• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.535-542
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• 2010

Objectives: Exposure assessment is a major challenge faced by studies that evaluate the association between pesticide exposure and adverse health outcomes. The objective of this study was to investigate the reliability of information that farmers self-report regarding their pesticide use. Methods: Twenty five items based upon existing questionnaires were designed to focus on pesticide exposure. In 2009, a selfadministrated survey was conducted on two occasions four weeks apart among 205 farmers residing in Gyeonggi and Gangwon provinces. For a reliability measure, we calculated the percentage agreement, the kappa statistics and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between the two reports according to the characteristics of the subjects. Results: Agreement for ever-never use of any pesticide was 96.4% (kappa 0.61). For both 'years used' and 'age at the first use' of overall pesticides, high agreement was obtained (ICC: 0.88 and, 0.78, respectively), whereas those of 'days used' and 'hours used' were relatively low (ICC: 0.42 and, 0.66, respectively). The kappa value for the use of personal protective equipment ranged from 0.46 to 0.59, and hygiene activities came out at 0.19 to 0.37. The agreement for individual pesticide use ranged widely and there was relatively low agreement due to the low response rates. The reliability scores did not significantly vary according to gender, age, the education level, the types of crop or the years of farming. Conclusions: Our results support that carefully designed, self-reported information on ever-never pesticide use among farmers is reliable. However, the reliability of data on individual pesticide exposure may be unstable due to low response rates and needs to be refined.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.125-139
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• 2009

Objective : This study was performed in order to provide basic data for halitosis prevention and establish a device to efficiently eliminate halitosis and to analyze the factors that affect the halitosis. Methods : Oral examination on the Gingival index, CPITN, Tongue Plaque index, and OHI-S as well as halitosis measurement among 293 rural residents. Results : Gingival index was high at mild on female and at moderate on male(p=0.025). Sorting the result by age, mild was 54.1% in the 40s, and moderate was 49.5%, 42.0% and 70.0% each in the 50s, 60s, and the 70s(p=0.005). The need for dental plaque management was 100%. The need for scaling was high with 78.3%, 93.0%, 89.9%, and 90.0% each for the 40s, 50s, 60s, and 70s. The need for complex periodontal treatment was also high with 32.4%, 47.5%, 48.7% and 60.0%, each for the 40s, 50s, 60s, and 70s(p=0.050). The highest bad condition for OHI-S was 69.5%, and good being 18.9%, and very bad being 11.6%. For moderate tongue plaque index was 74.4% as the highest. As the level of education increased, the slight tongue plague was increased, but in contrast, the moderate and higher tongue plague index was decreased(p=0.010). OG under 50ppm was 61.1% on male and OG over 50ppm was 50.9% on female(p=0.041). In OG over 50ppm, CPITN was 52.1% and 41.9% in scaling and complex periodontal treatment group(p=0.018). OHI-S, in bad and very bad condition with OG, over 50ppm, was 48.7% and 46.9%(p=0.019). The higher tongue plague index showed significant amount of increase at OG and EG above 50ppm(p=0.006). $NH_3$, as the tongue plaque index increased, the wider range of distribution was shown(p=0.000). As for the multiple regression analysis result, there have been selected females and tongue plaque index as factors affecting OG. There have been selected age and tongue plaque index as factors affecting EG and there have been selected females as factors affecting on $NH_3$. Conclusions : With the aforementioned results in mind, the status of halitosis among rural residents is considered to bare a close relation with oral environments. we have to focus on correct tooth brushing methods and tongue brushing, with using tongue cleaner to remove fur of tongue plaque. Also, in order to analyze exactly the factors of individual halitosis, we need continuous and systematic study.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.345-353
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• 2018

This study examined the associations of smoking, alcohol drinking habits and both with the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in university students. This study was performed using a CAGE (test for alcohol: cutting down, annoyance by criticism, guilty feeling, and eye-openers) questionnaire, FTND (the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence) questionnaire, and CIMT of university students. No statistically significant differences were observed among the CIMT results according to each CAGE level classified into 3 groups. The results of CIMT according to the FTND smoking categorization showed that the smoking group was higher than nonsmoking group (P<0.01). A statistically significant difference was observed between the left and right CIMT regarding smoking and drinking (P<0.01). In the only drink risk group, the left CIMT (19.84 rank) showed a low-ranking. The CIMT on the left (42.38 rank) and right (42.81 rank) showed high scores in the group with only the risk of smoking (P<0.01). These results suggested that there are distinct differences in CIMT and relevant risk factors between smokers and drinkers, particularly among those with a high smoking status. This study had several limitations: the study population was small; the relatively young age of the study subjects; and limited of focus on smoking, drinking and CIMT. In conclusion, cigarette smoking significantly exacerbates the adverse effects and higher CIMT on the subclinical atherosclerosis risk in young adults, which underscores the importance of prevention and cessation of cigarette smoking in young adults.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.484-492
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• 2017

