• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.289-296
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• 1979

For years, physicians and anatomists have been interested in the heart that has one functioning ventricle. Various terms have been suggested for this entity including single ventricle, common ventricle, double-inlet left ventricle, cor biatriatum triloculare, and primitive ventricle. In this report, the term "single ventricle" is utilized as suggested by Van Praagh, and is defined as that congenital cardiac anomaly in which a common or separate atrioventricular valves open into a ventricular chamber from which both great arterial trunks emerge. An outlet chamber, or infundibulum, may or may not be present and give rise to the origin of either of the great arteries. This definition excludes the entity of mitral and tricuspid atresia. An 11 year old cyanotic boy was admitted chief complaints of exertional dyspnea and frequent upper respiratory infection since 2 weeks after birth. He was diagnosed as inoperable cyanotic congenital heart disease, and remained without any corrective treatment up to his age of 11 year when he suffered from aggravation of symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure for 2 months before this admission. On 22nd of May 1979, he was admitted for total corrective operation under the impression of tricuspid atresia suggested by a pediatrician. Physical check revealed deep cyanosis with finger and toe clubbing, and grade V systolic ejection murmur with single second heart sound was audible at the left 3rd intercostal space. Development was moderate in height [135 cm] and weight[28Kg]. Routine lab findings were normal except increased hemoglobin [21.1gm%], hematocrit [64 %], and left axis deviation with left ventricular hypertrophy on EKG. Cardiac catheterization and angiography revealed 1-transposition of aorta, pulmonic valvular stenosis, double inlet of a single ventricle with d-loop, and normal atriovisceral relationship [Type III C solitus according to the classification of Van Praagh]. At operation, longitudinal incision at the outflow tract of right ventricle in between the right coronary artery and its branch [LAD from RCA] revealed high far anterior aortic valve which had fibrous continuity with mitral annulus, and pulmonic valve was stenotic up to 4 mm in diameter positioned posterolaterally to the aorta. Ventricular septum was totally defective, and one markedly hypertrophied moderator band originated from crista supraventricularis was connected down to the imaginary septum of the ventricular cavity as a pseudoseptum of the ventricle. Size of the defect was 3X3 cm2 in total. Patch closure of the defect with a Teflon felt of 3.5 x 4 cm2 was done with interrupted multiple sutures after cut off of the moderator band, which was resutured to the artificial septum after reconstruction of the ventricular septum. Pulmonic valvotomy was done from 4 mm to 11 mm in diameter thru another pulmonary arteriotomy incision, and right ventriculotomy wound was closed reconstructing the right ventricular outflow tract with pericardial autograft of 3 x 4 cm2. Atrial septal defect of 2 cm in diameter was closed with 3-0 Erdeck suture, and atrial wall was sutured also when rectal temperature reached from 24`C to 35.5`C. Complete A-V block was managed with temporary external pacemaker with a pacing rate of 110/min. thru myocardial wire, and arterial blood pressure of 80/50 mmHg was maintained with Isuprel or Dopamine dripping under the CVP of 25-cm saline. Consciousness was recovered one hour after the operation when his blood pressure reached 100 /70 mmHg, but vital signs were not stable, and bleeding from the pericardial drainage and complete anuria were persisted until his heart could not capture the pacemaker impulse, and patient died of low output syndrome 320 min after the operation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2003

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for decortication or debridement in the management of empyema thoracis has increased the available treatment options but requires validation. We present and evaluate our technique and experience with thoracoscopic management of pleural empyema, irrespective of chronicity. Material and Method : VATS debridement or decortication was performed with endoscopic shaver system in 40 consecutive patients presented with pleural space infections. A retrospective review was performed and the effect of this technique on perioperative outcome was assessed. Result : VATS evacuation of infected pleural fluid and decortication was successfully performed in 35 of 40 patients. The mean duration of preoperative symptoms before referral was 23$\pm$1.8 days. The mean duration of hospitalization before transfer was 13.5$\pm$1.5 days. Blood loss was 250 to 200 mL. Intercostal drainage was required for 5$\pm$3 days. The postoperative hospital stay was 5 $\pm$0.7 days. There were no operative mortalities. Conclusion : Video-assisted evacuation of infected pleural fluid and decortication is an effective modality in the management of the fibropurulent stage of empyema. An organized empyema should be approached thoracosco-pically, but may require open decortication.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 1991

