• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preference trend of children in the child-care centers in relation to certain environmental factors such as size of the residing town. This evaluation was conducted using questionnaire survey where the mother of each child was required to complete a preference questionnaire including 83 food items. Statistical data analysis was completed using SAS package program. The results of this survey showed the followings : 1. Generally, the preference level of the children living in large cities were higher than of medium cities except in case of vegetables, while the preference level of the children living in large cities were higher than those of rural area except in case of hard-boiling(jorim) and vegetables. The subjects showed high preferences to bulgogi(4.53), pork-cutlet(4.52), fried chicken(4.51), jajangmyone(4.45), kimgui(4.43), roasted fish(4.31), roasted ham(4.13). 2. There was a tendency that a la carte, bread and noodles received higher preference scores. Items of Korean style soup attained higher preference scores than stew(ggigae). The preference scores of fired, broiled or pan-fried items(jun) were higher than those of other items such as seasoned vegetables(namool). 3. The preference scores of children (routinely or occasionally) skipping breakfast or supper were generally low. There was no significant difference according to the existence of mother's job except in case of steamed or pan-fried items, provided that the preference scores of the size of the monthly income of the household except stew, provide that the preference scores of the children whose household had lower income were slightly higher in general.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.153-174
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• 1991

The purpose of this study is to examine the leisure activities of housewives, to identify the factors that influence leisure activities, and to explore the factors contribute to their life satisfaction. So, this study analyses the effects of econo-demographic and socio-cultural variables and of leisure constraint factors on the leisure activities of housewives. And it deals with how these variables and the leisure activities influence life satisfaction of housewives. For these puoposes, 508 housewives residing in Seoul & Daegu were selected for interviews. For data analysis such statistical methods as ANOVA, t-test, Pearson's correlation, adn Multiple Regression Analysis can be summarised. The main findings of the research are as follows: 1. Leisure acivities are classified in Self-developmental, Home-oriented, Time-consuming, Social and Children-concerned types by the technique of factor analysis. The average particiation level was high in Time-consuming type, but low in Self-developmental type. 2. The participation level of leisure activities shows significant differences by selected variables: The Self-developmental type shows significant differences by housewife's education level, income, husband's occupation, role orientation, home management type and leisure constraints. And Children-concerned type was differed to number of family nember, number of children, age of housewife and age of housewife and age of the youngst child. 3. The preference level of leisure activities differ by housewife's education level, income, husband's occupation, home management type and leisure constraints in the Self-developmental and the Social type. And the preference level of Home-oriented leisure activities was high in the middle class of income and husband's occupation. 4. The preference and participation level of leisure activities show differences. And the variables affecting the differences were housewife's age, education level, home management type, role orientation, leisure constraint factors in the Self-developmental type, and were demographic variables such as number of family member, housewife's age in the Home-oriented type. 5. The variables which affected the level of life satisfaction independently were leisure space, income, the participation level of the Self-developmental and the Social type and the preference level of the Self-developmental type.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.181-198
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigated relationship between heath status and food preference of male and fermale adults who live in Iksan City, Cheonbuk, Korea. The subjects consisted of 96 male and 93 fermale adults were aged 20 to 70 years old. Each subject was interviewed to get information of food preference. Blood samples were taken concentration of serum in hemoglobin, glucose, total cholesterol, GOT(glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase), GPT(glutamic pyruvic transaminase) were measured. The results obtained were as follows: Among the food preference were like, dislike and ordinary answered to male and fermale adults the normal average of serum concentration with hemoglobin level showed 15.4, 14.2, 15.5, 12.9, 15.8 and 13.2g/dl, glucose level showed 85.8, 86.1, 87.5, 88.1, 87.9 and 86.1mg/dl, total cholesterol level showed 183.1, 185.0, 172.4, 193.5, 181.2 and 184.0mg/dl, GOT level showed 4.8, 23.4, 24.8, 23.9, 24.9 and 21.7ppm, GPT level showed 22.7, 20.2, 26.3, 18.5, 22.5 and 18.4ppm respectively. The abnormal average of serum concentration with hemoglobin level showed 11.1, 10.8, 12.2, 11.3, 12.5 and 11.0g/dl, abnormal glucose level showed 155.7 168.5, 166.2, 134.1, 124.1, 130.1, abnormal total cholesterol level showed 260.3, 273.7, 255.2, 286.5, 255.9 and 251.8mg/dl, abnormal GOT level showed 58.8, 66.8, 51.8, 50.3, 51.2 and 51.0ppm abnormal GPT level showed 54.3, 48.6, 51.3, 50.2, 53.2 and 45.5ppm respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.17
