• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.2833-2839
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• 2016

Background: Tobacco use among youth is a major public health problem. Youth outside of formal school settings are often understudied but may be at increased risk. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 326 young people aged 15-24 years in four randomly selected motor parks in Lagos state. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Results: The mean age of the respondents was $21.0{\pm}2.3yrs$. Many 252 (77.3%) dropped out before the end of the third year of secondary schooling. The majority were aware that active (78.2%), and passive smoking (77.3%) are harmful to health. Nearly two-thirds of the respondents disagreed with an outright ban of cigarettes (63.2%) and restriction of cigarette sales to persons below 18 years (67.9%) while 254 (66.8%) supported a ban on tobacco smoking in enclosed public places. One hundred and fifty (46.0%) respondents had experimented with smoking of which 106 (32.5%) had progressed to become current smokers. Half of the current smokers, 54 (50.9%), felt the need for a cigarette first thing in the morning. A multivariate analysis for smoking initiation, showed that for every increasing year of age, respondents were 1.08 times more likely to have initiated cigarette smoking; males and respondents who lived alone or with peers were 2.34 times and 1.77 times more likely to have initiated smoking respectively; those who consume alcohol and marijuana were 7.27 and 1.89 times respectively more likely to have initiated smoking while those who consumed alcohol were 6.17 times more likely to be current smokers.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.661-676
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• 2000

Gingivitis and periodontitis are infectious diseases in that microorganisms are the primary extrinsic cause of the diseases. the occurrence of gingivitis has been associated clearly with the presence of microorganisms at the disease site, and the histologic nature of the tissue involved is indicative of an inflammatory response induced by microorganisms. additional evidence for the microbial etiology of periodontal disease is that numerous antimicrobial agents are effective in reducing plaque accumulation and periodontal diseases. the purpose of this article is to analyze the antimicrobial effects of Pulsatilla koreana. Well-dried Pulsatilla koreana purchased from herbs distributor was ground and extracted into methanol(MeOH), ethylacetate(EtoAc), chlorform($CHCl_3$) and Butyl alcohol(BuOH). we have then applied each solution to the bacteria samples(Bacteroides forsythus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Porphylomonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Eikenella corrodens, Prevotella intermedia, Actinomyces viscosus, Prevotella nigrescens , Rothia dentocariosa, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus) collected from several organizations. To conduct susceptibility test(Kirby-Bauer method), plate contained each periodontopathic bacteria is spread extracted into methanol(MeOH), ethylacetate(EtoAc), chlorform($CHCl_3$) and Butyl alcohol(BuOH) and to measure the minimum inhibition concentration(MIC) of the bacteria against the solutions to ultimately determine antimicrobial effects of the solutions, insert bacteria sample into $20{\mu\ell}/{m\ell}$, $10{\mu\ell}/{m\ell}$, $5{\mu\ell}/{m\ell}$, $2.5{\mu\ell}/{m\ell}$ of each solution and control group(not contained solution) 1. Solution extracted into methanol did not show clear zone against all bacteria samples. Only P.nigrescens, S. mutans and S. sanguis in solution extracted into ethylacetate, S. mutans and S. anguis in solutions extracted into chlorform and Butyl alcohol showed clear zone against all bacteria samples. Solution extracted into Butyl alcohol showed clear zone against 13 types of bacteria, excluding P. gingivalis. 2. In Solution extracted into methanol, the bacteria samples grew in the highest concentrated plate, showing minimal variation from control group. 3. In Solution extracted into Butyl alcohol, S. aureus, P. intermedia, E. corrodens, A. actinomycetemcomitans, B. forsythus, P. gingivalis et al. showed decreased growth in the highest concentrated plate. P. auruginosa, R. dentocariosa, A. viscosus, P. nigrescens, S. mutans et al. showed decreased growth at MIC $20{\mu\ell}/{m\ell}$ and S. sanguis showed decreased growth at MIC $10{\mu\ell}/{m\ell}$. 4. By analyzing the MIC level through considering the results from Kirby-Bauer method, Solution extracted into methanol did not reveal any antimicrobial effects and Solution extracted into Butyl alcohol showed the highest antimicrobial effects In conclusion, it can be used the extracts of Pulsatilla koreana as wide spectrum antimicrobial agent.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.375-380
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• 2003

