• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.73-79
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• 2017

Pulse pressure is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between pulse pressure and metabolic syndrome in Korean men. The study subjects were 8,439 adults aged 40 to 64 years, who underwent health screening examination from January 2012 to December 2014 at the Health Promotion Center of one hospital in Gyeonggi-do for general health check-up. They include the metabolic syndrome absent group (Absent, n=3,078), the pre-metabolic syndrome group (Pre-MetS, n=4,242) and the metabolic syndrome group (MetS, n=1,119). Progressive increase in pulse pressure was demonstrated for increasing components of the metabolic syndrome (P<0.001). The pulse pressure according to the degree of the metabolic syndrome was higher in the pre-MetS and MetS groups compared to the Absent group (P<0.001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting glucose, and abdominal obesity positively correlated with pulse pressure (P<0.001).

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.232-241
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• 2017

Objectives This study was to identify the lifestyle associated with metabolic syndrome and to suggest a personalized health management according to the constitution to prevent disease by metabolic syndrome stage. Methods This study used the data of Korean medicine Data Center (KDC). A total of 8,985 data were searched for subjects who participated in Anseong and Ansan cohorts study from 2009 to 2012. We analyzed 2,602 participants that diagnosed with metabolic syndrome among the ages of 30 to 55. We divided into three groups, none, pre-metabolic syndrome (Pre-MetS), and metabolic syndrome (MetS), according to number of metabolic syndrome elements. Results The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was highest in Taeumin (Pre-MetS: 48.2%, MetS: 41.2%). The risk factors for metabolic syndrome are dietary amount, speed of eating, and sleep quality in Taeumin, and dietary amount and sleep quality in Soyangin. Conclusions The life style affecting the metabolic syndrome were different according to the constitution. It is necessary to manage life style considering the Sasang constitution

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2013

There is a lack of data on metabolic risk factors during pre-puberty, which is important for identifying the subgroups of youth, at whom early interventions should be targeted. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of metabolic risk factors and its subsequent relations with dietary patterns in Korean pre-pubertal children through a cross-sectional sample (n = 1,008; boys = 513) of pre-pubertal children (aged 8-9 years) from a sub-study of the Korea Metabolic Syndrome Research Initiatives (KMSRI) in Seoul, Korea. Measures of anthropometry and blood pressure as well as fasting blood samples were used in the analysis. A three-day food records were collected. The metabolic syndrome was defined according to the age-adjusted National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. An added metabolic risk score was calculated for each subject by summing the quintile values of the five individual risk factors. Among the 5 risk components of metabolic syndrome, high waist circumference (WC) was the major factor (P < 0.001). A significant increasing trend of the added metabolic syndrome risk score was observed with the increase of WC (P (trend) < 0.001) among both genders. The cutoff point for high WC for pre-pubertal children was 61.3 cm for boys and 59.9 cm for girls. The prevalence of high triglyceride (TG) values was significantly higher in girls than it was in boys (P < 0.01). Girls in the highest quintile of balanced dietary pattern scores had lower TG values (P (trend) = 0.032) than did those in the lowest quintile. Moreover, girls in the highest quintile of western dietary pattern scores showed increasing trend for the added metabolic risk score (P (trend) = 0.026) compared with those in the lowest quintile. Adverse associations exist between western dietary patterns and the accumulation of metabolic risks among girls, not in boys, even during pre-puberty.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.321-328
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• 2011

This study divided a group of healthy adults aged 20 or older who had a health examination at J General Hospital in Gyeonggi Province into three groups according to the degrees of metabolic syndrome risk factors. They include the normal group (n=58), the pre-metabolic syndrome group (n=112) and the metabolic syndrome group (n=32). They were compared in exercise capacity and cardiac structure and function and impacts of exercise capacity on the cardiac diastolic function. All the groups took echocardiography to have their cardiac structures and functions examined and an exercise stress test to have their exercise capacity measured. The research findings were as follows: There were differences in exercise capacity, cardiac structure, and diastolic heart function among three groups. Between exercise capacity and diastolic heart function was found to be related. It turned out exercise capacity affected the cardiac diastolic functions. In conclusion, there were significant differences in exercise capacity between the normal group and the metabolic syndrome group and in the cardiac structure and function among the normal, metabolic syndrome, and pre-metabolic syndrome group. In addition, METs (metabolic equivalents) and heart rate recovery of exercise capacity turned out to affect cardiac diastolic functions.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.108-119
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in pre-menopausal housewives and to explore controllable and uncontrollable factors regarding metabolic syndrome. Methods: The study population of this cross-sectional survey was from the Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KHANES) 2010 through 2015, including the fifth and sixth population-based studies. The criteria for metabolic syndrome include waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) based on Korean Clinical Practice Guideline for Metabolic Syndrome by the Korean Academy of Family Medicine 2015. Results: Among the 2,498 subjects, 247 subjects had metabolic syndrome and the prevalence was estimated to be 9.9%. The number of subjects who met the criterion of HDL was 936 (36.2%), which was the most prevalent among the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Statistically significant (p<.05) factors include age, livinghood benefit group, perceived health status, obesity, family history of DM, sleeping time, awareness of stress,leukocyte, and erythrocyte count. The odds ratio of obesity in the BMI ${\geq}25$ group was 12.59 times as high as that of the BMI <25 group (p<.001) for metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in pre-menopausal housewives in the survey was not low, and it is necessary to develop and apply comprehensive health habit management programs to improve controllable factors including exercise and food intake.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 2023