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• pp.105-159
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is (a) to identify physical and content elements of children's books that seem to interest second and fifth graders to read, and (b) to observe how the influence of those elements on children's reading interest shifts as children develop. For the purpose of this study, children's books are classified into two groups: 'books of low preference' and 'books of high preference' as determined by second graders, and fifth graders' library circulation record in the library chosen as the sample for the present study. The physical and content elements of the books belonging to these two groups are analyzed and compared. Main findings and conclusions made in this study are summarised as follows: (1) The physical elements of children's books which have significant relationship with second graders' reading preference are illustration quantity, size of types, space between lines, and size of the book. (2) The content elements of children's books which have significant relationship with second graders' reading preference are the readability level of sentences, and the sex of heroes. (3) The physical elements of children's books which have significant relationship with fifth graders' reading preference are illustration quantity, illustration styles, and size of the book. (4) The content elements of children's books which have significant relationship with fifth graders' reading preference are the readability level, the sex of heroes, subject matters, themes and the environmental settings as the background of stories. (5) Reading preference of the pupils at the second and fifth grades are influenced by the quantity of illustration. Second grade pupils prefer reading books which contain a larger quantity of illustrations, whereas 5th grade pupils prefer books which contain less quantity of illustrations. (6) The relationship between second graders' reading preference and the illustration style are rejected at the $10\%$ significance level. A strong relationship, however, appears to exist between 5th graders' reading preference and the illustration style. The 5th grade pupils prefer more realistic illustrations, while cartoons and semi-abstract drawings do not appeal to them. (7) The type size, and space between lines which have had great influence on the book preference of 2nd grade pupils influence little on the 5th grade pupils book preference. (8) Second grade pupils prefer the book of a small Size, whereas 5th grade pupils whose reading taste has developed at a primary stage prefer the book of a large size beyond a certain standard. (9) Second grade pupils prefer reading books which can be easily read, whreeas 5th grade pupils prefer reading books containing difficult sentences. (10) Second grade pupils and the 5th grade pupils both prefer books in accordance with the sex of there heroes. (11) Relationship between second graders' reading preference and the subject matters are rejected at the 10% significance level. A strong relationship, however, appears to exist between 5th graders' reading preference and the subject matter. Fifth grade pupils prefer reading books of which the themes are mystery, exploration and adventure. (12) The theme of books is not proved to relate with the book preference of the 2nd grade pupils, but it is closely related with the book preference of 5th grade pupils. Fifth grade pupils prefer reading books which contain exploratory stories. (13) Second grade pupils are not influenced by the environmental setting of the story, but 5th grade pupils prefer reading stories with the environmental setting in the air. (14) The quantity of illustrations is the element influencing most on .the book preference of the 2nd grade pupils, followed by the space between the lines, which influences least on the book preference of the 5th grade pupils. (15) The physical element influencing most on the book preference of the 2nd grade pupils is the quantity of the illustrations. The physical element which has the most strong influence on the book preference of the 5th graders is illustration styles. (16) The content elements which has much influence on the book preference of the 5th grade pupils are certain kinds of characteristics of heroes. In case of the 2nd grade pupils book preference, striking evidence of such characteristics of heroes is not traced.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.55-64
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• 2015

