• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.373-382
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• 2015

Fura-2 analogs are ratiometric fluoroprobes that are widely used for the quantitative measurement of [$Ca^{2+}$]. However, the dye usage is intrinsically limited, as the dyes require ultraviolet (UV) excitation, which can also generate great interference, mainly from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) autofluorescence. Specifically, this limitation causes serious problems for the quantitative measurement of mitochondrial [$Ca^{2+}$], as no available ratiometric dyes are excited in the visible range. Thus, NADH interference cannot be avoided during quantitative measurement of [$Ca^{2+}$] because the majority of NADH is located in the mitochondria. The emission intensity ratio of two different excitation wavelengths must be constant when the fluorescent dye concentration is the same. In accordance with this principle, we developed a novel online method that corrected NADH and Fura-2-FF interference. We simultaneously measured multiple parameters, including NADH, [$Ca^{2+}$], and pH/mitochondrial membrane potential; Fura-2-FF for mitochondrial [$Ca^{2+}$] and TMRE for ${\Psi}_m$ or carboxy-SNARF-1 for pH were used. With this novel method, we found that the resting mitochondrial [$Ca^{2+}$] concentration was $1.03{\mu}M$. This $1{\mu}M$ cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ could theoretically increase to more than 100 mM in mitochondria. However, the mitochondrial [$Ca^{2+}$] increase was limited to ${\sim}30{\mu}M$ in the presence of $1{\mu}M$ cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$. Our method solved the problem of NADH signal contamination during the use of Fura-2 analogs, and therefore the method may be useful when NADH interference is expected.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.374-385
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• 2003

The growing interest towards ultra-wideband (UWB) communications stems from its unique features such as baseband operation, ample multipath diversity, and the potential of enhanced user capacity. But since UWB has to overlay existing narrowband systems, multiple access has to be achieved in the presence of narrowband interference (NBI). However, existing baseband spreading codes for UWB multiple access are not flexible in handling NBI. In this paper, we introduce two novel spreading codes that not only enable baseband UWB multiple access, but also facilitate flexible NBI cancellation. We construct our codes using a single carrier or multiple carriers (SC or MC), which can be implemented with standard discrete-cosine transform (DCT) circuits. With our SC/MC codes, NBI can be avoided by simply nulling undesired digital carriers. Being digital, these SC/MC codes give rise to multiband UWB systems, without invoking analog carriers. In addition, our SC/MC codes enable full multipath diversity, and maximum coding gains. Equally attractive is their capability to reduce the number of interfering users, with simple matched filter operations. Comprehensive simulations are also carried out to corroborate our analysis.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.447-451
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• 2004

Low and high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) coupled with ion chromatography (IC) has been investigated for speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI). In particular, the interference of ArC^+formed by the carbon in a sample on the simultaneous determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) has been studied. In chemical speciation, this study shows that quadrupole type ICP-MS with low resolution has a limitation of simultaneous determination fo chromium species if the sample contains the carbon elements. The interference problems can be solved by high resolution ICP-MS.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.1768-1789
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• 2015

The maximal signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (Max-SINR) algorithm for interference alignment (IA) has received considerable attention for its high sum rate achievement in the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) interference channel. However, its complexity may increase dramatically when the number of users approaches the IA feasibility bound, and the number of iterations and computational time may become unacceptable. In this paper, we study the properties of the Max-SINR algorithm thoroughly by presenting theoretical insight into the algorithm and by providing the potential of reducing the overall computational cost. Furthermore, a novel IA algorithm based on the principle direction search is proposed, which can converge more rapidly than the conventional Max-SINR method. In the proposed algorithm, it searches along the principle direction, which is found to approximately point to the convergence values, and can approach the convergence solutions rapidly. In addition, the closed-form solution of the optimal step size can be formulated in the sense of minimal interference leakage. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the conventional minimal interference leakage and Max-SINR algorithms in terms of the convergence rate while guaranteeing the high throughput of IA networks.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.428-434
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• 2004

Coarse clumping of solid materials within diseased biological cells can have a marked influence on the light scattering pattern. Perturbations in refractive index lead to distinct varia­tions in the cytometric signature, especially apparent over wide scattering angles. The large dynamic range of scattering intensities restricts collection of data to narrow angular intervals be­lieved to have the highest potential for medical diagnosis. We propose the use of an interfer­ence filter to reduce the dynamic range. Selective attenuation of scattering intensity levels is expected to allow simultaneous data collection over a wide angular interval. The calculated angu­lar transmittance of a commercial shortwave-pass filter of cut-off wavelength 580 nm indicates significant attenuation of scattering peaks below ${\~}\;10^{circ}$, and reasonable peak equalization at higher angles. For the three-dimensional calculation of laser light scattered by cells we use a spectral method code that models cells as spatially varying dielectrics, stationary in time. How­ever, we perform preliminary experimental testing with the interference filter on polystyrene microspheres instead of biological cells. A microfluidic toolkit is used for the manipulation of the microspheres. The paper intends to illustrate the principle of a light scattering detection system incorporating an interference filter for selective attenuation of scattering peaks.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1077-1082
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 3${\sim}$10 GHz대 통신용 초광대역 시스템이 3.5 GHz대 고정(fixed) WiMAX(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)에 미치는 간섭 영향에 대해 고찰하였고, WiMAX에 미치는 잠정적인 간섭을 줄이기 위해 초광대역 시스템의 송신 전력을 제어하는 방법을 제안하였으며, 몬테카를로 시스템 레벨 시뮬레이션을 통해 간섭 저감 효과를 분석하였다. 간섭 영향은 단위 면적 1$km^2$내에 존재하는 다수의 초광대역 시스템과 단일 WiMAX 수신기를 가정하였을 때, 초광대역 시스템의 간섭에 의한 WiMAX의 outage 확률로 평가하였으며, 결과의 일례로써 초광대역 시스템의 밀도가 20$devices/km^2$이고 송신 전력 제어 동적 출력 범위가 30 dB일 때, 송신 전력 제어 방법을 적용한 경우 간섭 저감 방법을 적용하지 않는 경우보다 초광대역 시스템의 간섭에 의한 WiMAX의 outage 확률이 42 % 감소되는 효과를 보였다. 결론적으로 제안된 송신 전력 제어 방법은 초광대역 시스템이 WiMAX에 미치는 간섭 영향을 저감시린 수 있음을 보였다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제36권3A호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2011

