• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.1129-1139
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• 2005

A series of experiments was conducted to identify the potential of five phytoplankton species as standard test species for marine ecotoxicological tests. The candidate phytoplankton species are Skeletonema costatum, Heterosigma akashiwo, Prorocentrum micans, Isochrysis galbana, and Tetraselmis suecica. Salinity tolerance and sensitivity on potassium dichromate as a reference material were identified. Toxicity of eleven ocean dumped sewage sludges and four red tide expellent extracts were estimated by the inhibition of population growth rates (PGR) of marine diatom S. costatum, While most species revealed relatively weak tolerance on salinity, T. suecica demonstrated the highest salinity tolerance ranged from $5\~35$ psu and the others $15\~35$ psu. H. akashiwo revealed the highest sensitivity as 72h $IC_{50}$=0.76mg/L and T. suecica the lowest as 72h $IC_{50}$=8.89mg/L on potassium dichromate. Sludge extracts from industrial waste, domestic sewage and livestock farm waste sludge showed high toxicity as 72h $IC_{50}$<$2\%$ and lowest toxicity from filtration bed sludge as 72h $IC_{50}$=$30.50\%$ NOEC (No Observed Effective Concentration) of sludge extract ranged from <$0.4\%$ to $1.6\%$ and this indicated high phytotoxicity of ocean dumped sewage sludge. The test sensitivity of phytoplankton PGR inhibition was much higher than those of marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis mortality test and bioluminescent inhibition test by marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri, and comparable with the sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius) fertilization test. As a result the phytotoxicity test using phytoplankton PGR inhibition ($IC_{50}$) must be a useful tool for marine phyto-toxicological evaluation of ocean dumped materials.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.172-177
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• 2020

Influenza viruses cause respiratory diseases in humans and animals with high morbidity and mortality rates. Conventional anti-influenza drugs are reported to exert side effects and newly emerging viral strains tend to develop resistance to these commonly used agents. Fritillaria thunbergii (FT) is traditionally used as an expectorant for controlling airway inflammatory disorders. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of FT extracts against influenza virus type A (H1N1) infection in vitro, in ovo, and in vivo. In the post-treatment assay, FT extracts showed high CC50 (7,500 ㎍/ml), indicating low toxicity, and exerted moderate antiviral effects compared to oseltamivir (SI 50.6 vs. 222) in vitro. Antiviral activity tests in ovo revealed strong inhibitory effects of both FT extract and oseltamivir against H1N1 replication in embryonated eggs. Notably, at a treatment concentration of 150 mg/kg, only half the group administered oseltamivir survived whereas the FT group showed 100% survival, clearly demonstrating the low toxicity of FT extracts. Consistent with these findings, FT-administered mice showed a higher survival rate with lower body weight reduction relative to the oseltamivir group upon treatment 24 h after viral infection. Our collective results suggest that FT extracts exert antiviral effects against influenza H1N1 virus without inducing toxicity in vitro, in ovo or in vivo, thereby supporting the potential utility of FT extract as a novel candidate therapeutic drug or supplement against influenza.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.393-399
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• 2020

The use of different types of wastewater (WW) for the cultivation of microalgae and cyanobacteria during recent decades has provided important economic and environmental benefits. However, direct use of WW can lead to growth inhibition and biomass contamination. In the present study, we separated the key WW nutrients, namely nitrate and phosphate, by adsorption and regeneration and used the resulting regenerated water to cultivate the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. The adsorbent was granular γ-alumina derived from waste aluminum cans. This procedure recovered 19.9% of nitrate and 23.7% of phosphate from WW. The cyanobacterial cultures efficiently assimilated the nutrients from the medium prepared using regenerated WW, and the growth and nutrient uptake were similar to those in a synthetic medium. In addition, imposing nutrient limitations to increase carbohydrate productivity was easily achieved using regenerated wastewater nutrients, without requiring additional dilution or complex processing. In acute toxicity tests, the harvested biomass in a regenerated medium had similar toxicity levels compared to the biomass obtained from a synthetic medium. The proposed method of using regenerated WW to produce contamination-free biomass has broad potential applications.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.23-36
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• 2015

