• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.262-267
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• 2014

Unused medication disposal is a burden due to the cost of disposing as well as the cost of the drugs. Investigating medication returns is expected to suggest areas of intervention to reduce unused medications. Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine types, quantity, costs, active pharmaceutical ingredients, and therapeutic category of the medications returned to community pharmacies. Method: From January 15, 2014 to February 28, 2014, the medications returned to the 17 community pharmacies in Gimhae, Jinju, and Incheon, Korea were examined. The pharmacists and student volunteers worked cooperatively to identify the medications and analyze drug cost of prescription pill medications returned to the pharmacies. Results: A total of 2,720 pills of prescription medication were analyzed and 91 active pharmaceutical ingredients were identified. According to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification, the most predominant group was A (alimentary tract and metabolism) with 33.3%, followed by N (nervous system) with 15.0%. With regard to the drug cost of groups, group A was the highest with 26.6%, followed by J01 (antibacterials for systemic use) with 20.2% and N (nervous system) with 18.3%. The total cost of the oral pill prescription medications was 468,477 won. Conclusion: The result from this study implies that unused drugs impose a significant cost to the health care system in Korea. In this study, medicines used to treat gastrointestinal conditions were returned most frequently with the highest drug cost. Further research in nationwide level is necessary to establish strategies to reduce the wastage of unused medicines.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.2573-2577
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• 2016

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine a method of dose prescription that minimizes normal tissue irradiation outside the planning target volume (PTV) during stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Methods: Previous research and patients with typical T1 lung tumors with peripheral lesions in the lung were selected for analysis. A PTV and several organs at risk (OARs) were constructed for the dose calculated; six treatment plans employing intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) were produced, in which the dose was prescribed to encompass the PTV, with the prescription isodose level (PIL) set at 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 95% of the isocenter dose. Additionally, four OARs around the PTV were constructed to evaluate the dose received in adjacent tissues. Results: The use of higher PILs for SBRT resulted in improved sparing of OARs, with the exception of the volume of lung treated with a lower dose. Conclusions: The use of lower PILs is likely to create significant inhomogeneity of the dose delivered to the target, which may be beneficial for the control of tumors with poor conformity indices.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2007

The propose of this study is a verification of the correct calculation of the dose around source and the prescription dose of Ir-192 source in the plato treatment planning system. The source and orthogonal coordinates for lateral direction and those for the anterior posterior direction were drawn on a A4 paper and then input into the system. The prescription dose was prescribed to two points with radius 1 cm in the direction of polar angle $90^{\circ} and $270^{\circ} from the center of the source. The doses of prescription point and dose points acquired from the treatment planning system were compared with those from manual calculation using the geometry function formalism derived by Paul King et al. In this analysis, the doses of prescription point were exactly consistent with each other and those of dose points were obtained within the error point of 1.85%. And the system of accuracy was evaluated within 2% of tolerance error. Therefore, this manual dose calculation used for the geometry function formalism is considered to be useful in clinics due to its convenience and high quality assurance.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.77-89
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• 2015

Objectives : This Study aims to extract the actual prescriptions used frequently in the clinical settings and the frequently used prescription list of textbook on herbal formulae by comparing the prescriptions recorded in the textbook on herbal formulae, and to examine the range of the efficacies of the corresponding prescription on the basis of the records of the Electronic Medical Record (EMR). Methods : By making comparison of the herb weight ratios of the prescriptions recorded in the textbook on herbal formulae with those recorded in EMR, the frequency is measured on the basis of the textbook on herbal formulae prescription and the frequency indication is computed for the clinical prescriptions with lower level of differences. Results & Conclusions : On the basis of the details of the clinical prescriptions used at the P Hospital, Yugmijihwang-tang, Samlyeongbaegchul-san, Jugyeobseoggo-tang, Maegmundong-tang, Olyeong-san and Baegho-tang, among the similar prescriptions for which the title prescriptions of the textbook on herbal formulae and the herbal composition coincide by more than 80%, are not included in the list of prescriptions covered under the national health insurance system even though they are frequently used prescriptions.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.151-159
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• 2018

This study analyzes the impact of competitions clinics on the total treatment cost and anti-biotics prescription rate. The result of implementing the basic statistics, correlations, and regression analysis by facilitating the evaluation data by Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service in 2015 for acute otitis media in children is shown as follows. First, there is a significant difference for each si-gun-gu for the competition index between total treatment cost and clinics, but there is almost no significant difference for the anti-biotics prescription rate. Second, competition in clinics has statistically important impact on the total examination cost And, third, competition in clinics has no statistically important impact on the anti-biotics prescription rate. There is a need for additional studies on re-examination rate, treatment cost per visit and so forth in order to clarify other factors of competition for medical institutions impacting on the physician behavior in the future studies.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 2004

