• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.72-81
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of artificial saliva contamination and decontamination procedures at different stages of a bonding procedure on the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) of two one-step self-etch adhesives and a two-step total-etch adhesive to dentin of primary teeth. Forty-two extracted sound primary molars were randomly divided into three groups depending on three adhesives, Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (SBU), All-Bond Universal (ABU) and Prime & Bond NT (PNT). For each adhesive, the teeth were allocated into seven groups. Except for control group, group 1, the groups were contaminated with artificial saliva at three different stages: the groups 2 and 3 - before adhesive application; the groups 4 and 5 - before adhesive polymerization; the groups 6 and 7 - after adhesive polymerization. Decontaminating procedures were rinsing, air-drying (group 2, 4, 6) and air-drying (group 3, 5, 7). The specimens were restored with composite resin (Filtek, Z350) and microtensile bond strength was measured. The data was analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test (p < 0.05). In the control group, using PNT resulted in significantly higher bond strength than when ABU and SBU were used (p < 0.001). For three adhesives, the groups 2, 4 and 6 had greater bond strength than the groups 3, 5 and 7. Also, when the artificial saliva was contaminated before adhesive polymerization (group 4, 5), it showed a significantly lower bond strength. Generally the two-step total-etch adhesive generated a higher bond strength than the one-step self-etch adhesive. Artificial saliva contamination before adhesive polymerization led to a drastic decrease in bond strength, and rinsing with water followed by air-drying could not recover the bond strength.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to evaluate microleakage of six current dentin bonding systems. In this in vitro study, class V cavities were prepared on buccal and lingual surfaces of thirty extracted human molars. Each margin was on enamel and dentin/cementum. Experimental teeth were randomly divided into six groups of 5 each. Group 1 : Scotchbond Multi-Purpose; Group 2 : Single Bond; Group 3 : Prime&Bond NT ; Group 4 : Clearfil Liner Bond 2 ; Group 5 : MAC Bond II ; Group 6 : One-up Bond F. The bonding agent and composite resin were applied to class V cavities according to manufacturer's directions. After thermocycling, the specimens were immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin dye solution for 6 hours and sectioned longitudinally through the center of the restoration with a low speed diamond saw. The degree of microleakage was measured as the extent of dye penetration under the stereomicroscope at $\times$20. The data were analyzed using one way ANOVA. When significant differences found. multiple comparisons were made using Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results of this study were as follows: 1. In all groups, leakage value seen at the enamel margin was significantly lower than that seen at the dentin margin(P<0.001). 2. At the enamel margin, none of the dentin bonding systems used in this study showed statistically significant difference in leakage values(P<0.05). 3. At the cementum margin, group 3 showed the highest leakage value, and others were decreased as group 5, 6, 4 in that order, and group 1, 2 showed the lowest leakage value. There was statistically significant difference between group 3 and the other groups except for group 5(P<0.05).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2007