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Hominis-Placenta (HP)on dopaminergic neurons. Methods : We examined the effect of invitro administration of HP against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium( MPP+)-induced dopaminergic cell loss in primary mesencephalic culture and also used behavioral tests and performed analysis in the striatum and the substantia nigra of mouse brain, to confirm the effect of HP on dopaminergic neurons in an invivo 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP)-induced PD mouse model. Animals were assigned to four groups: (1) Group 1(vehicle-treatedgroup), (2) Group 2(MPTPonlytreated group), (3) Group 3(MPTP+ saline-treated/$ST_{36}$ group), and (4) Group 4(MPTP+HP-treated/$ST_{36}$ group). HP at $20{\mu}L$ of 48 mg/kg dose was injected at $ST_{36}$ for 4 weeks at 2-day intervals. MPTP in saline was injected intraperitoneally each day for 5 days from the $8_{th}$ treatment of HP. We performed the pole test and rota-rod test on the first and seventh day after the last MPTP injection. To investigate the effect of HP on dopaminergic neurons, we performed analysis in the striatum and the substantia nigra of mouse brain after treatment with HP and/or MPTP. Results : Treatment with HP had no influence on cell proliferation and caused no cell toxicity in $PC_{12}$ and $HT_{22}$ cells. Our study showed that HP significantly prevented cell loss and protected neurites against MPP+ toxicity. Although the invivo treatment of HP herbal acupuncture at $ST_{36}$ showed a tendency to improve movement ability and protected dopaminergic cells and fibers in the substantia nigra and the striatum, it did not show significant changes compared with the MPTP treated group. Conclusions : These data suggest that HP could be a potential treatment strategy in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.357-362
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• 2002

Tests for the toxicity of tributyltin (TBT) were conducted on mysid collected from Dadepo beach, Pusan, Korea. The toxic effects of tributyltin on the survival, growth and oxygen consumption of the mysid, Neomysis awatschensis have been evaluated. Mysids were exposed to several concentrations of TBT (0, 0.56, 1.15, 3.07 and 6.12 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) for 6 weeks. Survival rate was decreased with increases in concentration and exposure time and the reduction of more than 40％ occurred at TBT concentration greater than 1.15 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L after 6 weeks. Growth rate was significantly decreased at concentrations greater than 1.15 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L. Oxygen consumption rate was also decreased in a concentration-dependent way and significantly decreased to 39,47 and 69％ of the control at 1.15, 3.07 and 6.12 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L, respectively. These results indicate that the contamination of aquatic environment by TBT has the potential to significantly reduce coastal and estuaries recruitment of mysids.

• 약학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.189-196
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• 1982

Piperine was reported to have a potential central nervous system (CNS) depressant activity in mice. In order to search a more active and less toxic compound than piperine and to elucidate the active group of piperine, the aromatic amides (10 compeunds) and aromatic esters (10 cempounds) of 3, 4-methylenedioxycinnamic acid were synthesized and evaluated on CNS depressant activity in comparison with piperine. The pharmacological tests conducted are as follows; (1) Acute, toxicity, (2) Antagonism against strychnine induced conduced convulsion, (3) Antagonism against maximal electrobhock seizure, (4) Rotarod test, (5) Potentiation of hexobarbital sleeping time. It was observed that 3, 4-methylendioxycinanamic acid derivatives were less toxic than piperine, and showed no significant CNS depressant activities. These facts indicate that the piperoyl group might be concerned with the pharmacological activity of piperine.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.114-123
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• 2014