현미를 이용하여 증자하지 않고 생전분 분해효소를 이용한 알콜발효조건을 모니터링 하였다. 알콜발효에 가장 영향을 미치는 요인변수인 현미분쇄 정도에 따른 입자크기(20, 40, 60 mesh), 효소제 함량(0.1, 0.3, 0.5%), 교반속도(0, 100, 200 rpm)에 대하여 반응표면회귀분석한 결과, 현미분쇄 정도는 35~42 mesh, 효소제함량 0.32~0.43%(w/w) 범위로 나타났으며, 이때 알콜발효의 품질인자인 알콜함량, 총당, 환원당, 아미노산도, 총산 및 pH의 $R^2$는 환원당을 제외한 모든 성분에서 5~l0%이내의 수준에서 유의성이 인정되었다. 또한 최적조건범위 에서 실증실험 결과 pH 4.33, 총산 1.10, 아미노산도 0.51, 환원당 200.50 mg%, 총당 1,039.0 mg%, 알콜함량 10.15%로 RSM기법에 의해 예측된 값과 유사한 값을 나타내어 도출된 회귀식의 신뢰성을 검증할 수 있었다. 또한 최적조건의 알콜발효 중 성분분석 결과 pH는 6.26에서 발효가 진행됨에 따라 점 점 감소하여 발효 종료시 4.34이었으며, 총산은 발효초기 0.15였으며 발효가 진행됨에 따라 다소 증가하였으나 발효종료시 0.20으로 총산의 변화는 크지 않았다. 아미노산도는 발효초기 1.88에서 발효가 진행됨에 따라 감소하는 경향이었으며 발효종료시 0.92었다. 환원당과 총당은 발효가 진행됨에 따라 감소하여 각각 213, 1,077 mg%로 나타났다. 알콜함량은 발효 24시간부터 증가하여 발효 48시간에 10.15%로 최대치를 나타낸 후 감소하였다. 이상의 결과로 생전분분해효소를 이용한 현미 알콜발효조건을 설정할 수 있었으며, 초산발효에 필요한 알콜함량을 얻을 수 있어 생전분을 이용한 현미식초 제조가 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국자연치유학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.109-115
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• 2022

배경: 야생 망초의 항산화 물질의 존재와 활성화 연구는 아직 미진한 상태이다. 목적: 본 연구에서는 망초를 에탄올에서 추출하여 항산화 물질의 활성에 관하여 연구하였다. 방법: 야생 망초를 세척한 다음에 에탄올로 추출하여 다양한 분석기기를 활용하여 항산화성 물질의 활성을 조사하였다. 결과: 야생 망초 추출물의 수율 비율은 최고는 49.3% 이었으며 온도와 에탄올 비율에 따라서 다양하게 나타났다. 추출에서 180℃에서 물과 에탄올 비율이 50:50에서 가장 높았다. 추출물의 세포독성 실험에서는 무처리 군은 100% 생존율, 실험군에서는 추출물 50 ppm 이상에서는 98-100%로 나타났다. 거의 모든 농도에서 세포독성이 없었다. 실험군에 서는 추출물 25 ppm에서는 Nitric oxide 생성은 42%까지 억제되었다. 추출물 50 ppm에서는 유리 지방산 함량이 15%가 감소하였다. 세포 생존율은 추출물 농도가 50 ppm에서는 20%, 100 ppm에서 24%이었다. 추출물 농도 500 ppm에서는 DPPH과 ABTs를 이용한 유리 산소 소거 능은 90-98%로 나타났다. DPPH와 ABTs 자유기 소거 활성의 변화를 3차원적으로 관찰하였을 때에 85℃에서는 온도가 증가함에 따라 항산화 활성이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 85~130℃에서는 온도가 증가함에 따라 오히려 감소하는 경향으로 나타났다. 결론: 야생 망초 에탄올 추출물에서 항산화 물질이 확인되었으며, 세포독성도 거의 없고, NO 생산도 억제하고, 유리 산소의 소거 기능도 높게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 망초 추출물을 다양한 자연치유적 활용에 대한 기초적 자료를 제공하고 있다고 본다.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.99-110
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was done to identify the relationship between smoking, drinking and safety behavior in middle and high school students in one Korean province, North Cholla. Method: The study sample included 1,327 randomly selected middle and high school students from S-Gun area in Chonbuk Province. The data were collected using an anonymous questionnaire developed by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (2005). The data were analyzed using the SPSSWIN 15.0 program. Results: The smoking rate in the middle and high school students was 6.9%, and the drinking rate was 24.9%. The rate for seatbelt use was 49.3%, for drunk driving, 8.8%, and for riding in car driven by a drunk driver, 24.0%. The rates for seatbelt use, for drunk driving, and for riding in a drunk driver were higher in smokers and drinkers than in non-smokers and non-drinkers(p<.05). Conclusion: The smoking and drinking status of the adolescents was correlated with their safety behavior practices as they relate to seatbelt use, drunk driving, and for riding in car driven by a drunk driver. Therefore, an elementary school level program to curb student smoking and alcohol consumption is needed to prevent smoking and alcohol consumption in middle and high school students and contribute to improvement in their safety behavior practices.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.217-229
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• 2007