펨토셀은 미래 네트워크에서 보다 좋은 링크 품질과 주파수의 공간적 재사용을 통해 시스템 용량을 증가시킬 수 있는 대안으로 주목받고 있다. 하지만 펨토셀의 큰 잠재력에도 불구하고, 많은 비중의 사용자가 셀간간섭에 노출됨에 따라, 시스템 용량은 네트워크의 밀도에 크게 영향을 받게 된다. 본 논문에서는 조밀하게 분포되어있는 펨토셀 환경에서의 동적인 간섭 회피 기법을 제안한다. 제안하는 DDIA (Distributed Dynamic ICI Avoidance)기법은 완전히 분산적으로 동작할 뿐 아니라 사용자들의 간섭링크를 민첩하게 제어하므로 자가구성네트워크(SON) 환경에 적합하다. DDIA 기법을 제안하는 과정에서 셀간간섭링크와 2-단 스케쥴링의 개념을 소개한다. 제안하는 기법은 중앙의 개체 없이 셀간간섭을 피하기 위하여 모든 기지국들과 사용자 단말들이 적응적으로 조화를 이루게 한다. 모의실험을 통하여, 제안하는 지법을 사용하였을 때, 전체 네트워크 용량을 유지 또는 증가시키면서도 셀간간섭에 노출되어있는 사용자들의 평균 전송량이 주파수 재사용률 1 기법과 비교하여 최소 2배 이상 증가함을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 제안하는 기법은 네트워크의 밀도와 토폴로지 변화에 상관없이 잘 동작함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.230-236
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 접지전극이 상호 간섭의 문제가 발생했을 때 파급효과가 큰 차폐시스템의 패넬과 접지전극으로 널리 사용되고 있는 봉상전극, 메쉬전극, 판상전극을 2차원에 점 전류원의 집합체로 가정하여 이에 대한 전극표면전위를 이용하였다. 실험에 사용한 수조모델의 유한성과 축척에 의해 제작된 모델전극의 축척한계를 수조모델의 크기에 대해 실험오차에 따른 중단오차를 최대한 줄이는 수법으로 실험모델전극을 선정하였다. 복수의 접지도체가 동일 접지저항구역 내에 존재할 경우 도체의 형상 및 매설 조건에 따른 간섭효과의 척도로 사용되는 전위간섭계수의 도출 방법을 제시하였다. 또한 실험에 사용한 접지전극의 수치시뮬레이션을 통해 이론의 타당성을 검증하고, 검증된 이론과 모의실험을 통해 본 연구를 구체화 하였다.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2007년도 추계학술대회 논문집 전기기기 및 에너지변환시스템부문
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• pp.217-219
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• 2007

With the wide spread of direct current(DC) electric railroads in Korea, the stray current or leakage currents from negative return rails become a pending problem to the safety of nearby underground Infrastructures. The most widely used mitigation method for this interference is the stray current drainage method, which connects the underground metallic structures to the rails with diodes (polarized drainage) or thyristor (forced drainage). This method, however, inherently possesses some drawbacks such as an increase of total leakage torrents from rails, expansion of interference zone, etc. In order to resolve these drawbacks, we developed a rapid potential-controled rectifier and applied to a depot area where stray current inference is very severe. The effect of this method was analyzed from the field tell data and we suggest this method can be an excellent alternative to the drainage-bond-based mitigation methods.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2008

Introduction of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into some cells or organisms results in degradation of its homologous mRNA, a process called RNA interference (RNAi). The dsRNAs are processed into short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that subsequently bind to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), causing degradation of target mRNAs. Because of this sequence-specific ability to silence target genes, RNAi has been extensively used to study gene functions and has the potential to control disease pathogens or vectors. With this promise of RNAi to control pathogens and vectors, this paper reviews the current status of RNAi in protozoans, animal parasitic helminths and disease-transmitting vectors, such as insects. Many pathogens and vectors cause severe parasitic diseases in tropical regions and it is difficult to control once the host has been invaded. Intracellularly, RNAi can be highly effective in impeding parasitic development and proliferation within the host. To fully realize its potential as a means to control tropical diseases, appropriate delivery methods for RNAi should be developed, and possible off-target effects should be minimized for specific gene suppression. RNAi can also be utilized to reduce vector competence to interfere with disease transmission, as genes critical for pathogenesis of tropical diseases are knockdowned via RNAi.