• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.291-304
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• 2000

Being a mother is motherhood which means maternal role attainment and has to meet maternal identity and role confidence of caring infant. This study was designed to examine maternal identity as a motherhood and role confidence in the immediate postpartum period, and then explain the correlations of them. Data were collected for 2 months by questionnaires from 64 mothers in the hospital. The scales were to measure motherhood questionnaire which consisted of 11 items and role confidence questionnaire which consisted of 13 items. The analysis of data was done with SPSSWIN program for descriptive statistics and t-test, chi-square, ANOVA, Multiple Regression Analysis. The results were as follows: 1. Mean score of maternal identity of primipara was 55.41 and multipara was 53.81. In this outcome primipara's score was higher than multipara's. 2. Mean score of role confidence of primipara was 44.0 and multipara was 46.81. Multipara's score was higher than primipara's. 3. Correlation between maternal identity and role confidence was r=0.29(P=0.03). This was a interesting result. Because many studies reported that primipara had a lower score of maternal identity and role confidence than multipara's. But this study showed that primipara's score of maternal identity was higher than multipara's. So nurse has to support primipara's identity as a mother, taking advantage of nursing intervention from prenatal to postnatal periods. Also nurse has to offer many opportunities to experience premiparas and multiparas how to care their infants.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was done to test the effects of Oketani breast massage on breast pain and breast milk pH of mothers, and sucking speed of neonates. Methods: A nonequivalent control group and a pretest-posttest design was used. Postpartum mothers complaining of breast pain were recruited at a postpartum care center. The application of Oketani breast massage by an Oketani massage therapist was the experimental treatment. The control group received the conventional massage technique from a nurse at the postpartum care centre. The collected data were analysed using a $x^2$-test and a t-test with the SPSS WIN 12.0 program. Results: The participants were homogeneous in age, gestation period, and birth weight. Breast pain (t=8.384, p<.001) was significantly relieved, and breast milk pH (t=4.793, p<.001) was significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control group. The sucking speed of the neonates in the experimental group was significantly increased compared to the control group (t=9.920, p<.001). Conclusion: These findings indicate that Oketani breast massage is effective in relieving breast pain and increasing breast milk pH as well as the sucking speed of neonates.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.189-195
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a maternal self-efficacy promotion program for Korean primiparas on maternal confidence and mother-infant interaction. Method: This study was non-equivalent quasi-experimental research with a control group selected by purposive sampling. Based on Bandura’s (1986) self-efficacy theory, the research team developed the maternal self-efficacy promotion program. The program included achievement experiences, verbal persuasion, and vicarious experiences. The program was provided through face-to-face teaching at the time of discharge, counseling sessions over the telephone, and a home visit. Subjects also learned about parenting skills using a videotape developed by the research team. Sixteen primiparas were recruited to the experimental group at one hospital in Kyongi province, and fifteen primiparas who were matched according to socioeconomic status were recruited to the control group at a postpartum care center in the same province. Results: Subjects in the experimental group demonstrated significantly higher maternal confidence and mother-infant interaction than those in the control group. Conclusion: The maternal self-efficacy promotion program appears to be an effective nursing intervention for parenting of first-time mothers in Korea.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.235-244
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• 2003

