 17th century and literature records that showed unique spirit to record as an intellect who also had military mind.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 2020

The mainstream of cinema animated film in today's world is the animated film produced by film companies such as Disney, DreamWorks, and 20th Century Fox. These animated films are influenced by Hollywood blockbusters, high cost, and big-budget, which have brought a gorgeous and splendid audio-visual feast to the global audience. DreamWorks Studios founded in 1994 has become noted in just over ten years. It has produced many high-quality animated works which are well-known all over the world. This achievement is no doubt inseparable from its superior external animation industry environment, and benefited from the American animation industry which commercially operated for almost 100 years. However, in addition to these external environmental factors, DreamWorks' achievements have also come from the extraordinary and superior creation of the animated film scripts, strong narrative script ensures the logic and appeal of animated films. This article takes Kung Fu Panda series, Shrek series, The Prince of Egypt, The Croods, Chicken Run, Megamind and other representative films produced by DreamWorks as key analysis object, using Jean Baudrillard's simulation and imaging theory, Syd Field's screenwriting skills, and Hegel's aesthetic point of view, explores the Creative Style of DreamWorks' Animated Film Script which contains the following four aspects. The script is exaggerated and novel, and the subject matter is rich and targeted. The script creation is very imaginative and can fully express the visual beauty. The structure of the story is well controlled, the space comes from reality but full of imagination. The characters have distinctive personality and the dialogue is moderated but forceful.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.511-518
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• 2020

There have been reports that the "jeongcho (定礎)" letters of the foundation stone at the historical site No. 280 of the "Main Building of the Bank of Korea in Seoul" were written by Prince Ito Hirobumi (伊藤博文), the first Resident-General of Japan in Korea. An on-site investigation by an advisory group consisting of three experts in calligraphy; revealed that the two characters of '定礎' inscribed on the foundation stone are the characteristics of Ito Hirobumi's handwriting, judging from the writing style and habits observed in the collections of the Central Library of Hamamatsu City, Japan. It was reported that his writing was confirmed by the experts, but no basis was provided. To provide more objective and quantitative supporting data, rather than qualitative judgment based on feeling, it is necessary to present the basis for judgment through quantitative image comparison results through image analysis. In this paper, using image analysis software, Ito Hirobumi's calligraphy writing and the inscribed characters of the foundation stone were compared and analyzed to confirm the contents of the press release. The character comparison process and character area measurement results are a good example showing that if objective judgment basis data are needed in a similar situation, an objective judgment basis can be prepared through quantification using image analysis.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.1514-1524
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• 2021

Objective: This study investigated the meat quality characteristics, endogenous proteolytic enzymes, collagen content, and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms of different muscles of Thai native cattle (TNC). Methods: Infraspinatus (IF), Longissimus thoracis (LT), and Supraspinatus (SS) muscles were obtained from two TNC breeds, Kho-Lan (KL, n = 7) and Kho-Isaan (KI, n = 7). The muscle and meat characteristics of TNC breeds and their relationship with MyHC expression were examined. Results: Three MyHC isoforms namely MyHC I, MyHC IIa, and MyHC IIx were detected in the muscles. The KL had higher (p<0.05) MyHC IIx than the KI. The IF muscle had higher (p<0.05) MyHC I compared to other muscles. The LT muscle had the least MyHC I. The LT had higher (p<0.05) MyHC IIx than the IF and SS muscles. The IF presented the least MyHC IIx. The KL had higher (p<0.05) lightness and moisture content and lower crude protein, redness, cooking loss, shear force, and calpastatin than the KI. The glycogen, total collagen, soluble collagen, crude protein, ash contents, and troponin T degradation product of IF and SS were lower (p<0.05) than that of LT. Ether extract in LT was lower (p<0.05) than that of IF and SS. The percentage of MyHC I, MyHC IIa, and MyHC IIx were significantly correlated with muscle and meat characteristics of TNC. Conclusion: These results suggest that the differences in the MyHC isoforms may partly account for the variation in meat quality between breeds and among muscles of TNC.