This study assessed female occupational therapist job stress and musculoskeletal pain, and examines the problems caused by sexual harassment, family, and marriage policy. The results provide information to improve work environments, reduce job stress, yield data needed for sexual harassment prevention education, examine women occupational therapists' economic activities, and broadly improve the quality of life through participation. The study subjects were currently employed female occupational therapists. Initially 200 subjects were recruited, of whom 185 returned the study questionnaire. Questions addressing job stress included, 'There are times when one feels that the salary is worth less than the job effort', 'Feel tired due to work.', 'That it is time to pay attention to other therapy.', answered positively in that order. Musculoskeletal pain in the wrist and hand (90%), shoulder (86%), neck (69.7%) and waist (68.6%) were the order of the wrist and hand (63%), shoulder (62.2%) and waist (51.9%) pain resulted in interference with daily life. Verbal harassment was reported by 71.4% and 48.6% reported physical and visual harassment. The most common topics in workplace relations were 'Must choose whether to focus on the individual or work (61.1%).', 'Need for understanding and someone who can share their feelings (54.6%).', and 'Colleagues are willing to listen to my story (73%)'.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.734-747
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• 2019

This study surveyed the visitors to the Seoseokdae Peak of the Mudeungsan National Park, to analyze the factors that affected user behavior, perception of the National Park, and satisfaction with the visit and establish the strategy for the management of the Mudeungsan National Park. The analysis result showed that Gwangju residents (78.1%) accounted for the majority of the visitors to the Seoseokdae Peak and that the Mudeungsan National Park showed the attributes of both mountain type and suburb type. Most visitors (91.2%) perceived that columnar joints, including the Seoseokdae Peak, possessed the largest resource value in the Mudeungsan National Park, and the visitors showed concern over the potential damage to vegetation in the Seoseokdae Peak as the result of the overcrowded visitors. Over half of the visitors showed a positive response to the measures like partially restricted access or detour of mountain path to preserve and restore the Seoseokdae Peak. The total visitors and the regional visitors (residents of Gwangju, Damyang, and Hwasun), indicated that the facility management aimed at facilitating visitor experience affected the most on the satisfaction with park management. Moreover, the regional visitors answered that the visit management to control disorder and overcrowding would increase satisfaction. The result of the importance-satisfaction analysis showed a difference between the total visitors and the regional visitors in needed improvements as the total visitors believed that "amenities and information facilities" should be improved while the regional visitors believed that the focus should be on the "prevention of illegal and disorderly behaviors" and the "amenities and information facilities."

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.298-309
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• 2003

The educational preparation of nurses has been the focus of considerable debate globally. It is needed the change of the basic nursing education for professional nurse to prepare the trends of the health care needs of clients for coming new generation. And also it is believed that educational preparation for being nurses is to be responsible to clients' needs. The purpose of the study was to develop a baccalaureate program in nursing. This study were implemented through three stages from April 2001, to April 2002.: preparation stage which were consisted of reviewing of the literatures, interviewing the fellow nurses in a variety workplace, and consulting professors who were concerned with the nursing education to identify the present educational problems, and analyzing the contents of seven major courses in nursing education, evaluation stage about a new developed curriculum with the directors of the five nursing schools, and confirmation stage of new developed education programme. The developed education programme was designed as a four year program with 126 credit hours including 39 credit hours of liberal arts, 34 credit hours of supplementary courses, and 53 credit hours of nursing major based on the four basic nursing dimensions of human, health, environment and nursing. Nursing majors were consisted of Nursing Ⅰ(oxygenation), Nursing Ⅱ(nutrition elimination), Nursing Ⅲ(activity rest), Nursing Ⅳ(neurologic- endocrine protection), Nursing Ⅴ(fluids electrolytes/sex reproductive), Nursing Ⅵ(psycho-social), Community Health Nursing, Fundamental Nursing, School Health, and Emergency care. This new nursing programme was focused on the nursing education for prevention and rehabilitation nursing care as well as the acute and chronic nursing care at hospital, on the integrated nursing programme to become effective, and the nursing process to encourage the critical thinking. The new education programme focused on the professional nurses who are responsible the nursing ethics, communication skills, and professional beliefs to suit the future trends in health. And also it will be needed for faculties to manage the integrated curriculum, to analyze the contents of each subject, and to communicate with each other before a new education programme apply to their education programme in future. This research was supported by the Han Kok Medical Science Foundation

