• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1749-1754
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• 2003

The study was undertaken to see the effect of elevated feeding during pre-partum or pre- as well as post-partum period on the productive and reproductive performance of crossbred cows. The experiment lasted for 60 d pre-partum to 120 d post-partum. Eighteen dry pregnant crossbred cows divided into three equal groups were fed either as per NRC feeding standard (C) or 20% above NRC during 60 d pre-partum ($T_1$) or fed 20% above NRC during both 60 d pre-partum to 120 d post-partum ($T_2$) period. During prepartum period body weight gain was significantly ($p{\leq}0.05$) higher in $T_1$ and $T_2$ groups than that of control group. The animals fed at higher plane of nutrition ($T_1$ and $T_2$) took significantly lesser time for complete relaxation of pelvic muscles, act of calving and for expulsion of placenta than that of control group. Moreover, such cows delivered 2 to 3 kg heavier calves as compared to normal fed dams. During post-partum period, the average daily milk yield was significantly higher in $T_2$ group than that in $T_1$ and control groups. The peak yield was significantly higher in $T_2$ group, it took longer time to reach peak production but it was more persistent in this group as compared to $T_1$ and control groups. Average milk fat, solids-not-fat (SNF) and total solids were significantly higher in $T_1$ and $T_2$ groups as compared to control group. Body weight losses incurred during early lactation were not even compensated by end of 4th month of lactation in C and $T_1$ groups whereas the animals in $T_2$ group gained 2.0 kg. The 1st post-partum estrus and conception rate were better in high fed groups ($T_1$ and $T_2$) than that of control group. The returns over feed cost of milk production were higher in $T_2$ group followed by $T_1$ and control groups indicating the advantage of elevated feeding during pre- and post-partum periods.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.1192-1198
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• 2011

Peri-partum metabolic profile was evaluated in winter and summer calving, with 15 Murrah buffaloes in each seasonal group. In summer calvers, significantly lower values were observed for blood plasma urea nitrogen (BUN) at day 30 pre-partum (p<0.05), on calving day (p<0.05) and at all other stages (p<0.01); plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) values were significantly lower on day 30 pre-partum (p<0.01) and on day 60 post-partum (p<0.05). This was associated with significant reduction in days to first service (DFS) and service per conception (SPC) and an overall better reproductive performance in terms of service period, risk to first service on days 60, 90 and >90, and pregnancy risk to first service up to days 60 and 90. This may be attributed to better pre-partum nutritional status. Cervical and uterine involution were completed in fewer days, involutional changes took place at a faster pace and there were a lower number of abnormal involutional changes in winter compared to summer season. This may be attributed to better post-partum nutrition and less environmental stress. However, validation requires further targeted cohort investigation with a large sample size.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.661-666
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• 2005

