• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2006

The purpose of the study is to examine how the apartment housing became common and how it became the main structure type of housing in Korea, as well as the social backgrounds. The study also focuses on how such phenomenon caused the housing problems which become social problems, and how new trials in terms of housing supply were performed to provide solutions to meet various housing needs of households. The purpose was accomplished by the examination of related literature since the liberation from Japan in 1945 to the early 1990s. In fact, it was uncommon to have apartment housing as the main figure of housing style. However, it became the major housing culture in Korea. Even if there have been lots of blames for apartment housing for last forty years, they were able to settle in Korea. Major reasons for such phenomenon include desperate needs for a larger quantity of housing due to industrialization, urbanization, etc.

• 복식
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.121-133
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• 2004

This study is about japanese national suit. women's standard dress, and mompe, which were used as a means of controlling people's life and simplifying people's clothing during the chinese-japanese war(1937) and the pacific war(1941-1945). National suit was a semi-military uniform for men and it was the western style suit composed of jacket, under shirt, and pants. National suit was not popular during the early war, but it became popular afterward. Women's standard dress had the two kinds of styles : the kimono and the western style. Women's standard dress was not popularly distributed. Instead, many japanese women wore mompe, the active wear of standard dress. Almost all of japanese women wore mompe by the end of war because of its practical use. The effects of national suit, standard dress, and mompe on the rapid westernization of postwar japanese clothing can be summarized as follows. First, national suit and standard dress contributed to the official acceptance of the western clothes as japanese daily clothes. Second, national suit, standard dress, and mompe changed the traditional view of japanese on clothing and caused the rapid westernization of japanese clothing with the high emphasis on the practical and functional use of clothing. Especially, as japanese women wore mompe as the outer garment, mompe affected the view of japanese on women's body and it served as an important stimulus to speed the westernization of japanese women's clothing.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.92-115
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• 2012

The problem Japanese universities face is exactly the same as that of German universities: no international recognition in world rankings of universities despite their high levels of postwar economic and technological developments. This was indeed one reason why world-class Japanese firms, such as Toyota and Sony, have avoided working closely with Japanese universities for R&D partnership and new technology commercialization. To resolve this problem, the Japanese government has continuously implemented aggressive policies of the internationalization, privatization, liberalization, and privatization of universities since the onset of the economic recession in 1989 in order to revitalize the Japanese economy through radical innovation projects between universities and firms. National projects of developing medical robots for Japan's ageing society are some of the ambitious examples that emphasize feed-forward learning in innovation. However, this paper argues that none of these programs of fostering university-firm alliances toward feed-forward learning has been successful in promoting the world ranking of Japanese universities, although they showed potentials of reinforcing their conventional strength of introducing $kaizen$ through feedback learning of tacit knowledge. It is therefore argued in this paper that Japanese universities and firms should focus on feedback learning as a way to motivate firm-university R&D alliances.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.137-144
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• 2008

Public housing problem became a major issue in each European country during the period of the reconstruction. This study focuses on the one of the major institutional policies in the public housing sectors in Europe during the second postwar period, specifically the INA (Istituto Nazionale delle Assicurazioni)-Casa in Italy from 1949 to 1963. Thanks to the financial Aid provided by 'Marshall Plan' of United States government, Italy initiated INA-Casa housing program elaborated and realized by minister of Labour, Amintore Fanfani. He was strongly influenced by catholic socialism and Weberian corporatism, and also had previously written theoretical studies on the subject during the Interwar years. The outcome of this policy had been devaluated for its Keynesian aspect as well as vernacular predominance in the architectural forms. On the contrary, this study focuses on themes such as continuity of politics before and after the Liberation, status of the architects and their will to social engagement, notion of quarter as 'self-sufficient community' and 'residential unit'. These factors will allow to comprehend the complex nature of the reality where different categories were involved to resolve the common housing problem.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제47권
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• pp.27-51
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• 2017

본고는 패전 후 일본의 대표적인 문예재판인 '채털리 재판'을 중심으로 평화헌법(신헌법)이 보장하는 인권을 사수하려고 하는 변호인 측과 검찰 사법권으로 대표되는 공권력과의 대립을 판결문을 중심으로 고찰한 것이다. 판결문을 통해서 드러나는 재판소의 외설문서의 판단기준은 '성행위의 비밀성'과 '사회통념'인데, 이들을 판단할 때 재판소는 편파적이고 애매한 기준을 부여하고 있다. 또한 재판소는 이 작품의 예술성과 외설성에 대해서 양자는 전혀 다른 차원의 것임을 인정하면서도 예술성을 공공의 복지를 기준으로 공권력인 재판소가 판단해야 한다고 주장한다. 이에 대항하여 변호인 측은 평화헌법이 보장한 표현의 자유는 무제한적이며, 중요한 것은 작품의 내용이 비인도덕인지 아닌지 라고 역설하였다. 이러한 변호인 측의 주장은 패전 이전의 상황을 연상시키는 공권력에 맞선 것으로, 단지 풍속 단속에 대해서 항의하는 차원이 아닌 과거의 일본을 재현하지 않으려고 한 투쟁이었다고 할 수 있다.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.86-91
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to study the tragic world perception that appears in Kim Sung-han's novels 'Frogs' and 'Five Minutes'. The main emotion that emerges in his novels in the 1950s is non-polarity. His novels "Frogs" and "Five Minutes" satirically express the relationship between God and humans, and the human figure in comparison to animals In the 1950s, in Korean society, individual lives were distorted in postwar situations, and the relationship between individuals and society was inconsistent. Kim Sung-han wanted to create new ethical and social values through novels. In "Five Minutes" and "Frog," Kim Sung-han expresses and criticizes the crisis in Korea's post-war society as a tragic reality that God has no ability. In the novel, Kim Sung-han criticizes the degenerate reality of humans without God and criticizes the slave grit of humans who cling to God. After all, what he wants to say in the novel is the perception of human free will and existence. In the two novels, the author talks about a tragic world perception that denies the realm of God, but finds out that there is no other world to live a new life that denies God.