Purpose: To examine the difference of physical discomfort and childbirth satisfaction between postpartum women with and without having taken Epidural Analgesia. Method: The subjects were divided into one group of 128 primipara taken Epidural Analgesia and the other of the same 70 women who were not taken it. Data were collected by questionnaires of their own physical discomfort and birth satisfaction at postpartum 1 to 2 days in OBGY hospitals, and data were analyzed using SPSS Program. Result: Women having taken epidural analgesia appealed higher physical discomfort than those without it in the lower limbs exercise discomfort, difficult urination, urinary retention, nausea & vomiting, whereas appeared vice versa in breast pain. Among indicators for childbirth satisfaction, women having taken epidural analgesia preferred the same delivery method later again more than those without it. Conclusion: It is confirmed that the method of epidural analgesia is not an absolute way to control labor pain, rather stir physical discomfort after childbirth and does not fully increase the women's childbirth satisfaction. Therefore, it is proposed that nurses should provide the pregnant women the right knowledge and information, thereby enabling them to select the useful method of childbirth to their own course of childbirth and health-recovering after the delivery.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.733-741
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing maternal identity of Korean primiparas. Methods: The data were collected by a self-report questionnaire in 2006. The participants were 210 healthy primiparous women who delivered at one of three medical centers and revisited the outpatient department for follow up between 4 to 6 weeks after childbirth. Data were analyzed using the SPSS WIN 17.0 program with descriptive statistics, t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: Maternal identity was significantly correlated with Taekyo accomplishment, the culturally based prenatal preparation (p<.001). Transitional gratification to motherhood (p<.001), postpartum depression (p<.001), childcare stress (p<.001), infant temperament (p<.001), and social support (p<.001) were also significantly correlated with maternal identity. The stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that maternal identity was significantly predicted by transitional gratification to motherhood, infant temperament, childcare stress, and Taekyo accomplishment. These variables explained 31.0% of the variance of maternal identity. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that postpartum nursing interventions to promote maternal identity should focus on reinforcing education and support for reducing childcare stress and infant difficulty, and increasing transitional gratification to motherhood. Also, prenatal encouragement and education for improving Taekyo accomplishment may be helpful to promote maternal identity after birth.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.1019-1024
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• 1999

Fifth one Nili-Ravi dairy buffaloes were studied in North-west Frontier Province of Pakistan. Rectal examination of reproductive organs was carried out on days 14 and 21 and then fortnightly. Milk samples were collected and analyzed for progesterone levels (MPL). Feed samples were collected fortnightly and analyzed. The buffaloes calving during the normal breeding season (NBS, August to January) (p<0.01) postpartum estrus interval of 55.95 days versus 91.15 days in those calving during the low breeding season (LBS, February to July). MPL in the LBS remained lower than the NBS (p<0.01). Shortest postpartum ovulation interval was noted during autumn(August to October), followed by winter (November to January), summer (May to July) and spring (February to April). The incidence of silent ovulations was during LBS than NBS (70.6% versus 29.4%). In autumn there was minimum intake of crude protein (CPI) and maximum intake of metabolizable energy (MEI, p<0.01). Calcium intake was higher in NBS than LBS calving buffaloes (p<0.01). Phosphorus, copper and magnesium intake was lower (p<0.05) and zinc intake was higher (p<0.01) in autumn, It was (p<0.05) and zinc intake was higher (p<0.01) in autumn, It was concluded that onset of breeding season was associated with increasing MEI and decreasing CPI and minerals intake.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.940-950
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• 1999

One hundred two high-risk women(HRW) and 115 low-risk women(LRW) were studied at post-partal hospitalization and at 1, 4, and 8 months after giving birth to determine whether they would differ in the achievement of perceived maternal acquisition and whether predictors of maternal acquisition would differ for the two groups over time. The subjects were 102 HRW and 115 LRW, all in the above 27 weeks, admitted to two hospitals and to two clinic in the Kyoungnam area between July 1, 1998 and May 4, 1999. The data were analyzed by a SPSS program and the results are as follows ; 1) Predictors of Maternal role acquisition in the HRW were fetal attachment, maternal attachment, state anxiety, relationships of partner, social support in the early postpartum, maternal attachment, relationships of partner, depression, infant's health status in the postpartal 1 month, relationships of partner, self-esteem, educational degree in the postpartal 4 month, and maternal attachment, social supports in the postpartal 8 month. 2) Predictors of Maternal role acquisition in the LRW were fetal attachment, social supports, perceived experience about labor and delivery in the early postpartum, maternal attachment, sense of mastery in the postpartal 1 month, sense of mastery, experience with infants, relationships of partner in the postpartal 4 month and maternal attachment, experience with infants, social supports in the postpartal 8 month. 3) The hypothesis that HRW would score significantly lower on maternal competency than LRW was rejected. 4) The hypothesis that maternal acquisition would be significantly related to maternal attachment was accepted.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.368-375
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine rate of breastfeeding practice at 3 months and to examine predictors for breastfeeding practice. Method: Study subjects were 114 mothers who gave birth at one hospital in Busan area. Data regarding breastfeeding practice and potentially related factors to breastfeeding were collected through a self-administered questionaire at 1 weeks and a telephone survey at 3 months. Logistic regression was used to identifiy significant the predictors on breastfeeding practice. Result: Rate of breastfeeding practice was 46.5% at three months of postpartum. The significant predictors for performing breastfeeding were lower the experience of breastfeeding trouble problem(OR=.88 compared with breastfeeding women, 95% CI; 78-.99), higher first breastfeeding satisfaction (OR=1.81 compared with non-breastfeeding women, 95% CI; 1.08-3.32), higher breastfeeding confidence(OR=1.84 compared with non-breastfeeding women, 95% CI; 1.08-3.32). Conclusion: The findings suggest the necessity of support program for mothers during the positive postpartum period to provide correct information about breastfeeding knowledge and attitude and to teach problem-solving skills for any breastfeeding problems for highere rate of breastfeeding practice