The effects of pre-partum feeding management in terms of birth weight, growth, metabolic profile and immunity of calves were studied using 24 crossbred (Bos taurus${\times}$Bos indicus) cows, divided into three equal groups. The dietary treatments included feeding of either 3.0 kg concentrate/head/d throughout the 60 d pre-partum (T$_1$), or 3.0 kg concentrate during 60-22 d pre-partum and thereafter at an increased allowance at 0.25 kg/d during the next 21 d till it reached 1% of live weight (T$_2$). The third group of cows was fed similar to T$_2$, except that the concentrate feeding during 60-22 d pre-partum was reduced to 2.0 kg (T$_3$). All the groups had access to ad libitum green fodder throughout. The results revealed that the mean daily dry matter (DM) intake by the cows was similar (p>0.05) among the three groups during the 60 days of the pre-partum but T2 animals tended to gain more live weight (41.25 kg) than T$_1$ (38.12 kg) and T$_3$ (36.25 kg). The body condition score of the cows did not change appreciably over the experimental period. The mean birth weight of the calves was 24.00${\pm}$1.10, 24.63${\pm}$1.17 and 23.25${\pm}$1.19 kg for the three groups, respectively, with the corresponding average daily gain of 154.2, 155.0 and 169.7 g during the subsequent 60 days; both these parameters did not vary significantly ascribable to prepartum feeding regimens of their dams. The total immunoglobulin (Ig) concentration in the colostrum was 6.31${\pm}$0.34, 5.80${\pm}$0.21 and 6.13${\pm}$0.30 g/dl for the three groups, respectively, showing no influence of dietary treatments. The mean serum Ig levels (T$_1$ 2.10${\pm}$0.09, T$_2$ 2.05${\pm}$0.09 and T$_3$ 2.10${\pm}$0.12 g/dl) of calves at 5 d of age were similar among the dietary groups as was the case with various serum biochemical constituents. It is concluded that the variations in pre-partum dietary management elicited no significant influence on the calf performance including the immune status.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.1299-1307
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary antioxidant and energy density on performance and antioxidative status in transition cows. Forty cows were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments in a $2{\times}2$ factorial design. High or low energy density diets (1.43 or 1.28 Mcal $NE_L$/kg DM, respectively) were formulated with or without antioxidant (AOX, a dry granular blend of ethoxyquin and tertiary-butylhydroquinone; 0 or 5 g/cow per d). These diets were fed to cows for 21 days pre-partum. During the post-partum period, all cows were fed the same lactation diets, and AOX treatment followed as for the pre-partum period. Feeding a high energy diet depressed the DMI, milk yield, and 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) of cows. However, AOX inclusion in the diet improved the milk and 4% FCM yields. There was an interaction of energy density by AOX on milk protein, milk fat and total solids contents. Feeding a high energy diet pre-partum increased plasma glucose and ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate, whereas dietary AOX decreased plasma ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate value during the transition period. There were also interactions between time and treatment for plasma glutathione peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde content during the study. Cows fed high energy diets pre-partum had higher plasma glutathione peroxidase activity 3 days prior to parturition, compared with those on low energy diets. Inclusion of AOX in diets decreased plasma glutathione peroxidase activity in cows 3 and 10 days pre-partum. Addition of AOX significantly decreased malondialdehyde values at calving. Energy density induced marginal changes in fatty acid composition in the erythrocyte membrane 3 days post-partum, while AOX only significantly increased cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid composition. The increase in fluidity of the erythrocyte membrane was only observed in the high energy treatment. It is suggested that a diet containing high energy density pre-partum may negatively affect the anti-oxidative status, DMI and subsequent performance. Addition of AOX may improve the anti-oxidative status and reduce plasma ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate, eventually resulting in improved lactation performance; the response to AOX addition was more pronounced on the high energy diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1513-1520
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• 2009

Forty-six Holstein heifers were used in a completely randomized design and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments to evaluate the effects of 2 diets varying in ruminal fermentable carbohydrate sources, namely ground corn (GC) and rolled wheat (RW), on metabolism and performance of primiparous cows in the periparturient period. The heifers were fed diets as a total mixed ration (TMR) with similar energy and crude protein content including i) 18.57% GC, or ii) 18.57% RW from -24.13${\pm}$7.73 d relative to expected calving until calving. After calving, all animals received the same lactation diet until 28 d. Animals were group fed from the beginning of the study to -7 d relative to expected calving, fed individually from d -7 to 7 days in milk (DIM), and again group fed to 28 DIM. The pre-partum diets affected (p<0.05) dry matter intake (DMI), energy intake, energy balance (EB) and urinary pH during the last week pre-partum. There was no effect of pre-partum carbohydrate source on overall plasma concentration of glucose, nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), $\beta$-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), albumin, triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), insulin, and cortisol during the periparturient period. Cows fed the RW diet during the pre-partum period had greater calcium for the first week (p<0.05) and during 28 d (p = 0.08) of lactation compared with heifers fed the GC diet. Primiparous cows fed the RW diet produced greater milk protein content and yield (p<0.05). Primiparous cows fed the RW diet had lower milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and somatic cell count (SCC) than cows fed the GC diet (p<0.05). The results of this study show that feeding pre-partum diets with a rapidly fermentable source of starch but low energy content can improve animal metabolism and performance and smooth the transition of primiparous Holstein cows from gestation to lactation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.839-846
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• 2006