• 영어영문학
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• 제58권6호
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• pp.1193-1213
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• 2012

This essay "Twain's Contestation of Emersonian Transcendental Manhood in Huckleberry Finn" explores how Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) manifests his postwar contestation of Ralph Waldo Emerson's transcendental manhood that endorses the dogmatic, egocentric, and decorporealized position of the Cartesian subject, who believes his being's unity, elevation, and centrality through his fantasy of possessing direct access to divine truth. The connection between Emerson and Twain is based not on Emerson's influence on Twain but on their common interest in American landscape as a site for the redefinition of manhood and masculinity. I examine different types of manhood in their association with nature in Huckleberry Finn by comparing them with the two fundamental concepts of Emerson's philosophy: "a true man" in "Self-Reliance" (1841) and transparent eyeball vision in Nature (1836). Twain's use of Huck's ambivalent position-his centrality as a protagonist in the novel in spite of his marginality in society-renegotiates Emerson's valorization of nonconformity, wholeness, and nonchalance as the characteristics of both boyhood and "a true man," Emerson's term for the ideal individual in "Self-Reliance." I also read Twain's satire of two different types of masculine characters-Bob and the Child of Calamity, boatmen of the Southern frontier, and Colonel Grangerford, patriarch of a Southern aristocratic family-as Twain's denouncement of the antebellum desire for transcendental vision, which Emerson crystalizes into his notion of transparent eyeball in Nature.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제18권
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• pp.81-99
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• 2004

This text discusses trends in the construction of religions since the Meiji Era, using Konkokyo and Restoration Shintoism as examples. The construction of religions is applied here as the process of a deliberate acceptace of religious images as a discourse of "Civilization" endowed with "kyougi" or "Doctrine" and "kyousoku" or "Rules of Instruction." Winding through a meandering path, these constructed religions do not take precedence over "Jikyou" or "State Religion." Yet, "Jikyou" for a while was fixed in its own fragemented self-imagery. As for Shinto, in 1900, the Office of Shinto Shrines became independent from the Office of Shrines and Temples in the Department of Domestic Affairs, and clearly Shinto and Shinto Shrines were part of secular state ideology. In the Bakumatsu and Meiji Periods, it ultimately was cut off from Restoration Shinto, thereby achieving this development on its own. This tells of the formation of an entirely new and modern Shinto within a secular "Jikyou." Konkokyo, moreover, as a religion establishes "kyousoku" and "kyougi." As a Shinto sect, it takes steps on the path toward recognizing a self-identity, namely as religious Shinto. As a result, dogmatization and systemization progress, and "Byoukinaoshi" or "illness-recovery" from the Tokugawa Period weathers. Also, as for progress in the Shinto religious order, from its foundation, the characteristics of a unified state and religion emerge, and thus there is an acceptance of significant restrictions. This dillema continues to persist as a problem in postwar Japan. Shedding light on Tokugawa Era practice also sheds light on where we can now take religious concepts.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제17권
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• pp.151-171
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• 2004

TAKAHASHI Toru (1878-1967) was one of the most significant Koreanologists in Japanese academic field. He was a professor of Kyeongseong Imperial University in the prewar period and Tenri University (department of Korean studies) in the postwar period. He was majored in Korean intellectual history and literature. His achievements, especially on Korean Confucianism and Buddhism, are still referred and influential. He wrote two pamphlets published by department of education of the Government-General of Korea in 1920. This year was a year after of 3.1 Independent Demonstration. This riot might have demanded Japanese governors to survey about Korean mentality and characteristics. One of outcomes was Chousenjin (Korean People). The pamphlet tried to explain the Korean character in the perspective of a essentialism in Korean race. The other was a simple outline about history of Korean religions entitled Chousen shukyoushi ni arawaretaru sinkou no tokushoku (The characteristics of faith in the history of Korean religions). He explained that Korean religions, especially its Buddhism, were easily influenced by political condition. These pamphlets seemed to be typically colonialistic, since such negative characteristics of Korean made Japanese colonial rule legitimated as the Mission of civilization and enlightenment. His discourses synchronized with the desire of Japanese Imperialism. This article attempted to analyze his discourses in the perspective of postcolonial critics and sociology of knowledge.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic information about the formation background of urban squatter and their housing state in Korea. This study was progressed on the basis of socio-historical point of view from the opening of a port to the after the Korean War. In that sense, this study considered meaning of housing for urban squatter in the Korean housing history. For this study, the formation background of the urban squatter was divided into three periods. The first period was after the opening of a port (1876-1910) when the inflow of Japanese and their plundering from Korea started. The second was Japanese occupation period (1910-1945) which contributed to increase the number of Tomak (mud hut) and made the Tomak-min's village. The third period was Korean war & postwar years (1945-1953). This period was divided into three parts again; after the Korean independence (1945-1950), during the Korean War (1950-1953), and after the Korean War (1953-). The urban squatter was settled in the national land and the public land in each period and experienced the severe housing shortage. The government of the time could not protect the urban squatter from the special national states such as the Japanese rule and the Korean War.