Saam acupuncture has an evident principles of prescription based on acupuncture tonification and purgation of Nan-gyeong but many prescriptions of Saam acupuncture are not typical patterns. Therefore it is difficult to understand principles of those prescriptions. Understanding the principles of any prescription means understanding the physiology and pathology of that prescription and it have an important role in selecting the best prescription and taking the most effective treatment. This paper studies principles of prescriptions of the king fire and the premier fire. The theoretical authorities of analysis are Nan-gyeong, works of Joo dan-gye and Li dong-won and Uihakimmun. The damage of fire to mentality is very intensive and severe. The prescriptions of the king fire and premier fire have a good effect on diseases by fire. The fire of human body are two types, the king fire and the premier fire but the water of human body is only one and then inferior to fire. The fire superior to the water is unstable and the fire influences rapidly and intensively on four elements, wood, earth, metal, water. So the control of the water is the key to treat the disease by fire. Considering the attack and the treatment of disease, heart and liver are attacked with a disease by fire in its early stage and kidney and lung are the key to treatment. Consequently the pathology of the disease by fire is corresponding to the theory- Yang Sufficient, Yin Deficient- of Joo dan-gye. It seems that the theory of Joo dan-gye influenced on the medical theory of Saam Acupuncture. On that account I believe that the study of medical theories of the Geum and Won Dynasty that various medical theories appeared is very available.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.93-110
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• 2003

Fiscal crisis in the medical insurance has put the pressure upon hospitals by increasing the rate of curtailment, since the implementation of the separation between prescription and dispensing of Drug. The purpose of this study is to analyze the curtailment for antibiotics, injected drug and other drugs expenditure before and after the system of separation between prescribing and dispensing. Data were gathered from 13 general hospitals and used for analysis of trends on antibiotics and injected drug expenditure, and curtailment in 2000-2001 at three months intervals. The results were as follows; The curtailment rate of antibiotics expenditure has been increased in outpatient and inpatient since 2000. The curtailed antibiotics cost and injected drug cost in outpatient under the prescription within the hospital and in inpatient increased. The ratios of curtailment versus expenditure had increased in antibiotics, injected drugs, anticancer drugs, antiulcer drugs, albumine, antiinflammatory drugs. These results suggest that claim review system in social health insurance were over-focused mainly to control the cost and it might to impede the validity of claim review function in health insurance system. Therefore, it's needed to develope the scientific and reasonable parameter & criteria for claim review of drug expenditure.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.47-56
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• 2011

Objective : This study reviews the articles about 'Side effect' published in the Japanese Journal of Oriental Medicine to better understand about side effects of herbal medication and to encourage clinicians, the authorities and the public to establish side effects reporting system. Method : We searched articles published in the Japanese Journal of Oriental Medicine by using keyword '副作用(Side effect)' in the CiNii. Results : Among the 118 articles collected, 14 are clinical articles about side effect of prescriptions, 13 are reports about side effect of prescriptions presented from Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 36 are clinical articles about relief of side effects derived from taking western medicine by taking a herbal prescription, 8 are studies about the effect of a herbal prescription combined with western medicine or comparative studies between a herbal prescription and western medicine, and so on. Conclusions : Lots of articles deal with side effects of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Preparata, Bupleuri Radix and so on. When side effects occurred, removing a certain herbal drug or quitting a herbal prescription is helpful to relieve or disappear the side effects. And Side effects reporting system should be established to guide safe medication use and treatment for patients. In order to establish side effects reporting system, the standardization of herbal drugs is needed.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.198-204
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• 2021

Background: Cardiovascular (CV) disease is known as one of the major causes of death from disease worldwide. Statin therapy plays a pivotal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) lowering the LDL-cholesterol level effectively. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of the intensity of statin therapy in adult patients of Korea and the risk of ASCVD of the patient group. Methods: We used data from sample of patients from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA-NPS-2018). We analyzed the patterns of prescribing statins including types of statin, statin intensity, and number of patients with ASCVD or risk of ASCVD. Results: 155,512 patients were included in the analysis, and 27,950 patients (18.0%) was over 75 years. High-intensity statin usage was increased in ASCVD patients compared with the low-intensity statin use. The OR (odds ratio) of high-intensity statin were increased in myocardial infarction patients compared with low-intensity statin use showing the highest OR; 12.40 (95% CI; 9.48-16.22). At patient groups of angina, ischemic heart disease and carotid disease, high-intensity statin prescription rate was increased compared with low-intensity statin. However, there was no statistical significance between both statin prescription rates in patients of peripheral arterial disease, abdominal aneurysm, diabetic mellitus and atherosclerosis. Conclusion: The statin prescription rate showed intensity increasing tendency according to the risk of ASCVD. More aggressive statin therapy might be beneficial for the ASCVD patients based on the recent guidelines of dyslipidemia.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.268-277
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• 2021

Background: Most antipsychotic drugs studies have been mainly conducted on side effects, randomized clinical trials, utilization rates, and trends. But there have been few studies on the influencing factors in elderly patients. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influencing factors on the outpatient prescription of antipsychotic drugs in the elderly patients. Methods: Active ingredients of antipsychotic drugs in Korea were selected according to the Korean Pharmaceutical Information Center (KPIC)'s classification. Data source was Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) claims data in 2020 and target patient group was the elderly patient group. We extracted patients who have been prescribed one or more antipsychotic drugs and visited only one medical institution. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square, t-test, negative binomial regression. Results: A number of outpatients were 245,197 and prescriptions were 1,379,092. Most characteristics of patients were 75-85 year's old, female, health insurance type, no disease (dementia, schizophrenia), atypical drugs, cci score (>2) and characteristics of medical institution were neurology in specialty, rural region, general hospitals. Results of regression showed that patient's characteristics and medical center characteristics had significant effect on the outpatient prescription of antipsychotic drugs in the elderly patients. Conclusion: This study suggests that national policy of antipsychotic drugs in the elderly patients, with the consideration of the patients' and medical institutions' characteristics, is needed.