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1268-1273
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• 2003

Sixty postpartum lactating Friesian cows in 3 treatments at a commercial dairy farm were used to study the effect of using progesterone supplementation with GnRH and PGF2$\alpha$ synchronization with and without timed AI on fertility during summer. Cows in treatment1($Tr_1$) and treatment2 ($Tr_1$) were fitted with progesterone releasing intravaginal device (PRID) device and injected with 10 g GnRH agonist on $51{\pm}3$ d postpartum (pp). Seven days later, PRID was removed and cows received 25 mg PGF2$\alpha$. Two days later, $Tr_1$ cows received another injection of 10 g GnRH and timed AI 16-20 h later. Control cows received only 25 mg PGF2$\alpha$ $58{\pm}3d\;pp$. $Tr_2$ and control cows were AI at detected estrus. Serum progesterone for all cows was determined on days of injection, AI and 21, 23 and 28 d postinsemination. Pregnancy rates from first AI based on serum P4 concentrations on d 21, 23 and 28 postinsemination (50, 40 and 35%) and that based on rectal palpation 40-45 d postinsemination (30, 15 and 15% for $Tr_1$, $Tr_2$ and control cows, respectively) did not differ among the three groups. Whereas, pregnancy rate at 120 d pp for $Tr_1$ (65%) was higher (p<0.05) than that in $Tr_2$ (30%) or control (30%). The overall pregnancy rate was not significantly different (90, 90 and 75% for $Tr_1$, $Tr_2$ and control, respectively). Days open for cows in $Tr_1$ ($100.3{\pm}9$) was less (p<0.03) than that in $Tr_2$ ($130.9{\pm}9$) or control ($135.1{\pm}10$). Results indicate that using PRID device with Ovsynch program had significantly increased pregnancy rate and decreased days open compared to AI at detected estrus after synchronization with GnRH, PRID and PGF2$\alpha$ or synchronization with one injection of PGF2$\alpha$.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.187-198
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• 2024

Purpose: This study aimed to implement a child abuse prevention program and evaluate its effectiveness based on the Nursing Model of Resilience and Coping Skills Training Model for unmarried mothers during pregnancy and puerperium. Methods: This study had a prospective single-case, AB design with four repeated self-questionnaire measures and three observational measures. Seven unmarried mothers were provided with 10 sessions child abuse prevention program through individual visits from 32 to 34 weeks of pregnancy to six weeks after childbirth. The questionnaire was composed related to resilience, maternal stress, maternal attitude, parent-child interaction, child abuse potential. The observation was measured by video recording (total 16 times) the interaction of parent-child during feeding and analyzing it by three experts. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Friedman's test. Results: Maternal attitude and parent-child interaction were statistically significantly improved after intervention compared to before intervention. However, maternal stress decreased after intervention compared to before intervention, but it was not statistically significant. Additionally, resilience and child abuse potential were not statistically significant. This program is partially effective in preventing child abuse by promoting parenting attitudes and parent-child interactions. Conclusion: This study focused on individual resilience and applied systematic intervention as coping skills training to prevent child abuse. This study is meaningful in that interventions were conducted through individual visits to unmarried mothers at high risk of child abuse, and the program was applied, including pregnancy and postpartum periods, to prevent child abuse early.