• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.14-22
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• 2011

This study was designed to compare the incidence and severity of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) between normal (N = 85) and overweight or obese (N = 28) college female students and investigated correlation between PMS, nutrient intake, hematological index and psychological index (depression, anxiety, stress). Each subject was asked a Menstrual Discomfort Questionnaire (MDQ) for PMS by 5 Likert scale. The PMS scores of women in the normal weight subjects ranked in order of severity were water retention (2.71), followed by behavioral change (2.58), negative affect (2.46), pain (2.31), autonomic reaction (2.27), decreased concentration (2.16). The symptoms of 'pain' and 'behavioral change' of overweight or obese subject were significantly higher than those of normal subject (p < 0.05). And total cholesterol concentration of overweight or obese subjects was significantly higher than in normal subject (p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between the symptoms of 'negative effect' and BMI. And the triglyceride concentration was positively related with 'water retention (p < 0.01)'. The symptoms of 'decreased concentration' were negatively correlated with calcium (p < 0.01) and vitamin B6 intake (p < 0.05). The depression score were positively related with symptoms of 'behavioral change (p < 0.05)', 'negative affect' (p < 0.01), and the anxiety score was positively correlated with 'behavioral change (p < 0.05)' and 'decreased concentration (p < 0.05)'. The stress score was positively correlated with 'decreased concentration (p < 0.01)', 'behavioral change (p < 0.05)' and 'negative affect (p < 0.05)'. This suggests that PMS represents the clinical manifestation of a calcium, vitamin $B_6$ deficiency and psychological disorder. Therefore we concluded that nutrient supplementation, depression and stress management may help to relieve PMS symptoms.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.204-209
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• 2019

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) encompasses a vast array of physical and psychological symptoms. Of the herbal supplements mentioned for remedy PMS symptoms, chamomile used as an effective herbal medicine. The overall purpose of this review was to determine the efficacy of chamomile on the treatment PMS. An extensive research review using Web of Science, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register database, PubMed, Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM), CINAHL, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Psych INFO, Social Science Research Network, SID, Google Scholar, Iran Doc, Magiran and Iran Medex. Eligible studies were identified from English and Persian databases, published between 1990 and 2019. Studies were screened independently by two researchers who performed the data extraction. Of Twenty-seven studies identified, Eight RCTs met our inclusion criteria. Chamomile has been used to treat PMS relief because of therapeutic properties such as anti-inflammatory effects (Chamazulene and α-Bisabolol); anti-spasmodic effects (Apigenin, Quercetin, and Luteolin, Metoxicomarin, Matrisin, and Phytoestrogens); anti-anxiety effects (Glycine, Flavonoid). The results of this review show that Chamomile is effective for the treatment of PMS. Based on these results, we believe that Chamomile can be used as good herbal medicine to treat in women with PMS.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2018년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.123-123
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• 2018

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common disorder affecting the emotional and physical health of women during certain periods of the menstrual cycle. Many researchers who have previously studied PMS have believed that PMS is associated with changes in sex hormones and serotonin levels at the beginning of the menstrual cycle. However, recent studies suggest that progesterone/estrogen imbalance and elevation of prolactin-induced by dopamine low-secretion play a crucial role in increasing PMS symptoms. Because of this, we have focused on mitigating PMS symptoms through the mechanism of prolactin secretion inhibition by dopamine receptor activation. The inhibition of prolactin secretion by 61-kinds of medicinal herb extracts was investigated in GH3 pituitary cells. Among them, Inula heleniun L. root extract (IHE) showed excellent prolactin secretion inhibitory effect. IHEs were prepared using 30, 50, and 70% ethanol. And the yield, cytotoxicity, dopamine receptor activity and inhibition of prolactin secretion of each extract were measured. Through a series of experiments, we found that prolactin secretion was significantly reduced (P<0.01) by the components present in IHE and that dopamine receptor regulation was possible (P<0.05). Considering yield and safety, we suggest the use of 30% ethanol IHE in the development of PMS symptom relief products.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.320-332
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to examine premenstrual symptoms (PMS) according to physical activity of high school girls. Method: Data were collected from 323 high school girls using structured questionnaires, Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, and AVOVA. Results: The mean score of PMS was low (2.200.81). Among the subcategories, negative feeling (2.491.26) was the highest. Physical activity levels were coded as inactive, minimal activity and health enhancing physical activity, among which minimal activity (53.0%) was the highest. Significant differences in PMS were observed according to subjective health condition (F=10.83, p<.001), alcohol intake (t=-1.99, p=.048), caffeine intake (F=3.04, p=.029), dietary habit (F=4.78, p=.009), amount of menstruation (F=4.57, p=.011), discomfort in daily life (F=28.94, p<.001), degree of menstrual pain (F=41.23, p<.001), method of menstrual pain relief (F=4.29, p=.015), and family history (F=11.45, p<.001). Significant difference in PMS was observed according to the physical activity level (F=3.12, p=.046), and health enhancing physical activity (2.540.87) was the highest. Conclusion: These findings suggest that PMS intervention programs would be considered factors related to PMS. Conduct of further studies is recommended for evaluation of the relationship between physical activity and PMS.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.103-115
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• 1999