Radioaerosol inhalation imaging (RII) has been used in radionuclide pulmonary studies for the past 20 years. The method is well accepted for assessing regional ventilation because of its usefulness, easy fabrication and simple application system. To evaluate its clinical utility in the study of impaired regional ventilation in bronchial asthma, we obtained and analysed RIIs in 31 patients (16 women and 15 men; age ranging 21-76 years) with typical bronchial asthma at the Department of Radiology, Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University Medical college, from January, 1988 to August, 1989. Scintiscans were obtained with radioaerosol produced by a BARC(Bhabha Atomic Reserch Center, India) nebulizer with 15 mCi of $^{99m}Tc-phytate$. The scanning was peformed in anterior, posterior and lateral projections following 5-minute inhalation of radioaerosol on sitting position. The scans were analyzed and correlated with the results of pulmonary function study and the findings of chest radiography. Fifteen patients had concomitant lung perfusion image with $^{99m}Tc-MAA$. Follow-up scans were obtained in 5 patients after bronchodilator therapy. The patients were divided into (1) attack type (4 patients), (2) resistant type (5 patients), (3) remittent type (10 patients) and (4) bronchitic type (12 patients). Chest radiography showed hyperinflation, altered pulmonary vascularity, thickening of the bronchial wall and accentuation of basal interstitial markings in 26 of the 31 patients. Chest radiographs were norma! in the remaining 5 patients. Regardless of type, the findings of RII were basically the same, and characterized by the deposition of radioaerosol in the central parts or in the main respiratory air ways along with mottled nonsegmental ventilation defects in the periphery. Peripheral parenchymal defects were more extensive than that of expected findings from clinical symptoms, pulmonary function test and chest radiograph. Broomstick sign was present in 17 patients. The abnormality of RII was poorly correlated with perfusion scans. In all 5 patients treated with bronchodilators, follow-up study demonstrated a decrease in the degree of radioaerosol deposition in the central air way with improved ventilation defects. This study indicates that RII is a useful technique for the evaluation of regional ventilation abnormality and the effect of treatment with bronchodilators in patients with bronchial asthma.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.123-131
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• 2015

In this study, viral disease samples were obtained between 2006 and 2010 from pepper fields in 11 major pepper-growing districts in Gangwon-do, and in 83 areas from other provinces, with the exception of Gyeongsangnam-do and Jeju island in Korea. In order to assess the type of infection, field surveys were conducted with regard to viral disease severity and virus type, based on typical symptoms on leaves. The means of single and mixed-virus infections were 46.6% and 48.0%, respectively, during those periods, suggesting that viruses are the agents that most severely decrease pepper production in field cultivation in Korea. In terms of single infection, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was the most prevalent virus based on its disease severity ratings (34.8%). Next, Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) were shown to cause severe viral diseases in pepper, with disease severities of around 5-10%. On the other hand, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) occurs in a limited area in Chungcheongnam-do and Jeollanam-do. Thus, the viral disease caused by CMV, PMMoV, and PepMoV in pepper can be severe, and these virus types should remain considered critical reasons for decreased pepper production in field cultivation in Korea. In addition to single infection, mixed infections are frequently observed in collected pepper samples from all areas. The ratios of mixed infection were therefore studied to evaluate the disease severity of mixed infections and to define individual virus types. These data showed that different types of viruses were present, and CMV was the most abundant virus for mixed infection, as in the case of single infection. Among mixed infections, the highest disease severity was seen with CMV+Broad beam wilt virus 2 (BBWV2), followed by other types of mixed infection such as CMV+PepMoV and CMV+PMMoV. However, further work is needed to reduce the severe damage caused by viruses and to assess mixed infection types involving three or more viruses.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.168-174
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• 1996