Purpose: This study sought to investigate the relationship between smoking, drinking and the mental health of adolescents. Method: The study subjects included 1,092 randomly sampled third-year middle and high school students from N-City and the L-Kun area in Chonbuk Province. The data were collected using an anonymous questionnaire developed by the Ministry of Health and Welfare(2005). The data were analyzed using the SPSSWIN 15.0 Program. Result: The smoking rate in the adolescents was 10.1%, and the drinking rate was 43.2%. The stress recognition rate in normal daily life was 45.5%, the frequency of depressive symptoms was 33.2% and 40.0% of the subjects reported that they wanted to die at some point within the past year. The rate of stress recognition, depressive symptom experience, suicidal planning and attempt in smokers and drinkers was higher than that in non-smokers and non-drinkers (p<.05). Especially, the frequency of suicidal thoughts was higher in the drinkers than in the non-drinkers (p<.05). Conclusion: The smoking and drinking status of the adolescents was correlated with their mental health a sit relates to stress, depression and suicide. Therefore, an effective program for the prohibition of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption is needed in order to prevent smoking and alcohol consumption in adolescents and improve their mental health status.

• 약학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.756-764
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• 1997

Ile-224 in I269S mutant horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzyme S (HLADH-S) was mutated to serine by site-directed mutagenesis in order to study the role of the residue in c oenzyme binding to the enzyme. The specific activity of the I269S and I224S mutant enzyme to ethanol was increased 6-fold and all Michaelis constants($K_a,\;K_b,\;K_p,\;and\;K_q$,/TEX>) were larger than those for the wild-type and I269S enzyme. The substitution decreased the afffinity to coenzymes and increased the specific activity of the enzyme. The mutant enzyme showed the highest catalytic efficiency for octanol among the primary alcohols. But it didn`t have activities on retinoids and 5${\beta}$-cholanic acid-3-one. From these results, it was confirmed that the hydrophobic interaction of Ile-224 residue with coenzyme was related to coenzyme affinity in ADH reaction. The substitution also affected the substrate affinities to the enzyme.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.99-107
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• 2024

Gastric cancer has been consistently decreasing worldwide, whereas cardia gastric cancer is on the rise. This indicates that the exposure rates to epidemiological causes are changing. In this study, we aim to review the risk factors for gastric cancer with respect to cardia and non-cardia types. One of the most significant risk factors for gastric cancer is Helicobacter pylori infection. H. pylori infection is known as a risk factor for non-cardia gastric cancer, and there have been results indicating that H. pylori infection is not associated with cardia gastric cancer. However, in the East Asian region, there is epidemiological evidence suggesting that H. pylori infection might be a risk factor for cardia gastric cancer. Smoking and alcohol consumption are known risk factors for gastric cancer, regardless of anatomical location. Obesity is considered a factor in the development of cardia gastric cancer. However, further research is needed to understand the specific relationship with non-cardia gastric cancer. The consumption of high-salt and processed meat is more distinctly associated with noncardia gastric cancer than in cardia gastric cancer. In addition to these factors, exposure to chemicals and radiation are considered risk factors for gastric cancer. Primary prevention of gastric cancer involves eliminating or avoiding risk factors such as H. pylori eradication and adopting a healthy lifestyle, including quitting smoking, reducing alcohol consumption, maintaining a healthy weight, and having a low-salt diet.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.75-83
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• 1982