연구목적 : 월경전기증후군에서 나타나는 증상 양상, 가족력, 높은 정서장애의 유병율은 이 질환의 정서장애와의 관련성을 시사해 주며 한편, 월경주기에 따른 정서장애 임상경과의 변화도 제시되고 있다. 본 연구는 정신과 외래 통원 치료를 받고 있는 정서장애 환자군과 대조군을 대상으로 하여 월경전기변화의 양상과 정도를 비교하고 일상 및 직업 생활에의 영향 및 환자군에서의 월경전기변화에 대한 가능성 있는 위험 요인들을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 본 연구는 정신과 외래 통원 치료를 받고 있는 여성 정서장애 환자 80명과 정상 대조군 80명을 대상으로 하였다. 월경전기변화는 DSM-IV 월경전기불쾌기분장애의 진단기준 A를 세분화한 4점 척도의 16항목으로 구성된 자기 평가 형식의 설문지를 통해 후향적인 방법으로 평가되었다. 결과 : 1) 월경전기변화의 항목 중 한가지 이상에서 중등도 이상의 변화를 경험하는 월경전기변화군이 정서 장애 환자군은 32.6%. 대조군은 50%로 환자군에서 대상이 적었다. 2) 월경전기변화군에서 대조군은 기분 또는 행동 변화와 신체적인 변화를 호소하는 경우가 비슷한 분포로 나타났으나, 환자군은 기분 또는 행동 변화만을 호소하는 경우가 유의하게 많았다. 월경전기변화군에서 대조군은 신체적인 변화인 유방 통증의 빈도가 가장 높았던 반면 환자군에서는 기분이나 행동 변화인 피로감과 무기력의 빈도가 가장 높았다. 3) 대조군은 기분이나 행동 변화와 신체적인 변화가 많을수록 일상이나 사회 생활에 심한 장애를 경험하는 반면 환자군에서는 기분 또는 행동 변화만이 빈도가 높을수록 심한 일상이나 사회 생활의 장애를 경험하였다. 4) 환자군에서 월경전기변화군은 월경전기변화가 없는 군에 비해 월경통을 보고하는 경우가 유의하게 많았으며, 그 심각도는 월경전기변화의 빈도와 상관 관계를 나타내었다. 결론 : 정서 장애 환자군의 월경전기변화는 신체적 변화보다 기분 행동 변화가 두드러지는 특성을 보였다. 이들 환자군의 월경전기변화는 기존 질환의 월경전기악화 또는 기존 질환과 동반되는 월경전기증후군의 가능성을 제시해 준다. 또한, 환자군에서는 월경전기변화 특히 기분 또는 행동 변화의 빈도가 높을수록 심한 일상 생활의 장애를 경험하였다. 따라서, 정서장애 환자에서의 월경전기변화에 대한 정확한 평가와 이에 대한 적절한 치료 전략의 수립이 필요하리라 본다.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.115-125
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• 1995