• BMB Reports
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2022

Increased mRNA levels of cancer upregulated gene (CUG)2 have been detected in many different tumor tissues using Affymetrix microarray. Oncogenic capability of the CUG2 gene has been further reported. However, the mechanism by which CUG2 overexpression promotes cancer stem cell (CSC)-like phenotypes remains unknown. With recent studies showing that pyruvate kinase muscle 2 (PKM2) is overexpressed in clinical tissues from gastric, lung, and cervical cancer patients, we hypothesized that PKM2 might play an important role in CSC-like phenotypes caused by CUG2 overexpression. The present study revealed that PKM2 protein levels and translocation of PKM2 into the nucleus were enhanced in CUG2-overexpressing lung carcinoma A549 and immortalized bronchial BEAS-2B cells than in control cells. Expression levels of c-Myc, CyclinD1, and PKM2 were increased in CUG2-overexpressing cells than in control cells. Furthermore, EGFR and ERK inhibitors as well as suppression of Yap1 and NEK2 expression reduced PKM2 protein levels. Interestingly, knockdown of β-catenin expression failed to reduce PKM2 protein levels. Furthermore, reduction of PKM2 expression with its siRNA hindered CSC-like phenotypes such as faster wound healing, aggressive transwell migration, and increased size/number of sphere formation. The introduction of mutant S37A PKM2-green fluorescence protein (GFP) into cells without ability to move to the nucleus did not confer CSC-like phenotypes, whereas forced expression of wild-type PKM2 promoted such phenotypes. Overall, CUG2-induced increase in the expression of nuclear PKM2 contributes to CSC-like phenotypes by upregulating c-Myc and CyclinD1 as a co-activator.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.361-374
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• 2022

For this study, we designed and produced mulberry low-fat ice cream supplemented with synbiotics (MLF-ISS). The sensory characteristics and physical, chemical, and microbiological qualities of MLF-ISS were then determined. Mulberry juice inoculated with or without probiotic (Lactobacillus plantarum TISTR 926 and Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745) was also tested at 37℃ for 24 h to determine probiotic growth rate, pH, total anthocyanin content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (AA). Only the TAC of mulberry juice inoculated with S. boulardii CNCM I-745 increased considerably (p < 0.05) among these parameters. MLF-ISS was produced with varied mulberry fruit concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, or 40%) (w/w). The MLF-ISS prepared with 30% mulberry fruit (w/w) (30-MLF-ISS) had a higher score in appearance, color, and sweetness (p < 0.05) when sensory qualities were measured using the 9-point hedonic scale method. In the CIE lab system (L^*, a^*, b^*), the color values of 30-MLF-ISS were 27.80 ± 0.26, 12.99 ± 0.59, and 1.43 ± 0.05, respectively. The 30-MLF-ISS was also subjected to a proximate analysis. The melting rate of 30-MLF-ISS was 0.29 ± 0.03 g/min and the time it took for the first drop to fall was 37.00 ± 7.00 min. TAC, TPC, and AA of 30-MLF-ISS were observed to alter significantly (p < 0.05) during varied intervals of storage at - 18℃ (0, 30, and 60 days). The viability of probiotics in 30-MLF-ISS slightly decreased after storage at -18℃ for 8 weeks, but remained about 6 log CFU/g. During storage at -18℃ for 0 and 120 days, no pathogenic bacteria were detected in 30-MLF-ISS. These findings show that 30-MLF-ISS has nutritional and functional value, is free of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, is safe for consumers' health, and is suitable for application in the ice cream and related food industries.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.163-177
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• 2023

Complex and intricate preparation techniques, the imperative for utmost precision and sensitivity in instrumentation, premature sample failure, and fragile specimens collectively contribute to the arduous task of measuring the fracture toughness of concrete in the laboratory. The objective of this research is to introduce and refine an equation based on the gene expression programming (GEP) method to calculate the fracture toughness of reinforced concrete, thereby minimizing the need for costly and time-consuming laboratory experiments. To accomplish this, various types of reinforced concrete, each incorporating distinct ratios of fibers and additives, were subjected to diverse loading angles relative to the initial crack (α) in order to ascertain the effective fracture toughness (Keff) of 660 samples utilizing the central straight notched Brazilian disc (CSNBD) test. Within the datasets, six pivotal input factors influencing the Keff of concrete, namely sample type (ST), diameter (D), thickness (t), length (L), force (F), and α, were taken into account. The ST and α parameters represent crucial inputs in the model presented in this study, marking the first instance that their influence has been examined via the CSNBD test. Of the 660 datasets, 460 were utilized for training purposes, while 100 each were allotted for testing and validation of the model. The GEP model was fine-tuned based on the training datasets, and its efficacy was evaluated using the separate test and validation datasets. In subsequent stages, the GEP model was optimized, yielding the most robust models. Ultimately, an equation was derived by averaging the most exemplary models, providing a means to predict the Keff parameter. This averaged equation exhibited exceptional proficiency in predicting the Keff of concrete. The significance of this work lies in the possibility of obtaining the Keff parameter without investing copious amounts of time and resources into the CSNBD test, simply by inputting the relevant parameters into the equation derived for diverse samples of reinforced concrete subject to varied loading angles.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.375-394
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• 2024