Purpose - Multi-dimensional prices comprise multiple components such as monthly payments and a number of payments rather than a single lump-sum amount. According to previous studies, an increase in the number of price dimensions leads to a massive amount of cognitive stress resulting in incorrect calculation, and deterioration in the consistency of the price judgment. However, an increase only in the level of complexity of calculating multi-dimensional prices does not always result in a corresponding decrease in the accuracy of price evaluation. Since diverse variables could affect consumers' purchase-decision-making process, the results of price evaluation would be different. In this study, an empirical analysis was performed to determine how the accuracy of price evaluation varies depending on the extent of the complexity of price dimensions using product involvement and brand preference as moderating variables. Research design, data, and methodology - A survey was conducted on 260 students, and 252 effective responses were used for analysis. The data was analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, and two-way ANOVA. In this study, six hypotheses were developed to examine the effect of product involvement and brand preference on consumers' evaluation effort of multi-dimensional prices. Results - As the number of price dimensions increased, accuracy of price evaluation appeared to be low in high involvement, as expected. However, it showed no differences in price evaluation effort when the level of complexity of calculating multi-dimensional prices is low. When a small number of price dimensions are presented in both cases of high and low involvement, accuracy of price evaluation is much higher in a weak brand preference. On the contrary, a strong brand preference enhances an accuracy of price evaluation only in case of low involvement when the number of price dimensions is increased. An interaction effect of product involvement and brand preference on consumers' evaluation of multi-dimensional prices did not exist irrespective of the level of complexity of calculating prices being high or low. Conclusions - When the number of price dimensions is small, consumers' effort for price evaluation shows almost no difference without the moderating effect of involvement, and a weak brand preference leads to a higher accuracy of price evaluation in an effort to make the best selection. No interaction effect of product involvement and brand preference was found except for a main effect of brand preference. When a price is composed of multiple dimensions rendering it more difficult to calculate the final price, the effort for price evaluation was expected to decrease only slightly in case of combination of high involvement and strong brand preference. This is because people have a higher purchase intentions and trust for that particular brand. However, the accuracy of price evaluation was much lower in cases of high involvement, and there was no interaction effect between product involvement and brand preference except for a main effect of involvement and brand preference, respectively.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.25-38
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the phenomenon of son preference and the related factors among married women in Metro Manila Philippines and to compare between Filipino women and Chinese-Filipino women in many respects. Local schools were contacted for recruitment of participants (n=206) The results showed that more than a half of the respondents(54.5%) preferred a son for the first child. On the other hand almost a half(44.7%) preferred a daughter for the second child. It is interesting that almost a third of married women showed an equal preference between a son and a daughter for the first child (34.2%) and the second child (31.2%) The results of multiple regression analysis revealed that son preference was most strongly related to women's patriarchal attitude and orientation and secondly to a strong son preference for the first child. Two groups of women Filipino and Chinese-Filipino were compared in the level of parental support and expectation for sons and d ughters perception of women's position in family and society patriarchal attitudes and orientation sex preference for the first and the second child reasons of son preference and demographic characteristics. It was found that filipino women tended to prefer a daughter for the second child much more and to perceive women's position much higher than Chinese-Filipino women. Filipino mothers showed an equal level of support and expectations for sons and daughters much more than Chinese groups. For the reasons of son preference it was notable that Filipino women tended to rely on sons in old age much more than Filipino counterparts. Based on the findings of this study three factors were found strong enough to drawour attention. Daughter preference high position of women and equal support for sons and daughters appeared to be closely related in a meaningful way. Future studies need to focus on the relationships among three factors in depth Three factors suggest some important direction tha a strong son preference country like Korea need to head forward in a near future.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.23-37
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• 2011