Reports about the prevalence of premenstrual symptoms state that occurs in 20 to 100% of most reproductive-age women. There is a close association between premenstrual syndrome and affective disorders as well as same some other psychiatric disorders. Late luteal phase dysphoric disorder (LLPDD) is a premenstrual condition defined in DSM-III-R by severe mood changes and other symptoms that repeatedly occur only in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. However, DSM-III-R does not specify how to compute the change from the follicular to the luteal phase or how to determine when the amount of change is great enough to warrant the diagnosis nor how to determine occupational or social functional impairment. This study was conducted to evaluate the nature, severity and magnitude of premenstrual syndrome in women with current psychiatric disorders by using prospective Daily Rating Form(DRF), and to measure symptom changes according to three scoring methods for diagnosing LLPDD. Our study obtains the data about premenstrual changes estimated by DRF from 22 women with psychiatric disorders who had met criteria for major depressive syndrome on the Premenstrual Assessment Form (PAF). The data was scored by each three methods and was determined to meet criteria A for LLPDD. The results are as follows: 1) the subjects, when scored according to the percent change method, effect size method and absolute severity method, met the DSM-III-R criteria A for LLPDD in 36.4% (8 subjects), 14% (3 subjects) and 4.5% (1 subject) of the cases respectively. 2) The items of irritability, anger and impatience were occurred most frequently on the DRF, when it was scored according to the three scoring methods. And the item of breast pain was next frequent according to the effect size method and the percent change method but according to the absolute severity method. 3) The PAF item of impaired social functioning was reported by 16 (73%) of the subjects. 4) 4 (18%) of the subjects met criteria A for LLPDD and reported impaired social functioning. The prevalency of LLPDD according to each method varied. The percent change method yielded the greatest (36.4%), and the absolute seventy method yielded the laest (4.5%), The effect size method yielded an intermediate frequency (14%). Therefore, for maximizing the diagnostic accuracy of LLPDD, a diagnostic procedure including a measure of change (e.q., effect size method, percent change method) as well as confirmed diagnosis by DRF, will be needed. Also, an accurate tool to evaluate impaired social functioning will be required.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.112-119
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• 2008

연구목적 : 월경전기 증후군(Premenstrual Syndrome : PMS)은 가임기 여성의 약 80% 이상에서 발생하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 월경 주기와 일치하는 질환의 특성 상 여성 호르몬의 변화가 질환과 가장 밀접한 연관이 있는 것으로 알려져 있으나 아직까지 특징적인 생물학적 원인에 대한 일관된 보고는 되어 있지 않다. 이에 질환의 심리학적 원인에 대한 여러 가지 가설들도 제시되고 있는데 그 중에서도 심리적 외상 경험과의 연관성에 대한 연구들은 과거의 심리적 외상이 클수록 월경전기 증후군의 증상이 심해진다는 흥미로운 관점을 제시한다. 한편 과거의 심리적 외상은 해리 증상과도 연관이 있는 것으로 알려져 있는데 이러한 사실들로부터 월경전기 증후군과 해리증상의 연관성에 대한 가능성을 유추할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 월경전기 증후군의 정도와 해리증상 경험의 정도, 과거 학대 경험의 연관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 본 연구는 서울 경기 경북에 근무하는 377명의 간호사들 중 설문과 기록을 충실하게 수행한 183명을 대상으로 하였다. 월경전기 증후군의 존재 여부와 증상의 정도는 Daily Record of Severity of Problems(DRSP), Shortened Premenstrual Assessment Form(SPAF)을 이용하여 측정하였다. 해리 증상의 정도는 Dissociation Experience Scale(DES-K)을 사용하였고 과거의 신체/언어적 학대 경험, 성적 학대 경험, 부모의 배우자 학대 경험은 각각 부모의 신체적 언어적 학대 방임 척도, 성적 학대 척도, 배우자 학대 척도를 이용하였다. 결과 : SPAF 점수를 기준으로 대상자들을 월경전기 증후군이 없는 군(No PMS), 경도에서 중등도의 증상을 경험하는 군(mild to moderate PMS), 중증의 증상을 경험하는 군(severe PMS)으로 나누었을 때 신체적 언어적 학대 방임 척도($x^2=14.397$, df=2, p=0.001), 성적 학대 척도($x^2=8.376$, df=2, p=0.015), 부모의 배우자 학대 척도($x^2=9.322$, df=2, p=0.009)에서 각 군 간에 유의한 차이를 보였다. 마찬가지로 DES 점수에서도 각 군 간에 유의한 차이가 있었다($x^2=14.966$, df=2, p=0.001). SPAF를 사용하여 측정한 월경전기 증후군의 증상 정도와 과거의 학대 경험 정도는 양의 상관관계를 보였으며 이는 해리 증상의 경험 정도에서도 마찬가지였다. 결론 : 상기 결과는 월경전기 증후군의 증상과 해리증상, 과거 외상경험이 연관이 있을 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.603-614
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the correlation between Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and nutritional intake, blood composition of female students. One hundred and one female students were selected as the experimental subjects at Gyeongsang National University. To assess the PMS symptoms of the subjects, a questionnaire (PAP) score based on the methods of Halbreich, Endicor and Nee was prepared with 34 different items. Dietary survey was conducted by 24­hour recall method for 3 days and nutrient intakes were analyzed by the CAN-Pro. Blood composition of WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct, Ca and Mg was measured. The average height, weight and BMI of subjects were $160.7\pm4.6cm,\;54.1\pm5.7kg\;and\;21.2\pm1.9$, respectively. Average intakes of energy, calcium, iron, zinc, vit $B_2$, and folic acid per day were $1810.2\pm344.9kcal(90.5\%\;of\;RDA),\;621.1\;197.3mg(88.7\%\;of\;RDA),\;15.9\;pm4.9mg\;(99.3\%\;of\;RDA),\;8.1\pm3.4mg(80.5\%\;of\;RDA),\;1.1\pm0.6mg(88.3\%\;of\;RDA)\;and\;234.3\pm78.6{\mu}g(93.7\%\;of\;RDA)$, respectively. Score of the behavioral symptoms, psychologic symptoms, physical symptoms and other symptoms were recorded $1.79\pm0.86,\;2.11\pm1.08,\;2.31\pm1.11\;and\;1.58\pm0.86$, respectively. The relation between PMS and menstrual cramps was significant. A significant difference was observed for menstruation amount in physical symptoms (p<0.05) and other scores (p<0.05). The group who drinks alcohol over 30g per day showed higher scores at total PAP (p<0.05), psychologic symptoms (p<0.05), physical symptoms (p<0.05), and other scores (p<0.05) than those who don't drink alcohol. Calcium in the blood showed a negative correlation with total PAF score (p<0.05), behavioral symptoms (p<0.05), physical symptoms (p<0.05) and other scores (p<0.01). Magnesium in the blood showed a negative correlation with physical symptoms (p<0.05), other score (p<0.05). WBC was negatively associated with psychologic scores (p<0.05). Hb and Hct were negatively associated with other scores (p<0.05). In conclusion, calcium intake showed a level of $88.7\%$ of RDA and this study revealed that there is a correlation between PMS and blood composition in female college students. Therefore, calcium and magnesium supplements can be beneficial to relieve PMS symptoms.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.577-587
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• 2013