Compomer that release fluoride could be used on proximal caries of child effectively. But oral cavity is always wet, so saliva inhibits bonding of tooth and compomer. When the saliva exist on bonding, it can be occured microleakages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of salivary contamination on compomer restoration and degree of microleakage according to restoration methods. Dyract $AP^{(R)}$ and prime and $bond^{(R)}$ NT was applied by the manufacture s instructions. Elipar Trilight was applied for light curing. Saliva pool was made for reconstruction of oral cavity. Two premolar was embedded in acrylic resin. After class II cavity preperation, Dyract $AP^{(R)}$ was restored under several condition, the specimen was thermocycled 500 times with 30 second dwell time. 0.5% methylene blue was used for microleakage test. Micoleakage was measured by the ratio of the infiltration length to occlusal and gingival side interface. Data were analyzed statistically using Kruskal Wallis Test, Mann-Whitney Test. The Result were as follows ; 1. In occlusal side, there were no statistical differences. 2. In gingival side, there were no statistical differences in Group III ($ContactMatrix^{TM}$, Rubber dam, $Oraseal^{(R)}$), Group IV (No saliva contamination). 3. In gingival side, there were no statistical differences in Group I$(ContactMatrix^{TM})$, II($ContactMatrix^{TM}$, Rubber dam). 4. In gingival side, there were statistical differences in Group I$(ContactMatrix^{TM})$, II($ContactMatrix^{TM}$, Rubber dam).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.409-417
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of light irradiation over self-priming adhesive on dentin bonding. After acid etching the exposed dentin, a self-priming adhesive (Prime&Bond$^{\circledR}$NT dental adhesive system Dentsply DeTrey, GmbH, Konstanz, Germany) was applied and light irradiation was done for 20 sec with regular intensity (600 mW/$\textrm{cm}^2$) in group I and for 3 sec with ultra-high intensity (1930 mW/$\textrm{cm}^2$) in group III. No light irradiation was done over self-priming adhesive in groups II and IV. Composite resin was added on the self-priming adhesive and irradiated for 40 sec with regular intensity (600 mW/$\textrm{cm}^2$) in groups I and II and for 3 sec with ultra-high intensity (1930 mW/$\textrm{cm}^2$) in groups III and IV. To see the effect of light curing time on dentin bonding, another 3 group specimens were prepared. Without light-irradiation over self-priming adhesive, added composite resin was irradiated for 3, 6, or 12 sec with ultra-high intensity light. After bonded specimens were stored in 37$^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 24 hours, shear bond strength were measured using a universal testing machine (4202, Instron, Instron Co., U.S.A.) and fractured surfaces were examined under a stereomicroscope (SZ-PT Olympus, Japan). Statistical analysis were done with one-way, two-way ANOVA and chi-square test. The results were as follows : 1. The shear bond strengths from the groups irradiated over self-priming adhesive were significantly higher than those from the groups without irradiation (p<0.05). 2. There was no significant shear bond strength difference between regular intensity light irradiation groups and ultra-high intensity ones (p>0.05). 3. There was no significant shear bond strength difference among various irradiation time groups with ultra-high intensity ones (p>0.05). 4. In stereomicroscopic examination of fractured surfaces, adhesive-cohesive mixed failure mode was mostly seen in all groups, and there was no significant difference in failure mode among groups (p>0.05).

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.283-292
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• 2007

Two-step or one-step bonding systems generally inhibit curing process of dual-cured core build-up resin composite for their adhesive acidity. In addition this dual-cured core build-up resin composite can be applied to dentin of pulp chamber and root at the time that complete the endodontic treatment. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of sodium hypochlorite on rnicrotensile bond strength of dual-cured core build-up resin composite. Extracted human molars were horizontally sectioned with 1mm thickness using low speed diamond saw. After the sectioned specimens were divided into 8 groups, adhesive systems (Clearfil SE-Bond, Prime&Bond NT[2-step, 1-step], Adper Prompt L-Pop) were then applied with or without sodium hypochlorite pretreatment. The treated specimen was filled with dual-cured core build-up resin composite (Luxacore, DMG corp., German). Then light cured for 40 seconds and soaked in $37^{\circ}C$ water bath for 24 hours. After the treated specimen was grinded with 1mm width and measured rnicrotensile bond strength by testing machine. Additionally 8 teeth were prepared for SEM evaluation. The results were as follows. : NaOCl treated groups generally had lower rnicrotensile bond strength but did not show any difference statistically except Adper Prompt L-Pop. When the teeth were treated by NaOCl, though the difference of applied adhesive system, it had no statistically significant difference within the NaOCl treated groups except the relation of between ClearFil SE-Bond adhesive system and Adper Prompt L-Pop adhesive system. In the SEM evaluation, NaOCl treated groups presented relatively long resin tags and incomplete hybrid layer formation generally.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.492-498
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to evaluate four different composite resins in vitro for microleakage in Class II box type restorations that have gingival margins apical to the cementoenamel junction. Forty caries free extracted human molars were used in this study. The Class II cavities were prepared 1.0mm below cementoenamel junction with a #701 carbide bur. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups, each group comprising 20 treated cavities according to adhesives and filling materials ; Group 1: Scotchbond Multipurpose/Z 100. Group 2: Ariston Liner/Ariston pHc, Group 3: One Step/Pyramid, Group 4: Prime & Bond NT/SureFil. To simulate the clinical situation during restoration placement, a restoration template was fabricated and composite resin was filled using a three sited light-curing incremental technique. The specimens were stored in the 100% humidity for 7 days prior to thermocycling. The specimens were immersed in 2% methylene blue dye solution for 24 hours and then embeded in transparent acrylic resin and sectioned mesiodistally with a diamond wheel saw. The degree of marginal leakage was scored under the stereomicroscope($\times$20) and the data were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis test and Mann Whitney test. (omitted)