본 연구는 분만 전후 40두의 젖소에 무첨가, sucrose, sucrose+PG 및 sucrose+PG+NIS 복합제 첨가의 4 처리로 급여 시 사료섭취량, 산유량 혈중대사물질 및 대사성 질병 발생에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 사양시험을 수행하였는데, 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다.분만전 건물섭취량은 처리 간에 차이가 없었지만 sucrose+PG+NIS 복합제를 투여하였을 때 대조구 보다 높았으며(P<0.05), sucrose 급여시 분만 후 3주 동안의 건물섭취량이 대조구에 비하여 유의있게 높았다(P<0.05). 혈중 glucose 함량은 처리 간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, 분만 전 21일 평균 NEFA 함량은 대조구에 비하여 sucrose+PG 혼합제를 투여한 처리구에서 유의있게 낮은 수준을 보여주었다 (P<0.05). 그러나 분만 당일 및 분만 후 21일 동안에는 처리 간에 유의적인 차이를 보여주지는 않았다. 처리구별 산유량에 있어서는 첨가제의 급여에 의한 차이를 보여주지 않았으나, 유지율에 있어서는 sucrose 급여구와 sucrose+PG+NIS 복합제를 급여한 구에서 대조구에 비하여 유의있게 높은 수준을 보여주었다. 그리고 4 % FCM에서는 대조구에 비하여 모든 처리구에서 유의있게 높았으며 (P<0.05), 대사성질병 발생은 대조구에서 첨가제 급여구에 비하여 다소 많은 개체에서 후산정체, ketosis 및 유방염이 발생하였다.본 시험의 결과에서 sucrose와 같이 단맛으로 기호성을 증진시켜주는 것과 에너지원으로 이용될 수 있는 PG와 함께 사료의 이용성을 높여줄 수 있는 NIS를 첨가하여 급여할 경우에 생산성을 높이고 대사성질병의 발생을 줄여 낙농농가의 생산성 향상에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.540-572
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• 2011

The present review focuses on the effects of energy intake on performance, changes in body tissue during lactation, and metabolic parameters in dairy cows. Especially, pre-partum nutrition and its influence on lactation are emphasized. In recent decades the increase in genetic potential of dairy cows has increased milk yield. This fact sharpens the problem of a negative energy balance in early lactation because the amount of energy required for maintenance and milk production exceeds the amount of energy cows can consume. Around parturition, reduced feed intake reinforces the situation. Continuing negative energy balance causes decreasing milk yield, fertility problems, and incidence of metabolic diseases. Hence, the cow has to rely on body reserves that were stored in late lactation and the dry period. It is evident that the nutritional status pre-partum acts as the key factor for milk yield and fertility parameters in the following lactation. Cows overfed during the foregoing gestation and which have gained large quantities of body fat have lower dry matter intake along with the need to mobilize larger quantities of body reserves in lactation. The milk yield in the following lactation is lower than in cows fed according to their requirements. Cows restrictively fed in late gestation have a higher feed intake in lactation and a lower mobilization of body reserves. The effect of energy intake post-partum plays only a minor role for performance parameters in lactation. Lipid mobilized from body reserves makes a substantial contribution to the energetic cost of milk production in early lactation and adipose tissue undergoes specific metabolic alterations. Adipose tissue is degraded to free fatty acids, which are used in liver for energy purposes. High lipid mobilisation promotes the development of a fatty liver and therefore a reduced gluconeogenesis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.1001-1008
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• 2005