This study aimed to elicit the variability of appetite and food intake patterns in female college students during different menstrual phases. The craving for certain foods and physiological and psychological symptoms of menstrual phase (pre- and post-menstrual) were investigated by self-administered questionnaire. Three hundred and sixty six students who were 20.9 years old and had $19.8kg/m^2$ of BMI volunteered to participate in this study. Most of the subjects (89.5%) experienced the premenstrual syndrome (PMS) such as irritation, bodily fatigue, nervosity. Symptoms such as tiredness, stomachache, changes in taste and increased appetite were pointed out to be experienced at the onset of the menstrual cycle. The variability of food intake in premenstrual phase, 11.0% of subjects had decreased food intake where as 68.8% had experienced increased intake. The postmenstrual phase, 20.1% had decreased food intake while 45.2% had experienced increased intake due to changes in the appetite. Before starting menstruation, most of the subjects craved for sweets. The group who had experienced abnormal appetite during menstrual phase was significantly high ratio in overweight and obese students (p<0.05). We also observed an association between the PMS score and the variability of eating patterns during the menstrual phase. The students who experienced changing appetite and food intake had significantly high PMS score in the premenstrual phase (p<0.01) and postmenstrual phase (p<0.05). These results suggested a need for future study related to changes in the actual nutrient intake and activity level during the menstrual phase.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.14-21
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• 2007

월경전 불쾌기분 장애(premenstrual dysphoric disorder, PMDD)는 여성의 약 $4{\sim}5%$에서 발병하며 섹스 스테로이드 호르몬 양의 변화에 대한 증가된 반응성 및 세로토닌, 멜라토닌, GABA의 감소가 원인으로 생각된다. 우울증, 계절성 정동 장애, 공황장애, 신경성 폭식증은 질병 특성 상 공통점이 있어서 월경전 불쾌기분 장애와 상호 연관성을 암시한다. DSM-IV-TR의 진단 기준에 따라 월경전 불쾌기분 장애를 진단하려면 반드시 정신적 증상이었어야 한다. 흔한 정신적 증상은 이자극성, 분노, 우울, 기분 스윙, 정동 불안정, 긴장, 불안, 피로, 음식 갈망이다. 현재로서 최선의 치료 약물은 세로토닌 재흡수 차단제이며, leuprolide, danazol, estradiol, spironolactone, bromocriptine도 사용될 수 있다. 경증 및 중증도 환자에 대한 보조적 치료로는 식이요법, 운동, 광선요법, 정신치료, 일기 쓰기 등이 있다.