• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.1837-1843
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• 2014

Background: No studies on male attitudes towards HPV and HPV vaccination have been conducted in Japan, and little is known globally whether attitudes of single fathers differ to those living with a female partner. This exploratory study assessed whether Japanese fathers were likely to have their daughter vaccinated against HPV in a publically funded program and whether any differences existed regarding attitudes and knowledge about HPV according to marital status. Materials and Methods: Subjects were 27 fathers (16 single; 11 married) who took part in a study on HPV vaccine acceptability aimed at primary caregivers of girls aged 11-14 yrs in three Japanese cities between July and December 2010. Results: Knowledge about HPV was extremely poor (mean score out of 13 being $2.74{\pm}3.22$) with only one (3.7%) participant believing he had been infected with HPV and most (81.4%) believing they had no or low future risk. No difference existed regarding knowledge or awareness of HPV according to marital status. Concerning perceived risk for daughters, single fathers were significantly more likely to believe their daughter was at risk for both HPV (87.5% versus 36.4%; p=0.01) and cervical cancer (75.0% versus 27.3%; p=0.02). Acceptability of free HPV vaccination was high at 92% with no difference according to marital status, however single fathers were significantly more likely (p=0.01) to pay when vaccination came at a cost. Concerns specific to single fathers included explaining the sexual nature of HPV and taking a daughter to a gynecologist to be vaccinated. Conclusions: Knowledge about HPV among Japanese fathers is poor, but HPV vaccine acceptability is high and does not differ by marital status. Providing sexual health education in schools that addresses lack of knowledge about HPV as well as information preferences expressed by single fathers, may not only increase HPV vaccine acceptance, but also actively involve men in cervical cancer prevention strategies. However, further large-scale quantitative studies are needed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6227-6231
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• 2013

In the past, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was endemic in the general Korean population. The association of HBV infection with the occurrence of liver cancer has been well demonstrated in several epidemiologic studies. While the mortality rates of liver cancer in Korea have decreased steadily over the last decade, the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in mothers remains high at 3-4%, and 25.5% of these HBsAg positive mothers are positive for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). HBV infection caused almost a quarter of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases and one-third of deaths from HCC. These aspects of HBV infection prompted the Korean government to create a vaccination program against HBV in the early 1980s. In 1995, the Communicable Disease Prevention Act (CDPA) was reformed, and the government increased the number of HBV vaccines in the National Immunization Program (NIP), driving the vaccination rate up to 95%. In 2000, the National Health Insurance Act (NHIA) was enacted, which provided increased resources for the prevention of perinatal HBV infection. Then in 2002, the Korean government, in conjunction with the Korean Medical Association (KMA), launched an HBV perinatal transmission prevention program. The prevalence of HBsAg in children had been high (4-5%) in the early 1980s, but had dropped to below 1% in 1995, and finally reached 0.2% in 2006 after the NIP had been implemented. After the success of the NIP, Korea finally obtained its first certification of achievement from the Western Pacific Regional Office of the World Health Organization (WPRO-WHO) for reaching its goal for HBV control. An age-period-cohort analysis showed a significant reduction in the liver cancer mortality rate in children and adolescents after the NIP had been implemented. In addition to its vaccination efforts, Korea launched the National Cancer Screening Program (NCSP) for 5 leading sites of cancer, including the liver, in 1999. As a consequence of this program, the 5-year liver cancer survival rate increased from 13.2% (1996-2000) to 23.3% (2003-2008). The development of both the primary and secondary prevention for liver cancer including HBV immunization and cancer screening has been of critical importance.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권10호
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• pp.1219-1226
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• 2002