본 연구는 젖소에서 곡류의 가공형태 및 RUP수준이 효과를 구명하기 위하여 분만 전 3주부터 분만 후 3주까지 전환기 Holstein종 경산우 20두(4처리 5반복)에게 TMR 사료를 GCR30 (파쇄옥수수+RUP 30%), GCR40 (파쇄옥수수+RUP40%), FCR30 (후레이크옥수수+RUP 30%), FCR40 (후레이크옥수수+RUP 40%)로 하여, 건유기와 비유기로 구분하여 배합하여 급여하였다. 본 연구로부터 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 분만전 사료의 건물 섭취량은 처리별로 평균 14～15kg이었으며, 건유기간 중 사료섭취량에는 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 분만 후 건물섭취량에서는 RUP 40%에서 섭취량이 RUP30%보다 높게 나타났다 (P＜0.05). 유량은 RUP 40 % 사료를 급여한 구 (FCR40과 GCR40)에서 유의하게 높은 결과를 보여주었다. 유단백질과 유지방을 분석한 결과, 유지방에 있어서는 옥수수 가공 형태인 후레이크와 파쇄처리에 따른 유의있는 결과를 보여주지는 않았다. 혈액 내 대사물질은 분만 전에 비하여 분만 당일의 수치가 모든 처리에서 상승하는 것을 볼 수 있었으며, 분만전ㆍ후의 NEFA의 농도를 보면 모든 처리구에서 분만을 기점으로 상승하였으며, 특히 분만 후에 유량이 높았던 FCR40에서 NEFA 수준이 전반적으로 높은 경향을 보였다 (p<0.05). Glucose와 cortisol 수준은 포도당 농도에서 FCR40구의 건유기가 다른 구보다 유의하게 높았으나 타 처리구간에서는 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. Insulin 농도에 있어서도 분만 전에 처리 간에 유의한 차이가 없으나, 분만 후에는 타처리와 비교하여 FCR40 처리에서 유의하게 높은 농도를 보여 주었다 (p<0.05). 이 시험에서는 옥수수의 가공형태보다는 동량의 단백질에 RUP 함량을 30 %에서 40 %로 증가시킴으로서 에너지, 단백질 이용 효율을 높여 젖소의 생산성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.1516-1519
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• 2001

The data consisted of 369 lactation records for calvings over a sixteen-year period (1972-1987) and included only cows that had normal milk records. The data were analysed using a linear model containing the fixed effects of parity, year of calving and season of calving. The least squares means${\pm}$S.E. were $1,273{\pm}58.4kg$ for milk yield, and for post-partum body weight (kg) at 2, 3 and 4 months after calving were $343.40{\pm}3.96$, $346.10{\pm}4.10$ and $352.54{\pm}4.26$, respectively. With the exception of season of calving, the effects of parity and year of calving were significant (p<0.01) on the performance of the animals. Thus, the mean-milk yields 1162, 1351 and 1350, were similar for pre-, peak- and post rainy seasons, respectively. On the other hand, as parity increased from 1 to 3, milk yield also increased, but thereafter, there was a gradual decline in milk yield. Similarly, post-partum body weight also increased with parity. However, no consistent pattern for year effect was observed which probably was a reflection of the variation in climatic conditions, or forage quality and/or availability. The phenotypic correlations between milk yield and post-partum body weights were negative and small (ranging from -0.01 to -0.08). However, high milk production in cows was associated with longer calving interval. The implications from the phenotypic correlations are suggestive of one or two possibilities. Firstly, selection for increased body weight may actually result in decreased milk yield. Also, a substantial genetic antagonism may exist between milk yield and fertility in the crossbred cows. Therefore, it is important that selection to improve milk production should take into consideration the reproductive performance of the cows.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.133-137
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• 2017

Three swine farms which were suffering from slight economic loss due to suckling piglets' diarrhea, were selected to apply commercialized multivalent vaccine for sow use; $SUISENG^{(R)}$ (Hipra, Spain). Farms were pre-diagnosed with clinical symptoms and molecular detection of C. perfringens Type A and C and E. coli pili by PCR. Sows were vaccinated twice 2 ml of the vaccine at 6 and 3 weeks ante partum intramuscularly according to the manufacturer's instruction. All vaccinated sows did not show any adverse reaction or clinical signs; hypersensitivity, fever, granuloma or abscess on the injection site, appetite loss, and so on. Also, no reproductive disorder was appeared in vaccinated sows compared with non-vaccinated control sows. The results suggested that piglets born from vaccinated sows show significantly better performance in regard of the diarrhea index and mean daily weight gain compared with piglets from non-vaccinated sows. Therefore, the commercial vaccine for the prevention of neonatal diarrhea is found to be effective in reducing diarrhea in the first suckling period of piglets after birth.