This study examined the preference and the purchase intention of male and female from 20s through 405 to smart phones. This study verified the differences between the groups according to the socio-demographic factors, the usage pattern of mobile phone, and the perceived cost and the expected benefit. The analysis of the relative influence of those relevant factors was followed. The summaries of this study are as follows; First, the high level factors in purchasing smart phones were the perceived cost and the expected benefit pointed over 3.82. It means that they arc interested in smart phones highly, and if they can support to buy smart phones and situations can be permitted, they would like to buy them. Second, the differences between groups of the preference and the purchase intention were found according to the ages, the marital status and the education level. The results showed that those preference and the purchase intension were measured high at the group of the 20s-30s, the married, and the higher educational level of collage students. Third, expected benefit on smart phones was shown to be divided into two characterized factors through factor analysis. One was 'functional expected benefit' and the other was 'emotional expected benefit'. The functional and the emotional benefit on the using of smart phones were presented high level in group of over graduated students. Forth, the results of the stepwise multiple analysis, which was carried out to find out the influencing factors on the preference and the purchasing intension to smart phones, showed that the most effective factor was the functional expected benefit. The self-expressive propensity, and the education level were followed sequentially. The purchase intention was influenced by both of the functional and the emotional expected benefit. The result of this study shows that the level of the consumer's perceived cost(economic, psychological) and the expected benefit were measured high at the same time. That means that it is necessary to make the consumer information and communicating smoothly in order to lower the cost and enhance the benefit. In addition, This study has its meaning because it found out that functional expected benefit is a factor which has an influence on the Consumer Preference and Purchase Intention on Smart phone. If consumer's function requirements on smart phone are satisfied, it will be able to reduce the consumer problems and increase the consumer satisfaction. The result of this study would be applicable when Smart Phone is used as one of the auxiliary tools for smart consumption.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.414-425
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• 2010

In this paper, a procedure is developed for identifying a number of representative solutions manageable for decision-making in a multiobjective optimization problem concerning the test intervals of the components of a safety system of a nuclear power plant. Pareto Front solutions are identified by a genetic algorithm and then clustered by subtractive clustering into "families". On the basis of the decision maker's preferences, each family is then synthetically represented by a "head of the family" solution. This is done by introducing a scoring system that ranks the solutions with respect to the different objectives: a fuzzy preference assignment is employed to this purpose. Level Diagrams are then used to represent, analyze and interpret the Pareto Fronts reduced to the head-of-the-family solutions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.175-189
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• 2015

This study empirically confirmed how an art infusion into fashion products affect consumer's preference through Study 1 and Study 2. Study 1 examined the effect of an art infusion and the difference of an art infusion effect according to self-monitoring scale by designing groups composed of 2 (art infusion: infusion versus non-infusion) ${\times}2$ (self-monitoring: high versus low). Study 2 examined the difference of an art infusion effect according to the luxury level of fashion brands by designing groups composed of 2 (art infusion: infused versus non-infused) ${\times}2$ (fashion brand luxury levels: high versus mid versus low). This study was conducted using a convenience sample of women in their 20s and 30s residing in the Seoul and Daegu region. In Study 1, 162 participants were randomly assigned to two experiment situations of art infusion. In Study 2, 192 participants were randomly assigned to six experiment situations of art infusion and luxury level of fashion brands. For the data analysis, we conducted reliability analysis, two-way ANOVA and simple main effect analysis using SPSS 18.0 statistics package. The results of Study 1 and 2 are as follows. First, consumer's preference was shown to be higher for fashion products with art infusion rather than fashion products without art infusion. Second, the positive effect of art infusion on consumer's preference was significant in the group of high selfmonitors. But there was a non-significant effect of art infusion in the group of low self-monitors. Lastly, the positive effect of art infusion on consumer's preference is higher in the case of a mid-level luxury brand rather than in the case of a high-level luxury brand and low-level luxury brand.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.17-53
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• 1982

Focusing on the strength of son preference obtained from two surveys of the same area, an attempt has been made to measure the change on the IS value scale that many have occurred over the last seven-year period, the underlying assumption here being that the strength of son preference wanes in inverse proportion to the level of society's socio-economic development. Various methodological approaches have been put to test to weigh the importance of the sex preference as a dependent variable, as an independent variable, and as an intermediate variable. A few methodological issues are suggested.