목 적 : 국내에서는 1960년대 중반 이후 꾸준히 홍역 예방 접종을 시행해 옴에도 불구하고 2000-2001년에 전국적인 홍역의 대유행이 발생하였다. 저자들은 수도권 지역내 홍역 환아 중 입원 치료를 받은 환아를 대상으로 임상 양상의 특징을 조사하고 예방 접종의 효과에 대하여 알아보았다. 방 법: 2000년 6월부터 2001년 2월까지 고려대학교 안산병원, 관동대학교 일산 명지병원 및 서울 동부시립병원 소아과에서 임상적으로 진단된 홍역 환자 305명을 대상으로 연령과 성, 홍역 예방 접종력, 증상이 나타난 후 입원까지의 기간, 입원 기간, 합병증의 유무 및 그 유형 그리고 혈청 홍역 특이 IgM/IgG 항체를 검사하여 백신 실패율을 구하였다. 결 과 : 대상 환아 305명 중 12개월 미만은 118명(38.7%), 12-47개월은 84명(27.5%), 48개월 이상은 103명(33.8%)이었고 남녀비는 1.2 : 1로 남아가 많았다. 발병 연령은 $50.0{\pm}56.4$개월, 발진이 나타난 후 입원할 때까지의 기간은 $2.5{\pm}1.6$일, 재원 기간은 $6.4{\pm}3.4$일이었으며, 발진 발생 후 입원까지의 기간과 재원기간은 연령군 별로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 홍역 입원 환아는 2000년 6월부터 발생하기 시작하여 10월부터 현저히 증가되었으며 12월에 최고조에 달하였고 2001년 2월 이후로는 거의 발생하지 않았다. 유행은 연장아부터 시작되어 점차 어린 연령군으로 전파되는 양상을 보였다. 홍역 환아 중 1회 이상 홍역 예방 접종을 시행한 경우는 65.2%(199명)였고, 48개월 이상의 환아 중 현재의 예방 접종 권장안대로 2회 접종을 받은 경우는 13.6%였다. 1회의 홍역 예방 접종력이 있는 환아 180명 중 일차 백신 실패율은 59.4%(107/180명), 이차 백신 실패율은 3.9%(7/180명)였다. 61.6%의 환아가 합병증을 나타냈으며, 38.4%는 합병증이 나타나지 않았다. 합병증은 폐렴이 31.8%로 가장 많았고, 기관지염 11.5%, 중이염 4.6%의 순이었으며 백신 접종력 및 접종 횟수는 합병증의 발생과 유의한 상관성이 없었다. 결 론 : 2000년-2001년에 유행한 홍역의 임상 양상은 이전의 유행과 비교하여 볼 때 특이한 변화를 보이지는 않았으나 나이가 많은 연령층에서 시작하여 어린 연령층으로 확산되는 특징이 있었다. 홍역 환아들 중에서는 특히 일차 백신 실패율이 매우 높으므로 홍역 예방을 위해서는 이차 접종을 철저히 시행하는 것이 매우 중요하다.

• 한국농촌간호학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.91-101
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify health promotion services in rural areas and factors influencing this service. Method: From March to April, 2007, a structured questionnaire on services in 2006 was used to collect data from community health practitioners in all of the Primary Health Care Posts (PHCP) in North Chungchong Province. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 Win program. Results: The most frequently offered programs were health gymnastics, walking exercise, bathing and vaccination service, and hypertension management. The main obstacles to these health services were lack of adequate space, insufficient budget, and overwork. The most frequently offered health education programs were education on hypertension, exercise, diabetes, volunteer work, and smoking cessation. The main obstacles to health education were lack of adequate space, insufficient education materials and equipment, and lack of cooperation from the citizens. Improvement and reinforcement of health promotion programs should include support of specialist, development of appropriate methods of service delivery, and education materials, and increase ease in using community resources. Conclusions: The research results show that a new model of health promotion must be developed for efficient health promotion programs in rural PHCP.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2016

The two distinctive clinical features of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) are varicella (chickenpox) by primary infection and zoster (singles) by the reactivation of latent infection. In addition to the two typical clinical symptoms mentioned above, diverse clinical manifestations have been reported as a result of VZV reactivation, including chronic radicular pain without rash, visual loss, facial palsy, dysphagia, sore throat, odynophagia, otalgia, hearing loss, dizziness, headache, hemiplegia, etc. Most of these symptoms are derived from neuropathy and vasculopathy of affected nerves and arteries. Diagnosis of VZV disease can be difficult if there is no appearance of a skin rash during development of atypical symptoms. In addition to natural infection, vaccination and anti-viral agent treatment have influenced the changes of epidemics and clinical presentations of varicella and zoster. In this article, diverse clinical manifestations caused by VZV reactivation, particular without skin rash, are reviewed.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

Noroviruses (NoVs) are one major etiologic agent in acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in all ages and are the primary cause of food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide. GII-4 NoVs has predominated since 1990s, and novel recombinant strains have been reported worldwide. Researchers face difficulties in making vaccines and therapeutic agents against NoVs due to the lack of cell culture and animal-model systems and the rapid emergence of novel variant strains. Recently, a randomized clinical trial for intranasal NoVs vaccine has been reported, which casts a light in the way of vaccine production. This review discusses the recent findings on the structure, immunity, and vaccination of NoVs.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.78-84
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• 2015