사과주(酒) 효모(酵母)의 Saccharomyces sp. R-11의 배양조건(培養條件)을 균생육(菌生育)과 알코올생성(生成)의 측면(側面)에서 검토(檢討)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 기본배지(基本培地)로서는 Henneberg B 배지(培地)가 가장 양호(良好)하였으며 탄소원(炭素源)으로 sucrose가 가장 우수하여 균(菌)의 생육면(生育面)으로는 15%, 알코올생성(生成)을 위해서는 25% 첨가(添加)가 가장 적당하였다. 공시균(供試菌)의 생육(生育)을 위한 최적(最適) pH는 4.5, 온도(溫度)는 30^{\circ}C$였다. 한편 $Mg^{2+}$ 첨가(添加)는 균생육(菌生育)을 촉진(促進)시켰으며$Co^{2+}$는 저해(沮害)하였다. 알코올생성(生成)은 배양온도(培養溫度)가 낮을수록, 최적(最適) pH에 가까울수록 양호(良好)하였다. Generation time은 정치배양시(靜置培養時) 최적생육조건(最適生育條件)에서 7.5시간(時間)이었으며 specific growth rate 0.092 $hr^{-1}$이었다. 균생육(菌生育)은 알코올농도(濃度) 8%에서 약 50% 저해(沮害)되었으며 12% 이상(以上)에서는 거의 불가능(不可能)하였다. 본공시균(本供試菌)은 알코올 무첨가시(無添加時) $SO_2$ 125ppm까지, 알코올농도(濃度) 8%에서는 75ppm까지 생육(生育)이 가능(可能)하였으며, $SO_2$ 농도(濃度)가 높아질수록 lag phase가 길어지는 경향(傾向)을 보였다 알코올농도(濃度)와 $SO_2$ 관계에서는, 균생육(菌生育)은 초기(初期) 알코올농도(濃度) 6%까지는 $SO_2$ 농도(濃度)에 관계없이 별(別)다른 차(差)가 인정되지 않았으며, $SO_2$ 무첨가(無添加) 및 25ppm에서는 초기(初期) 알코올농도(濃度) 10%, $SO_2$ 50ppm 및 75ppm에서는 8%, $SO_2$ 100 및 125ppm에서는 초기(初期) 알코올농도(濃度) 6%까지 알코올생성(生成)이 가능했다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.292-302
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• 2008

- Abstract - Objectives: The purpose of this paper is to determine an efficient operation plan for a smoking cessation clinic in public health centers. To do so, the primary success factors in smoking cessation have been analyzed after classifying the smoking cessation programs of public health centers into urban and rural areas. Methods: A study was conducted with 262,837 smokers age 19 or older who were provided with smoking cessation services for more than 6 months through smoking cessation clinics at public health centers(250 clinics nationwide) from July 16, 2006 to July 15, 2007. Results: Urban areas indicated that gender, age, social security, the frequency of counseling, re-enrollment in the program, the number of cigarettes per day and alcohol problems were all factors that influenced the success of smoking cessation. On the other hand, in the rural areas the total number of counseling, re-enrollment in the program, the number of cigarettes per day and alcohol problems were the influential factors. Furthermore, the urban area confirmed that the frequency of counseling, re-enrollment in the program, the number of cigarettes per day and alcohol problems affected traveling while the rural area was affected by social security, the frequency of counseling and re-enrollment. Conclusions: It has been confirmed that the success rate and factors of smoking cessation clinics can vary depending on the region and enrollment method.