The extensive utilization of concrete has given rise to environmental concerns, specifically concerning the depletion of river sand. To address this issue, waste deposits can provide manufactured-sand (MS) as a substitute for river sand. The objective of this study is to explore the application of machine learning techniques to facilitate the production of manufactured-sand concrete (MSC) containing stone nano-powder through estimating the splitting tensile strength (STS) containing compressive strength of cement (CSC), tensile strength of cement (TSC), curing age (CA), maximum size of the crushed stone (Dmax), stone nano-powder content (SNC), fineness modulus of sand (FMS), water to cement ratio (W/C), sand ratio (SR), and slump (S). To achieve this goal, a total of 310 data points, encompassing nine influential factors affecting the mechanical properties of MSC, are collected through laboratory tests. Subsequently, the gathered dataset is divided into two subsets, one for training and the other for testing; comprising 90% (280 samples) and 10% (30 samples) of the total data, respectively. By employing the generated dataset, novel models were developed for evaluating the STS of MSC in relation to the nine input features. The analysis results revealed significant correlations between the CSC and the curing age CA with STS. Moreover, when delving into sensitivity analysis using an empirical model, it becomes apparent that parameters such as the FMS and the W/C exert minimal influence on the STS. We employed various loss functions to gauge the effectiveness and precision of our methodologies. Impressively, the outcomes of our devised models exhibited commendable accuracy and reliability, with all models displaying an R-squared value surpassing 0.75 and loss function values approaching insignificance. To further refine the estimation of STS for engineering endeavors, we also developed a user-friendly graphical interface for our machine learning models. These proposed models present a practical alternative to laborious, expensive, and complex laboratory techniques, thereby simplifying the production of mortar specimens.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.565-577
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• 2024

Vibration investigation of fluid-filled functionally graded cylindrical shells with ring supports is studied here. Shell motion equations are framed first order shell theory due to Sander. These equations are partial differential equations which are usually solved by approximate technique. Robust and efficient techniques are favored to get precise results. Employment of the Rayleigh-Ritz procedure gives birth to the shell frequency equation. Use of acoustic wave equation is done to incorporate the sound pressure produced in a fluid. Hankel's functions of second kind designate the fluid influence. Mathematically the integral form of the Langrange energy functional is converted into a set of three partial differential equations. A cylindrical shell is immersed in a fluid which is a non-viscous one. These shells are stiffened by rings in the tangential direction. For isotropic materials, the physical properties are same everywhere where the laminated and functionally graded materials, they vary from point to point. Here the shell material has been taken as functionally graded material. After these, ring supports are located at various positions along the axial direction round the shell circumferential direction. The influence of the ring supports is investigated at various positions. Effect of ring supports with empty and fluid-filled shell is presented using the Rayleigh - Ritz method with simply supported condition. The frequency behavior is investigated with empty and fluid-filled cylindrical shell with ring supports versus circumferential wave number and axial wave number. Also the variations have been plotted against the locations of ring supports for length-to-radius and height-to-radius ratio. Moreover, frequency pattern is found for the various position of ring supports for empty and fluid-filled cylindrical shell. The frequency first increases and gain maximum value in the midway of the shell length and then lowers down. It is found that due to inducting the fluid term frequency result down than that of empty cylinder. It is also exhibited that the effect of frequencies is investigated by varying the surfaces with stainless steel and nickel as a constituent material. To generate the fundamental natural frequencies and for better accuracy and effectiveness, the computer software MATLAB is used.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.11-23
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• 2016

An ecological study on subtidal macrobenthic fauna was conducted off the Namhaedo Island, south coast of Korea from July 2012 to April 2013. A total of 247 species of macrobenthos occurred with a mean density of $1,027ind./m^2$ and a mean biomass of $148.7g/m^2$. Polychaetes was the richest and most abundant faunal group that comprised 37% in both total species number and density whereas echinoderms were biomass-dominant faunal group that accounted for 44% of the mean biomass. There was a seasonal variation in the species richness and abundance of macrobenthos with more species in winter and higher density in spring. Mean faunal density was relatively high at the stations near Namhaedo Island, but gradually decreased toward offshore stations. The most dominant species in terms of density was an amphipod species, Eriopisella sechellensis which occurred as a top ranker during three seasons except spring recorded the fourth rank. E. sechellensis showed its high density at the near shore stations of Namhaedo Island, but this species did not occur around the entrance of Gwangyang and Saryang Bays where Theora fragilis and Lumbrineris longifolia showed high densities. In particular, Tharyx sp., recorded high density between Gwangyang Bay entrance and offshore after Sea Prince oil spill, did not occur in the same area during this study period. The bottom temperature and sorting value of the surface sediments were highly correlated to the spatial distribution of macrobenthic fauna from the Bio-Env analysis. From the cluster analysis, the study area has five station groups with more similar faunal affinities from inner area toward offshore area. Based on the SIMPER analysis T. fragilis, Magelona japonica, E. sechellensis, L. longifolia and Paraprionospio cordifolia were mainly contributed to the classification of station groups. From the BPI, benthic communities in the entrance of Gwangyang Bay and Saryang Bay were considered to be in a slightly polluted condition in contrast to the normal healthy community at the offshore of Namhaedo Island. These results suggested that the benthic community of this area should be regularly monitored to assess the health status of this benthic ecosystem.