Purpose : Aseptic meningitis is relatively frequent in children and caused mostly by enterovirus. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of early diagnosis (spinal tapping) on symptom duration of childhood aseptic meningitis. Methods : One hundred fifty-three children who were hospitalized due to aseptic menigitis in the Department of Pediatrics St. Benedict Hospital from July 1996 through October 1996 were included in this study. Patients were divided to two groups according to the duration from first symptom onset to diagnosis. Early diagnosis group is diagnosed within 3 days from first symptom onset. Later diagnosis group is diagnosed after 4 days from first symptom onset. Results : 1) The average age of these patients was 4.3 years old in early diagnosis group and 4.1 years old in later diagnosis group. The sex ratio(male: female) was 2.04:1 in early diagnosis group and 2.5:1 in later diagnosis group. 2) The mean duration of diagnosis of this study was 2.04 day in early diagnosis group and 5.12 day in later diagnosis group. 3) The percentage of symptom and sign of the early diagnosis group were fever(100%), headache(88.4%), vomiting(86.9%), abdominal pain(39%), neck stiffness(36.2%), skin rash(18.8%), diarrhea(16.9%) and that of later diagosis group were fever(100%), headache(83.3), vomiting(80.9%), abdominal pain(47.6%), neck stiffness(41.6%), skin rash(29.7%), diarrhea(16.6%). 4) Initial CSF findings revealed leukocyte $146.8{\pm}386.3/mm^3$ with PMNL 38%, protein 32.47mg/dl, sugar 66.23mg/dl in early diagnosis group and leukocyte $458.1{\pm}663.2/mm^3$, protein 31.22mg/dl, sugar 64.21 mg/dl in later diagnosis group. 5) There was no statistically significant differance in the peripheral blood findings between early diagnosis group and later diagnosis group. 6) The duration of disappearance of symptom after spinal tap were 2.3 days in early diagnosis group and 2.24 days in later diagnosis group. Total symptom duration was 4.34 days in early diagnosis group and 7.36 days in later diagnosis group. Conclusions : Our results demonstrate that early diagnosis(early spinal tap) shortened duration of clinical symptoms.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 2018

Purpose: This study investigated the factors affecting the use of empirical antibiotics in febrile infants from 1 month to less than 3 months. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of hospitalized previously healthy infants with fever in Pusan National University Children's Hospital from January 2010 to December 2016. Clinical features, laboratory findings and antibiotic therapy were analyzed. Respiratory viruses were identified by multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and were reported after 1-3 days. Enterovirus were identified by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and were reported in several hours. Results: The 129 of 366 subjects used empirical antibiotics and 237 patients didn't used empirical antibiotics. Empirical antibiotics were used more frequently when the fever was longer before admission, respiratory symptoms and ill being appearances were present and C-reactive protein was elevated. The rate of readmission was low in the group not used empirical antibiotics. Most of the patients detected by enterovirus PCR in cerebrospinal fluid didn't used empirical antibiotics. The results of respiratory virus multiplex RT-PCR showed no difference in the use of empirical antibiotics. Conclusions: In our study, empirical antibiotic prescriptions were affected not respiratory virus multiplex RT-PCR but enterovirus PCR. If multiplex RT-PCR were reported more rapid turn around time, it will affect antibiotic use.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.27 no.2 s.46
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• pp.230-241
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• 1994

