• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.271-279
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• 2019

The lamina II, also called the substantia gelatinosa (SG), of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc), is thought to play an essential role in the control of orofacial nociception. Glycine and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) are the important neurotransmitters that have the individual parts on the modulation of nociceptive transmission. However, the electrophysiological effects of 5-HT on the glycine receptors on SG neurons of the Vc have not been well studied yet. For this reason, we applied the whole-cell patch clamp technique to explore the interaction of intracellular signal transduction between 5-HT and the glycine receptors on SG neurons of the Vc in mice. In nine of 13 neurons tested (69.2%), pretreatment with 5-HT potentiated glycine-induced current ($I_{Gly}$). Firstly, we examined with a $5-HT_1$ receptor agonist (8-OH-DPAT, $5-HT_{1/7}$ agonist, co-applied with SB-269970, $5-HT_7$ antagonist) and antagonist (WAY-100635), but $5-HT_1$ receptor agonist did not increase $I_{Gly}$ and in the presence of $5-HT_1$ antagonist, the potentiation of 5-HT on $I_{Gly}$ still happened. However, an agonist (${\alpha}$-methyl-5-HT) and antagonist (ketanserin) of the $5-HT_2$ receptor mimicked and inhibited the enhancing effect of 5-HT on $I_{Gly}$ in the SG neurons, respectively. We also verified the role of the $5-HT_7$ receptor by using a $5-HT_7$ antagonist (SB-269970) but it also did not block the enhancement of 5-HT on $I_{Gly}$. Our study demonstrated that 5-HT facilitated $I_{Gly}$ in the SG neurons of the Vc through the $5-HT_2$ receptor. The interaction between 5-HT and glycine appears to have a significant role in modulating the transmission of the nociceptive pathway.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1031-1031
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• 2001

The mammary gland is made up of remarkably sensitive tissue, which has the capability of producing a large volume of secretion, milk, under normal or healthy conditions. When bacteria enter the gland and establish an infection (mastitis), inflammation is initiated accompanied by an influx of white cells from the blood stream, by altered secretory function, and changes in the volume and composition of secretion. Cell numbers in milk are closely associated with inflammation and udder health. These somatic cell counts (SCC) are accepted as the international standard measurement of milk quality in dairy and for mastitis diagnosis. NIR Spectra of unhomogenized composite milk samples from 14 cows (healthy and mastitic), 7days after parturition and during the next 30 days of lactation were measured. Different multivariate analysis techniques were used to diagnose the disease at very early stage and determine how the spectral properties of milk vary with its composition and animal health. PLS model for prediction of somatic cell count (SCC) based on NIR milk spectra was made. The best accuracy of determination for the 1100-2500nm range was found using smoothed absorbance data and 10 PLS factors. The standard error of prediction for independent validation set of samples was 0.382, correlation coefficient 0.854 and the variation coefficient 7.63%. It has been found that SCC determination by NIR milk spectra was indirect and based on the related changes in milk composition. From the spectral changes, we learned that when mastitis occurred, the most significant factors that simultaneously influenced milk spectra were alteration of milk proteins and changes in ionic concentration of milk. It was consistent with the results we obtained further when applied 2DCOS. Two-dimensional correlation analysis of NIR milk spectra was done to assess the changes in milk composition, which occur when somatic cell count (SCC) levels vary. The synchronous correlation map revealed that when SCC increases, protein levels increase while water and lactose levels decrease. Results from the analysis of the asynchronous plot indicated that changes in water and fat absorptions occur before other milk components. In addition, the technique was used to assess the changes in milk during a period when SCC levels do not vary appreciably. Results indicated that milk components are in equilibrium and no appreciable change in a given component was seen with respect to another. This was found in both healthy and mastitic animals. However, milk components were found to vary with SCC content regardless of the range considered. This important finding demonstrates that 2-D correlation analysis may be used to track even subtle changes in milk composition in individual cows. To find out the right threshold for SCC when used for mastitis diagnosis at cow level, classification of milk samples was performed using soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) and different spectral data pretreatment. Two levels of SCC - 200 000 cells/$m\ell$ and 300 000 cells/$m\ell$, respectively, were set up and compared as thresholds to discriminate between healthy and mastitic cows. The best detection accuracy was found with 200 000 cells/$m\ell$ as threshold for mastitis and smoothed absorbance data: - 98% of the milk samples in the calibration set and 87% of the samples in the independent test set were correctly classified. When the spectral information was studied it was found that the successful mastitis diagnosis was based on reviling the spectral changes related to the corresponding changes in milk composition. NIRS combined with different ways of spectral data ruining can provide faster and nondestructive alternative to current methods for mastitis diagnosis and a new inside into disease understanding at molecular level.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.137-157
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• 1993