Objectives: Evidence-based medicine(EBM) advocates the use of up-to-date "best" scientific evidence from health care research as the basis for making medical decisions. EBM also has been applied to traditional Korean medicine(TKM), especially in the field of safety. Recently, the standard prescription for TKM by Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine was published based on toxic index from various toxicity tests. However, there are some limitations when the results from the study based on EBM are applied in clinics. To overcome these imitations, the term "evidence-based practical medicine" was developed and defined as clinically applicable results from the study based on EBM. And safety classification for TKM was suggested as an example of evidence-based practical medicine. Methods: For safety classification for TKM, the data for $LD_{50}$(50% lethal dose), which was transformed to theoretical $LD_1$(1% lethal dose), was analyzed as one of tools for EMB study and divided by maximum dose used in clinics. Results and Conclusions: As a result, human equivalent dose(HED)-based MOS(margin of safety) for korean traditional medicine was calculated and used for safety classification with 5 categories. These categories would be helpful for oriental medicine clinicians to decide the increase and decrease of dosage according to various factors such as patient's sensitivity, potential toxicity of herbal medicines, clinician's experience for better cure. Thus, this safety classification provides some evidences enough that evidence-based practical medicine should be not the same with EBM and defined differently from EBM.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.15.1-15.8
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• 2019

Corexit 9500 is a dispersant commercially available in Nigeria that is used to change the inherent chemical and physical properties of oil, thereby changing the oil's transport and fate with potential effects on the environment. The aim of this study was to assess the biochemical (enzymes and electrolyte) toxicity of Corexit 9500 dispersant on the gills, liver and kidney of juveniles of Clarias gariepinus after exposure for 21 days. One hundred sixty fish were used without gender consideration. Range-finding tests were conducted over a 96-h period after acclimatisation of the test organisms in the laboratory. The test organisms (10/treatment) were exposed to Corexit 9500 in the following concentrations-0.00, 0.0125, 0.025 and 0.05 ml/l in triplicate. Twenty-one days later, fish was dissected. 0.5 g from each of the following organs-gills, liver and kidney tissues-was removed, homogenised and tested for enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)], urea, creatinine and electrolytes (sodium ($Na^+$), potassium ($K^+$), chloride ($Cl^-$), bicarbonate ($HCO_3{^-}$)) following standard methods. In the gills, SOD and ALT to AST ratio were significantly lower than in control while the creatinine was significantly higher in the toxicant. In the kidney, creatinine was significantly higher in fish exposed to the toxicant. In the liver, ALP increased in the toxicant while urea was decreased. The mean electrolyte concentrations ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Cl^-$ and $HCO_3{^-}$) increased significantly in the concentration of the toxicant (P < 0.05). The alterations observed in the activities of these electrolytes and enzymes indicated that Corexit 9500 interfered with transamination and metabolic functions of the fish.

• 공업화학
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.260-267
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 코코넛 오일로부터 카르복실레이트계 음이온 계면활성제 SLEC-3을 합성하였으며, 합성된 계면활성제의 구조를 FT-IR, ¹H-NMR 및 ¹³C-NMR 분석을 통하여 확인하였다. 합성한 계면활성제 SLEC-3에 대하여 임계 마이셀 농도, 정적 및 동적 표면장력, 유화력, 거품 안정성 등의 계면 물성을 측정한 결과, 기존 세제 제품에서 널리 사용되는 음이온 계면활성제 SLES와 비교하여 계면 활성이 보다 우수하고 계면 에너지를 낮추는데 더 효과적이었다. 또한 SLCE-3에 대한 생분해성, 급성 경구 독성 및 급성 피부자극 시험을 실시한 결과, 저자극 및 저독성을 가지고 있기 때문에 세제 및 세정제 제품에 적용할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제17권
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• pp.263-270
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• 2001

The carcinogenic potential of steviol, a metabolite of/ stevioside (a compound that is used as a sweetener for food and drink), was examined in hamsters of both sexes. Groups of 55 male and 55 female hamsters were given diets containing steviol at 0, 100 and 500 mg/kg diet for 22 months in males and 18 months in females. After 6, 12 and 22 months in males and 18 months in females. hamsters from each group were sacrificed for hematological and biochemical tests. Growth food utilization and consumption, general appearance and mortality were similar in treated and control groups. The mean life span of hamsters given steviol was not significantly different from that of the controls. No treatment-related changes were observed in hematological, urinary and biochemical values at any stage of the study. There was no significantly altered development of neoplastic or non-neoplastic lesions attributable to steviol treatment in any organ or tissue. The highest level oj steviol in the diet which still causes no effects in hamsters was 500 mg/kg diet, under the experimental conditions used.