Though people occupationally exposed to machineries and automation in the industrialized society desire work involving decreased strength, due to the continuous and repetitive activities, a new industrial stress is present. Studies on prevalence of musculoskeletal disease and their related risk factors have evolved. In this study in relation to work tasks, we investigated the differences in musculoskeletal symptoms occurring In each body region. The results of the survey were as follows. 1. When comparing age, level of education, work duration, job satisfaction and leisure time activities according to work task, age in control group was $38.83{\pm}5.5$, in comparison to the other 2 groups was smaller(p<0.05), and level of education in control group was higher (p<0.05). Work duration in the cutting department was $8.04{\pm}4.99$ years longer than the other 2 groups (p<0.05), but there was no difference in the job satisfaction and leisure time activities. 2. The mean of symptom scores of each work task was 1.54 in the cutting department, 1.57 in the press department and 1.59 in the control group, and there was no significant differnce in the 3 groups. The mean of symptom scores for upper extremities in the control group was low but no statistically significant diffrence was shown. 3. When comparing the mean of symptom score according to work task in the each body region, in the shoulder region, the symptom score in the press department which desired strength was higher than the other 2 groups but no significant difference was shown. In the wrist region the cutting department scored 1.01 and in comparison to the other 2 groups was significantly increased (p<0.05). 4. The results of the univariate regression analysis on the major individual risk factors associated with musculoskeletal symptom relating work showed that previous symptom complaints in the same body region was significant risk factor(p<0.001) in the whole body Besides wrist, hip, and knee, psychological problem was shown to be a significant factor(p<0.05). And the body regions which work task was significant risk factor were wrist and neck region (p<0.05). 5. The results of the multiple regression analysis involving significant factors of each body region from the univariate regression analysis showed that previous symptom complaint in whole body region(p<0.001) and psychological problem in the shoulder, elbow and lumbar region (p<0.05) were significant factors, and work task was significant factor in the wrist (p<0.05).

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2007

Single spores were isolated from infected roots of Chinese cabbage with a typical clubroot symptom, collected from different Chinese cabbage cultivation areas in Korea. When the single spore isolates were inoculated on Chinese cabbage, radish, turnip, kale, leaf mustard and Williams' differential varieties, among 321 roots harvested two weeks after inoculation, a visual symptom was observed on only one root and light/uncommon symptoms were done on 70 roots. These 71 individuals were homogenized and used as inocula. These inocula caused generally higher pathogenicity than that of single spore. Finally 15 isolates, with enough growth for conducting further experiment, were selected. These 15 individuals were grouped four, seven, two and two into race 1, race 4, race 9 and race 11, respectively, using Williams' differential set. It was confirmed that race 4 were dominantly present in Korea. These 15 had been obtained from roots of Chinese cabbages, radishes and turnips inoculated with single resting spores and had shown pathogenicity to Laurentian and Wilhelmsburger belong to Rutabaga in Williams' differential variety set. Therefore, we assume that such characteristic pathotypes including race 4, especially, of P. brassicae showing strong pathogenicity to Chinese cabbage, radish and turnip may be dominant in Korea.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.214-218
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• 2008

Coleosporium neocacaliae, a needle rust fungus, was described and illustrated for the first time on the needles of Pinus koraiensis (Korean pine) in Korea. Detailed descriptions of the species were verified based on symptoms and signs, and light and scanning electron microscopic observations on aecia, aeciospores and peridial cells. The present needle rust fungus was apparently different from C. eupatorii, a solely recorded Coleosporium species on P. Koraiensis in Korea until this time, in having comparatively large sized aeciospores as $20-39{\times}14-27\;{\mu}m$ than those of latter species (size of aeciospores $15-27{\times}10-20\;{\mu}m$). Verrucose surface structure of aeciospores in light microscopy was revealed to be annulated with three to four rings and root-like base in scanning electron microscopy. Aecial stage of C. neocacaliae were formed on the middle days of April to the early days of June and collected around the central parts of Korean peninsula, including high mountains of about 1,000 m above sea level.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.235-242
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• 2015

A 2014 nationwide survey in radish fields investigated the distribution of common viruses and possible emerging viruses. Radish leaves with virus-like symptoms were collected and 108 samples assayed by RT-PCR using specific primers for Radish mosaic virus (RaMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV); 47 samples were TuMV positive, and RaMV and CMV were detected in 3 and 2 samples, respectively. No samples showed double infection of TuMV/RaMV, or RaMV/CMV, but two double infections of TuMV/CMV were detected. TuMV isolates were sorted by symptom severity, and three isolates (R007-mild; R041 and R065-severe) selected for BLAST and phylogenetic analysis, which indicated that the coat protein (CP) of these isolates (R007, R041, and R065) have approx. 98-99% homology to a previously reported TuMV isolate. RaMV CP showed approx. 99% homology to a previously reported isolate, and the CMV CP is identical to a previously reported Korean isolate (GenBank : GU327368). Three isolates of TuMV showing different pathogenicity (degree of symptom severity) will be valuable to study determinants of pathogenicity.