Although researches have highlighted the important role of enhanced farm biosecurity to reduce the severity and prevalence of diseases in livestock, to date there has been little study in Korea on farmers' adoption of biosecurity measures to control porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. To mitigate the risk of PRRSV infection in pigs, the risk factors by which PRRSV is introduced in pig farms must be determined. The primary aim of this study was to investigate pig producers' perceptions about on-farm biosecurity practices. We also analyzed data obtained from a cross-sectional study on 196 farrow-to-finish farms conducted between March 2013 and February 2014 to identify risk factors for PRRSV infection at farm level. Standardized questionnaires with information about basic demographical data and management practices were collected in each farm by on-site visit of trained veterinarians. Farms were classified as negative or positive through the use of infection profiles that combined data on PCR positive pigs and serological testing including antibody titer, sero-conversion pattern at each age category, and vaccination status. Data on biosecurity practices, farm management and environmental characteristics were analyzed using multivariate ordinal logistic regression. Generally, the biosecurity level in the pig farms included in this study were insufficient to reduce/prevent the risk of PRRSV infection given the high pig density areas and the considerable extent of vehicle movement. Factors associated with PRRSV infection were those where owners used on-farm vaccination programs had a lower risk of infection (OR = 0.19, 95% CI 0.06-0.61). The results from the analysis may guide to tailor biosecurity measures in the reduction or prevention of PRRS to the specific circumstances of pig farms in different localities of the world. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first study to report information on the biosecurity practices currently implemented on Korean pig farms.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.2707-2710
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• 2013

Background: This study used pre-hepatitis A vaccination era data in U.S. to study the relationship between serum hepatitis A antibody positivity with pancreas cancer mortality in adults. Patients and Methods: Public use National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) data were employed. NHANES III uses complex probabilistic methods to sample nationally representative samples. Household adult laboratory and mortality data were merged. Sample persons who were available to be examined in the Mobile Examination Center (MEC) were included in this study. All results were obtained by using specialized survey software taking into account the primary sampling unit and stratification variables and the weights assigned to the sample persons examined in the MEC. Thus they are representative of the U.S. population. Results: The mean risk (95%CI) of death in the study population for pancreas cancer was 0.0014 (-0.000069 -.0029); their mean age (95%CI) at the mobile examination center (MXPAXTMR) was 473.43 (463.85-482.10); the follow up in months from their medical examination (permth_exm) was 170.12 (164.17-176.07). The odds ratios (S.E.) of the statistically significant univariables were: age, 1.007 (1.005-1.009); serum anti-hepatitis antibody status, 0.038 (0.004-0.376); and drinking hard liquor, 1.014 (1.004-1.023). The coefficients (S.E.) of the statistically significant variables after multivariate analysis were 0.006 (0.002-0.010) for age and -2.528 (-4.945--0.111) for serum anti-hepatitis A antibody negativity (using serum anti-hepatitis A antibody positivity as a reference). Conclusion: Serum hepatitis A antibody positivity correlates with higher pancreas cancer mortality in adults.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.155-165
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• 1985

Effects of binary ethylenimine (BEI) treatment on the inactivation of infectivity and hemagglutinin of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were studied in comparison with those of formalin treatment. Immune responses of chickens vaccinated with BEI-inactivated NDV vaccines were also investigated. The results were summarized as followings; 1. Complete loss of infectivity of NDV (Bl) was observed at 3, 7, and 24 hours after the treatment at $37^{\circ}C$ with BEI concentrations of 0.01M, 0.005M and 0.001M, respectively. 2. The hemagglutinin activity of NDV (Bl) remained constant when treated with 0.01M BEI at $37^{\circ}C$. However, it gradually decreased when treated with 0.1% or 0.2% formalin at $37^{\circ}C$. 3. When 4-week-old chickens were vaccinated with NDV vaccines prepared from Bl or Miyadera strains of NDV, inactivated with 0.1M BEI and adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide gel, favorable immune responses were observed throughout the 8 weeks of observation period. 4. When these chickens were revaccinated at 8 weeks after the first vaccination, strong anamnestic responses were evoked and the immunity maintained for 4 weeks of the observation. Though slightly bettor immune responses were observed after primary vaccination in chickens vaccinated with Bl vaccine compared with those vaccinated with Miyadera vaccine, the differences were not significant. 5. On the electron microscopy, BEI (0.01M) gave least effect to the envelope as well as capsid of NDV.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.503-512
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• 2002

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop educational materials for preventing type B viral hepatitis infection. Prior to this study, a survey had been conducted to define the educational needs of persons with hepatitis B antigen. Method: Based on the results of the former study and a review of the literature, the content of the educational materials was confined to the transmission cycle and its prevention in type B hepatitis. A professional team that consisted of writers and producers videotaped the lectures provided by professors and instructors in a nursing school. A professional graphic designer produced the leaflet to enhance the visual effects. Results: The contents of the educational materials for type B hepatitis were composed of six parts: (1) the prevalence rate (or morbidity) of type B hepatitis antigen positive and its recent trend, (2) transformation of hepatitis. (3) transmission cycle of hepatitis infection, (4) persons who are susceptible to hepatitis and need a vaccination, (5) preventive approach hepatitis vaccination and the guideline for patients' daily lives for preventing infection and (6) questions and answers. The materials were delivered in the form of lectures, visual charts, graphics, and multi-media. Conclusion: The educational materials developed in this study may provide practical information and knowledge on strategies to prevent type B hepatitis. The educational materials may be utilized in primary health care centers or school health services.