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.397-405
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• 2009

This study compared the effect of an activator, intermediate bonding resin and low-viscosity flowable resin on the microtensile bond strength of a self-curing composite resin used with two-step total etching adhesives. Twenty extracted permanent molars were used. The teeth were assigned randomly to nine groups (n=10) according to the adhesive system and application of additional methods (activator, intermediate adhesive, flowable resin). The bonding agents and additional applications of each group were applied to the dentin surfaces. Self-curing composite resin buildups were made for each tooth to form a core, 5mm in height. The restored teeth were then stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24h before sectioning. The microtensile bond strength of all specimens was examined. The data was analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and a Scheffe's test. The application of an intermediate bonding resin (Optibond FL adhesive) and low-viscosity flowable resin (Tetric N-flow) produced higher bond strength than that with the activator in all groups. Regardless of the method selected, Optibond solo plus produced the lowest ${\mu}TBS$ to dentin. The failure modes of the tested dentin bonding agents were mostly adhesive failure but there were some cases showed cohesive failure in the resin.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 2004

본 연구는 에폭시레진계 봉함제 (AH26)과 두 가지의 상아질 접착제와 함께 근관충전을 시 행하였을 때와 에폭시레진계 봉함제 단독으로 사용하였을 때의 미세누출을 혐기성 세균모델을 이용하여 평가하였다. 52개의 단근치를 이용하여 .04, .06 taper Profile (Dentsply-Maillefer, Ballaigues, Swiss)을 사용하여 변형된 crown-down pressureless법으로 근관형성 하였다. 형성된 치근을 12개씩 무작위로 나누어 4개의 실험군으로 하였으며, 나머지 치아 중 2개를 양성대조군에, 2개는 음성대조군으로 사용하였다. 제1군은 All Bond 2(Bisco, Itasca, IL, USA)를 적용하고 거타퍼쳐와 AH26 (Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany)을 이용하여 continuous wave of condensation technique으로 근관충전 하였으며, 제 2군은Prime ＆ Bond NT (Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany)를 적용 후 거타퍼쳐와 AH26을 이용하여 충전하였으며, 제3군은 17％ EDTA를 적용하여 도말층을 제거한 후 거터퍼쳐 와 AH26을 사용하여 충전하였다. 제4군은 17％ EDTA를 적용하지 않고 거터퍼쳐와 AH26을 사용하여 충전하였다. Fusobacterium nucleatum (VPI 10197)을 추적자로 이용한 혐기성세균모델을 사용하여 혐기성배양기에서 배양시키면서 60일 동안 각군에 대한 미세누출 여부를 관찰하였다. 매일 배양액의 혼탁도와 색상변화를 관찰하여 기록하였다. 제4군에서 통계학적으로 유의할만한 미세누출을 가장 많이 보였으며(p<0.0005) 나머지 3개의 실험군에서는 서로간의 통계학적으로 유의할 만한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 주사전자현미경 관찰 시 제 1군과 제2군의 상아질 접착제가 상아세관으로 침투한 소견을 관찰 할 수 있었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.239-248
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• 2002

