• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.188-197
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• 2012

Recently, aluminum ships are constructed more than ever because of the environmental pollution generated by FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastic) ships. In particular, FRP ships have been replaced by the Aluminum ships. The forming process of the curved aluminum plate has been performed only by labor works without systematic technique. Therefore, it is difficult to construct the aluminum ship that the design satisfies both required propulsion performance and hull design. Present study introduces a MPSF (Multi Point Stretching Forming) that is a flexible manufacturing technique to form large sheet panels of doubly curvature. The hull pieces are stretch-formed over the MPSD (multi-point stretching die) generated by the punch element matrix. In this study, MPSF is applied to deform the doubly curved surfaces of aluminum ship. The forming system including FEA (finite element analysis) of the processes for stretching the plate were carried out by static implicit analysis is suggested. Residual deformation of the surface is modeled by an elasto-plastic contact phenomena while the forming process is simulated by FEA. Finally, the proposed system is also validated, comparing the deformed shape by MPSF with that of object surfaces.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.751-764
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• 2020

Real-time monitoring of stiffness and strength in cement based system has received significant attention in past few decades owing to the development of advanced techniques. Also, use of environment friendly supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in cement, though gaining huge interest, severely affect the strength gain especially in early ages. Continuous monitoring of strength- and stiffness- gain using an efficient technique will systematically facilitate to choose the suitable time of removal of formwork for structures made with SCM incorporated concrete. This paper presents a technique for monitoring the strength and stiffness evolution in hydrating fly ash blended cement systems using electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) based technique. It is important to observe that the slower pozzolanic reactivity of fly ash blended cement systems could be effectively tracked using the evolution of equivalent local stiffness of the hydrating medium. Strength prediction models are proposed for estimating the strength and stiffness of the fly ash cement system, where curing age (in terms of hours/days) and the percentage replacement of cement by fly ash are the parameters. Evaluation of strength as obtained from EMI characteristics is validated with the results from destructive compression test and also compared with the same obtained from commonly used ultrasonic wave velocity (UPV). Statistical error indices indicate that the EMI technique is capable of predicting the strength of fly ash blended cement system more accurate than that from UPV. Further, the correlations between stiffness- and strength- gain over the time of hydration are also established. From the study, it is found that EMI based method can be effectively used for monitoring of strength gain in the fly ash incorporated cement system during hardening.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.511-532
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• 2007

The present study aims to generate turbulent inflow data to more accurately represent the turbulent flow around a square cylinder when the inflow turbulence level is significant. The modified random flow generation (RFG) technique in conjunction with a previously developed LES code is successfully adopted into a finite element based fluid flow solver to generate the required inflow turbulence boundary conditions for the three-dimensional (3-D) LES computations of transitional turbulent flow around a square cylinder at Reynolds number of 22,000. The near wall region is modelled without using wall approximate conditions and a wall damping coefficient is introduced into the calculation of sub-grid length scale in the boundary layer of the cylinder wall. The numerical results obtained from simulations are compared with each other and with the experimental data for different inflow turbulence boundary conditions in order to discuss the issues such as the synthetic inflow turbulence effects on the 3-D transitional flow behaviour in the near wake and the free shear layer, the basic mechanism by which stream turbulence interacts with the mean flow over the cylinder body and the prediction of integral flow parameters. The comparison among the LES results with and without inflow turbulence and the experimental data emphasizes that the turbulent inflow data generated by the present RFG technique for the LES computation can be a viable approach in accurately predicting the effects of inflow turbulence on the near wake turbulent flow characteristics around a bluff body.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 2020

To achieve a wide suction range, the low suction was imposed on compacted silt specimens by the axis translation technique and the high suction was imposed by the vapor equilibrium technique with saturated salt solutions. Firstly, the results of soil water retention tests on compacted silt show that the soil water retention curves in terms of gravimetric water content versus suction relation are independent of the dry density or void ratio in a high suction range. Therefore, triaxial tests on compacted silt with constant water content at high suctions can be considered as that with constant suction. Secondly, the results of triaxial shear tests on unsaturated compacted silt with the initial void ratio of about 0.75 show a strain-hardening behavior with a slightly shear contraction and then strain-softening behavior with an obviously dilation. As the imposed suction increases, the shear strength increases up to a peak value and then decreases when the suction is beyond a special value corresponding to the peak shear strength. The residual strength increases to fair value and those at high suctions are almost independent of imposed suctions. In addition, the contribution of suction to the strength of compacted silt would not diminish even in a high suction range.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.345-359
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• 2008

An experimental investigation of the flow over the rectangular body located in close proximity to a ground board was reported using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. The present experiments were conducted in a closed-loop open surface water channel with the Reynolds number, $Re_H=1.2{\times}10^4$ based on the model height. In addition to the PIV measurements, flow visualization studies were also carried out. The PIV technique provided instantaneous and time-averaged velocity vectors map, vorticity contours, streamline topology and turbulent quantities at various locations in the near wake. In the vertical symmetry plane, the upperbody flow is separated from the sharp top leading edge of the model and formed a large reverse flow region on the upper surface of the model. The flow structure downstream of the model has asymmetric double vortices. In the horizontal symmetry plane, identical separated flow regions occur on both vertical side walls and a pair of primary recirculatory bubbles dominates the wake region.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.269-284
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• 2017