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.70 no.6
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• pp.474-481
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• 2011

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by air low limitation, which is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. There have been many studies on survival rates in the world literature, but there have been few reports regarding the survival rate in Korean patients with COPD. Acute exacerbation is regarded as a risk factor for mortality in patients with COPD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the survival rate and the effect of acute exacerbations on the survival rate of Korean patients with COPD. Methods: A total of 502 COPD patients who were diagnosed on the basis of history and lung function tests were enrolled in this study. The frequency of acute exacerbations, body mass index (BMI), C-reactive protein (CRP) and pulmonary hypertension were analyzed. Results: The 3- and 5-year survival rates were 98% and 83%, respectively. The median survival time was 78 months. The median survival time was 55 months in 322 patients with one or more acute exacerbations. The 3- and 5-year survival rates were significantly lower in the 322 patients with one or more acute exacerbations than in those without any. The mortality rate was significantly higher in patients with CRP>3 mg/L than in those with CRP ${\leq}3$ mg/L (p<0.005); it was significantly higher in patients with pulmonary hypertension than in those without it (p<0.01). Conclusion: Because the 5-year survival rate is 83% in Korean patients with COPD, the management of stable patients with COPD should focus on the prevention of acute exacerbations.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.3-13
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• 2013

The converted accident rates that included in Pre-Qualification (PQ) are to evaluate the results of accidents which have occurred. Therefore, it is demanded the development of proactive evaluation contents to evaluate the safety management activities and efforts on construction companies. The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the establishment of proactive evaluation contents at public construction project in Korea through the collected and analyzed the PQ documentation applied by public agencies in Los Angeles, USA. The results indicated that diverse reactive safety evaluations are implemented to examine accidents which occurred in past projects such as occupational health insurance, regulation violation. And also, when the accidents occurred, it is evaluated the proactive safety management actions such as safety education, accident prevention programs, and safety management plans are reflected on the evaluation. Thus, if proactive safety related evaluation contents are established and reflected in PQ examinations together with diverse existing reactive safety evaluations considering converted accident rates, not only the existing function of converted accident rates can be reinforced but also businesses' active safety management activities can be induced and decreases in the construction industry's accident rate can be expected.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.81-90
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• 2016

As an autonomous driving vehicle (AV) need to cope with external road conditions by itself, its perception performance for road environment should be better than that of a human driver. A vision sensor, one of AV sensors, performs lane detection function to percept road environment for performing safe vehicle steering, which relates to define vehicle heading and lane departure prevention. Performance standards for a vision sensor in an ADAS(Advanced Driver Assistance System) focus on the function of 'driver assistance', not on the perception of 'independent situation'. So the performance requirements for a vision sensor in AV may different from those in an ADAS. In assuming that an AV keep previous steering due to lane detection failure, this study calculated lane departure distances between the AV location following curved road alignment and the other one driving to the straight in a curved section. We analysed lane departure distance and time with respect to the allowance of lane detection malfunction of an AV vision sensor. With the results, we found that an AV would encounter a critical lane departure situation if a vision sensor loses lane detection over 1 second. Therefore, it is concluded that the performance standards for an AV should contain more severe lane departure situations than those of an ADAS.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2013

This study aims to measure oral health knowledge and practice level among dental clinic patients, and examine their relationships with decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMF) index and the oral health-related quality of life (QOL). Empirical data have been collected from 311 patients through structured questionnaires and dental examinations conducted in Busan area. According to the analysis of causal relationship, oral health knowledge turned out to have a direct effect on oral health practices, which exerted both direct and indirect effects on DMF index and oral health-related QOL. While DMF index directly affected the oral health-related QOL, oral health knowledge proved to have only an indirect effect on DMF index and oral health-related QOL, mediated by oral health practices. Considering all these findings, effective oral health education and other intervention programs should focus on motivating people to participate in the active practices of desirable oral health behaviors, which will lead to the prevention of oral diseases and the subsequent improvement in the QOL.