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) involves multi-factorial conditions linked to an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Pre-metabolic syndrome (pre-MetS) possesses two MetS components but does not meet the MetS diagnostic criteria. Although cardiac autonomic derangements are evident in MetS, there is little information on their status in pre-MetS subjects. In this study, we sought to examine cardiac autonomic functions in pre-MetS and to determine which MetS component is more responsible for impaired cardiac autonomic functions. A total of 182 subjects were recruited and divided into healthy controls (n=89) and pre-MetS subjects (n=93) based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. We performed biochemical profiles on fasting blood samples to detect pre-MetS. Using standardized protocols, we evaluated anthropometric data, body composition, baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), heart rate variability (HRV), and autonomic function tests (AFTs). We further examined these parameters in pre-MetS subjects for each MetS component. Compared to healthy controls, we observed a significant cardiac autonomic dysfunction (CAD) through reduced BRS, lower overall HRV, and altered AFT parameters in pre-MetS subjects, accompanied by markedly varied anthropometric, clinical and biochemical parameters. Furthermore, all examined BRS, HRV, and AFT parameters exhibited an abnormal trend and significant correlation toward hyperglycemia. This study demonstrates CAD in pre-MetS subjects with reduced BRS, lower overall HRV, and altered AFT parameters. Hyperglycemia was considered an independent determinant of alterations in all the examined BRS, HRV, and AFT parameters. Thus, hyperglycemia may contribute to CAD in pre-MetS subjects before progressing to MetS.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 2012

Metabolic syndrome and homocysteine are associated with increased independent risk factors of cardiovascular disease. We investigated the difference between the degree of obesity, metabolic syndrome risk factors, plasma homocysteine and anthropometric obesity factors. Totally 398 participated in a medical check-up program were selected for this study. Subjects were categorized into three groups according to the number of metabolic syndrome components present as defined by the NCEP-ATP III criteria; Absent (0 criteria, n=124), Pre-MetS (1-2 criteria, n=220) and MetS (${\geq}3$ criteria, n=54). Body mass index (BMI) is a measure used to distinguish between normal weight, overweight and obesity. MetS presented higher homocysteine than Absent (p<.05) and obesity higher than normal weight (p<.01). When Absent+Pre-MetS was used to classify obese or not, obesty presented higher homocysteine than non-obese (p<.05). Further homocysteine levels positively correlated with weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference and waist-hip ratio (WHR). Especially WHR is not only MetS (r=0.378, p<.001) but also Absent+Pre-MetS (r=0.305, p=0.029) significantly positively correlated with homocysteine. The results of our study indicate that homocysteine is related closely to obesity. Although obesity has not been diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, obesity related with increased homocysteine.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2023

Objectives: Epidemiological evidence linking long working hours and shift work to metabolic syndrome remains inadequate. We sought to evaluate the impact of reducing working hours on metabolic syndrome. Methods: We compared the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among male manual workers in a manufacturing company (N = 371) before and after the introduction of policy to reduce daily work hours from 10 to 8 hours. Components of metabolic syndrome were measured in periodic health examinations before the intervention, 6-9 months after, and 1.5-2 years after the intervention. Generalized estimating equation models were used to estimate changes in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Analyses were stratified by day work versus shift work. Results: The results showed a significantly decreased prevalence of metabolic syndrome 6-9 months following the intervention in day workers (risk ratio = 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.52-0.88), but the benefit disappeared after 1.5-2 years. Shift workers showed a decreased prevalence of metabolic syndrome for the whole follow-up duration after the intervention, although the change was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Reducing working hours was associated with short-term improvement in metabolic syndrome in male manual workers.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.482-494
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• 2021

Objectives: This study evaluated dietary behavior and nutritional status according to the metabolic syndrome status in Korean menopausal women. Methods: The subjects were 1,392 menopausal women aged 50 to 64 who took part in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2016 and 2017. Subjects were classified into normal (NOR) group, pre-metabolic syndrome (Pre-MetS) group, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) groups according to the number of metabolic syndrome risk factors present. Results: The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 33.7%. Using the NOR group as a reference, the odds of belonging to the MetS group in Model 1 adjusted for age were higher at 53% (OR = 1.53, 95% CI:1.011-2.307) for 'not used' subjects compared to 'used' subjects of the nutrition labeling system. Using the NOR group as a reference, every 1g increase in the intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decreased the odds of belonging to the MetS group in Model 1 adjusted for age by 3% (MUFA, OR = 0.97, 95% CI:0.946-0.991; PUFA, OR = 0.97, 95% CI:0.942-0.993). Conclusions: These results suggest that to reduce the number of risk factors of metabolic syndrome in menopausal women, nutritional education should emphasize the adequate intake of riboflavin, unsaturated fatty acids, protein, and calcium, and also encourage the recognition and use of nutritional labeling. Results of this study are expected to be utilized as basic data for the health management of menopausal women.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 12 week walking program on the risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome in older people in rural areas. Method: A total of 31 people among the people who live within the area served by E County Community Health Practice were observed from December 5, 2006 to February 23, 2007. This group included 18 people who were identified as having metabolic syndrome on the basis of the Asia-Pacific fatness basic standard (the experimental group) and a control group of 13 people who did not have metabolic syndrome. Results: The results of the study are as follows: In the experimental group, there was no significant difference in body composition between pre and post measurement. The small change in values that were observed in the experimental group did not reach statistical significance. However, body composition values in the control group increased. In the experimental group, there were significant differences in waist circumference, blood pressure, HDL-C, and fasting blood sugar between pre and post measurement. But there were no changes in the control group. There was no difference in TG in either group. As to changes in risk-factors related metabolic syndrome after the 12 week walking program, the number of risk-factors were effectively reduced in the experimental group, but not in the control group. Conclusion: According to the present study, a 12 week walking program led to significant improvement in body weight, BMI as the factors composing the body and in waist circumference, HDL-C, blood pressure, and fasting blood sugar as risk-factors related to metabolic syndrome in older people in rural areas.