A new technique is proposed to obtain more effective screening efficiency against the ground vibration using intermittent geofoam (IF) in-filled trench. The numerical analysis is performed by employing two-dimensional finite element method under dynamic condition. Vertically oscillated strip foundation is considered as the vibration source. In presence of the ground vibration, the vertical displacements at different locations (pick-up points) along the ground surface are captured to determine the amplitude reduction factor (ARF), which helps to assess the efficiency of the vibration screening technique. The efficiency of IF over continuous geofoam (CF) in-filled vibration barriers is assessed by varying the geofoam density, the location of trench and the frequency of excitation. The results from this study indicate that a significant reduction in ARF can be achieved by using intermittent geofoam as compared to continuous geofoam. Further, it is noticed that the efficiency of IF increases with an increase in the frequency of the vibrating source. These encouraging results put forward the potential of utilising intermittent geofoam as a vibration screening material.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.405-422
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• 2007

A new hybrid damping technique for vibration reduction in flexible structures, wherein a combination of layers of hard passive damping alloys and active (smart) magnetostrictive material is used to reduce vibrations, is proposed. While most conventional vibration control treatments are based exclusively on either passive or active based systems, this technique aims to combine the advantages of these systems and simultaneously, to overcome the inherent disadvantages in the individual systems. Two types of combined damping systems are idealized and studied here, viz., the Noninteractive system and the Interactive system. Frequency domain studies are carried out to investigate their performance. Finite element simulations using previously developed smart beam elements are carried out on typical metallic and laminated composite cantilever beams treated with hybrid damping. The influence of various parameters like excitation levels, frequency (mode) and control gain on the damping performance is investigated. It is shown that the proposed system could be used effectively to dampen the structural vibration over a wide frequency range. The interaction between the active and passive damping layers is brought out by a comparative study of the combined systems. Illustrative comparisons with 'only passive' and 'only active' damping schemes are also made. The influence and the mode dependence of control gain in a hybrid system is clearly illustrated. This study also demonstrates the significance and the exploitation of strain dependency of passive damping on the overall damping of the hybrid system. Further, the influence of the depthwise location of damping layers in laminated structures is also investigated.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.151-170
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• 2002

Moving force identification is a very important inverse problem in structural dynamics. Most of the identification methods are eventually converted to a linear algebraic equation set. Different ways to solve the equation set may lead to solutions with completely different levels of accuracy. Based on the measured bending moment responses of the bridge made in laboratory, this paper presented the time domain method (TDM) and frequency-time domain method (FTDM) for identifying the two moving wheel loads of a vehicle moving across a bridge. Directly calculating pseudo-inverse (PI) matrix and using the singular value decomposition (SVD) technique are adopted as means for solving the over-determined system equation in the TDM and FTDM. The effects of bridge and vehicle parameters on the TDM and FTDM are also investigated. Assessment results show that the SVD technique can effectively improve identification accuracy when using the TDM and FTDM, particularly in the case of the FTDM. This improved accuracy makes the TDM and FTDM more feasible and acceptable as methods for moving force identification.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-22
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• 2003

Nowadays balanced cantilever construction plays an essential role as a sophisticated erection technique of bridges due to its economical and ecological advantages. Experience teaches that wind has a great importance with regard to this construction technique, but methods proposed by codes to take wind effects into account are still rather crude and, in most cases, completely lacking. Also research in this field is quite limited and aimed at studying only the longitudinal shear and the torque at the pier base, caused by the mean wind velocity and by the longitudinal turbulence actions over the deck. This paper advances the present solutions by developing a new procedure that takes into account all wind effects both on the deck and on the pier. The proposed model assumes the mean wind velocity as orthogonal to the bridge plane and considers the effects produced by all the three turbulence components and by the vortex shedding. The applications point out the role of each loading component on different bridge configurations and show that disregarding the presence of some effects may imply oversimplified results and relevant underestimations.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.683-690
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• 2017

In the stability and sensitivity design and diagnosis approaches, there are various methodologies available. Bond graph modeling by lumping technique is one of the universal methodologies in methodical analysis used by many researchers in all over the world. The accuracy of the method is validated in different arenas. Bond graphs are a concise, pictorial representation of the energy storage, dissipation and exchange mechanisms of interacting dynamic systems, subsystems and components. This paper proposes a bond graph modeling for distributed parameter systems using lumping techniques. Therefore, a steel frame structure was modeled to analyze employing bond graph modeling of distributed system using lumping technique. In the analytical part, the effectiveness of bond graphs to model this system is demonstrated. The dynamic responses of the system were computed and compared with those computed from the finite element analysis. The calculated maximum deflection time histories were found to be comparable. The sensitivity and the stability of the steel frame structure was also studied in different aspects. Thus, the proposed methodology, with its simplicity, can be used for stability and sensitivity analyses as alternative to finite element method for steel structures. The major value brought in the practical design is the simplicity of the proposed method for steel structures.