이 연구의 목적은 와동의 형태가 굴곡강도와 탄성계수 등 복합레진의 물리적 성질에 미치는 영향을 평가하는 것이다. 복합레진은 Clearfil$^{TM}$ AP-X(Kuraray, Japan)와 Esthet-X$^{TM}$(Dentsply, USA)가 이용되었으며, 상아질 접착제는 Clearfil$^{TM}$ SE Bond(Kuraray, Japan)와 Prime & Bond NT$^{TM}$(Dentsply, USA)를 사용하였다. 대조군의 시편은 split steel mold(25mm$\times$2mm$\times$2mm) 내에 상기 2종류의 복합레진을 충전하여 2개의 대조군 시편을 제작하였으며, 2.4 및 3.4의 C-factor를 부여하기 위한 유리 모형와동을 제작하고, 와동 내에 상기 2종류의 복합레진을 충전하기 전 유리와동의 내면은 sandblasting 처리하고 각각의 복합레진과 동일회사 제품의 상기 상아질 접착제로 처리한 후, 복합 레진을 각각 충전하여 4개의 실험군을 제작하였다. 제작된 실험군 시편은 저속 diamond saw로 충전된 복합레진 부위의 중심부를 통과하도록 절단하여 레진기둥(25mm$\times$2mm$\times$2mm)이 되도록 제작하였다. 제작된 시편을 37$^{\circ}C$의 증류수에 24시간 동안 보관 후, 만능시험기(EZ Test, Shimadzu, Japan)를 이용하여 분당 1mm의 crosshead speed로 3점 굴곡강도를 측정하였다. 또 Linometer(R&B, Korea)를 이용하여 복합레진의 중합수축량을 측정하였으며 굴곡강도측정 후 시편의 파단면은 주사전자현미경(S-2300, Hitachi, Japan)을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 실험결과의 통계분석은 95% 수준의 one-way ANOVA/Tukey's test를 이용하여 결과를 얻었다. 실험에 이용된 2종류 복합레진의 굴곡강도와 탄성계수는 C-factor치 증가에 따라 감소하였으며, 파단면 또한 C-factor의 증가에 따라 더 불규칙해지는 양상을 나타내었다. 본 실험의 결과 hybrid형 복합레진이 micro-hybrid형 복합레진에 비해 C-factor의 영향을 더 많이 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 와동의 C-factor증가가 굴곡강도나 탄성계수와 같은 복합레진의 물리적 성질을 저하시킨다는 것을 의미하였다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.34-43
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to compare microleakage and marginal hybrid layer in class V restorations using two one-bottle adhesives and one self-etching adhesive. Class V cavity preparations with occlusal margins in enamel and gingival margins in dentin were pre-pared on buccal and lingual surfaces of 30 extracted human molar teeth. Prepared teeth were randomly divided into three treatment groups (n=30) and restored with three adhesives and composites: Single Bond/Filtek Z-250 (Group 1), Prime&BondNT/Esthet.X (Group 2), UniFil Bond/UniFil F (Group 3). For microleakage, samples were stored in room temperature water for 24 hours, thermocycled stained with 2% methylene blue dye, sectioned into halves, scored and analysed using Mann-whitney test and Wilcoxon signed rank sum test. For marginal hybrid layer, samples were sectioned into halves, treated with 10% phosphoric acid for 5 seconds, stored in 5% NaOCL solution for 24 hours, dried and gold coated. Occlusal and gingival margins of each sample were inspected under SEM. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. Microleakage at the occlusal margins was not evident in group 1 and group 2, but it showed in group 3 (p<0.05). 2. Microleakage in group 1 and group 3 was significantly lower than in group 2 at gingival margins (p<0.05). 3. Microleakage at gingival margins was greater than at occlusal margins in group 1 and group 2, but microleakage at occlusal margins was greater than at gingival margins in group 3 (p<0.05). 4. In group 1 and group 2, no gaps at occlusal margins showed. But gaps showed in group 3. Occlusal margins were free from a hybrid layer in all groups 5. The thickness of the marginal hybrid layers was 2.5~5 $\mu\textrm{m}$ thick in group 5 $\mu\textrm{m}$ thick in group 2 and 1.5 $\mu\textrm{m}$ thick in group 3. 6 There was no corelation between microleakage and thickness of marginal hybrid layer. In coclusion, the effect of dentin adhesives on microleakge in class V composite restorations was excellent when one-bottle adhesives were applied on enamel margin, and it was good when a self-etching adhesive was applied on dentinal margin. There was no corelation between microleakage and thickness of marginal hybrid layer.