할미꽃의 재배화(裁培化)를 위한 기초실험(基礎實驗)으로 대량번식(大量繁殖) 체계(體系)의 확립(確立)과 품종개량(品種改良)에 있어 그 가능성(可能性)을 검토(檢討)하고자 엽조직(葉組織) 배양시(培養時) 적정한 배지(培地) 및 생장조절제(生葬調節制)의 종류(種類)와 농도(濃度)를 구명(究明)하고 약배양(葯培量)에 적합(適合)한 시기(時期)와 저온처리(低溫處理)에 의한 화분(花粉) 2형현상(型現象)및 캘러스 유기(誘起)에 미치는 효과와 식물체(植物體) 분화(分化)에 알맞는 배양조건(培養條件)에 관하여 조사 하였으며, 재분화(再分化)된 식물체(植物體)의 염색체수(染色體數) 및 동위효소(同位酵素) 분석(分析)을 하였다. MS 기본배지(基本培地)에서 엽조직(葉組織)으로부터 캘러스 유기(誘起) 및 생장(生長)에는 auxin 단독처리(單獨處理)보다는 zeatin과의 혼합처리(混合處理)에서 가장 양호하였다. Auxin 단독처리시(單獨處理時) IBA처리구(處理區)에서는 캘러스가 연색(緣色)을 띠는 경향(傾向)이었으나 auxin과 zeatin의 혼합첨가시(混合添加時) IBA는 오히려 연색(緣色)이 멸소(滅少)하였고, NAA와 2,4-D는 연색(緣色)이 증가하였으며 zeatin 1.0mg/l 과의 혼용(混用)에서 더욱 연색(緣色)이 증가하였다. 경엽분화(莖葉分化)는 auxin류(類)만의 단독처리(單獨處理)보다는 zeatin과의 혼합처리(混合處理) 효과가 현저하여 zeatin 1.0mg/l + NAA 1.0 mg/l에서 가장 양호(良好)하였으며 2,4-D는 경엽분화(莖葉分化)에 억제적으로 작용하였다. 근(根)의 발생(發生)은 MT배지(培地)가 MS, LS, $B_5$배지(培地)에 비하여 양호하였고 auxin 단독처리(單獨處理)보다는 zeatin과의 혼합처리(混合處理)가 효과적이었고 zeatin 2.0 mg/ㅣ + 1.0 mg/l 에서 근(根)의 발생(發生)이 가장 양호하였다. 자연상태(自然狀態)의 S 화분(花粉)은 35%였으나 $4^{\circ}C$에서 4일간 저온처리(低溫處理)한 경우에는 53%로 높아졌으며 약(約)으로부 터 캘러스 유기(誘起)에 가장 적합한 화분발육시기(花紛發育時期)는 1핵성(核性) 소포자기(小包子期)였다. 또한 1핵성(核性) 소포자기(小包子期)의 약(葯)을 $B_5$배지(培地)에 NAA $0.5mg/ㅣ + xeatin 1.0 mg/l$를 첨가(添加)하여 배양(培養)했을때 가장 양호한 캘러스 유기율(誘起率)을 나타내었으며 植物體分化(식물체분화)는 NAA 0.5 mg/l + zeatin 0.5 mg/l에서 가장 우수하였다. 약배양(葯培養)에서 2세포성(細胞性) 소포자(小胞子)의 균등 불균등분열의 비율은 비슷하였다. 약배양(葯培養)에 의한 캘러스를 MT 배지(培地)에 $NH_{4}NO_3,\;KNO_3$의 유(有) 무(無) 및 zeatin을 혼합첨가(混合添加)하여 배양(培養)했을때 식물체(植物體) 발생(發生)에 $NH_4NO3$가 $KNO_3$보다 효과적이었으며 zeatin 2.0 mg/l 에서 70.5%로 가장 양호하였다. 약배양유내(葯培養由來) 식물체(植物體)의 배수성(倍數性)은 반수체(半數體)(2n=8)가 28%, 2배체(培體)(2n=16)가 47%로 나타났으며 나머지는 3배체(培體), 4배체(培體)와 혼수체(混數體)였다. 분화(分化)된 캘러스, 반수성(半數性) 및 2배체(培體) 식물체(植物體)의 엽(葉)과 엽병(葉炳)을 동위효색(同位酵索) 분석(分析) 하였던 바 캘러스, 반수성(半數性) 식물체(稙物體) 및 2배체간(倍體間)에 E.S.T, P.X, M.D.H banding pattern에서 뚜렷한 차이를 나타내었으며 2배체(培體)의 엽(藥)과 약병간(藥炳間)에는 차이가 없었다.