• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.346-355
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• 1980

It has been proposed that wide individual variation in response to heparin be not considered in the conventional set protocol for the control of heparin and protamine during extracorporeal circulation. In this paper, two protocol of heparin and protamine therapy were compared to assess the role of the Activated Clotting Time [ACT] in relation to heparin, protamine, and postoperative blood loss and transfusion. The study groups consisted of the 31 patients [adults 15 and children 16] anticoagulated with the conventional heparin protocol and the 31 patients [adults 15 and children 16] anticoagulated with ACT protocol during extracorporeal circulation. In the conventional heparin protocol, two mg of heparin per kg was administered initially with an additional 0.75 mg of heparin per kg every 30 minutes of extracorporeal circulation, and reversal was accomplished with protamine in a dose of 1.5 times the total milligram of heparin. In the ACT protocol, two mg of heparin per kg was administered initially with an additional dose of heparin enough to reach an ACT of 480 seconds [within safe zone 300 to 600 seconds] from the patient`s dose response curve every 1 hour of extracorporeal circulation, and reversal was done with protamine in a dose of 1.3 times the milligram of the residual heparin. The results were summarized as follows. After a dose of 2 mg per kg of heparin, the patient`s ACT varied from 240 to 600 seconds in adults and from 240 t~ 660 seconds in children. In the ACT group the total amount of heparin administered was markedly reduced when compared to the conventional group, and less protamine was required to neutralize heparin. The dose of heparin administered decreased from 7.07 [SE 0.42] mg/kg of the conventional group to 4.92 [SE 0.32] mg/k8 of the ACT group in adults and from 10.17 [SE 1.15] mg/kg to 5.23 [SE 0.24] mg/kg in children, which represent 30.4% and 48.6% decrease respectively. The dose of protamine administered for reversal decreased from 10.6 [SE 0.63] mg/kg of the conventional group to 3.35 [SE 0.35] mg/kg of the ACT group in adults and from 15.7 [SE 1.70] mg/kg to 3.26 [SE 0.27] mg/kg in children, which represent 68.4% and 79.2% respectively. The ratio of protamine to heparin administered in the conventional group was 1.50:1 in adults and 1.54:1 in children, but in the ACT group 0.68:1 in adults and 0.62:1 in children. Postoperative blood loss and transfusion revealed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Although six patients in the conventional group and one in the ACT group needed re-exploration for continuous hemorrhage, no case of generalized oozing was encountered, and in each case a definite bleeding site was identified. Author would like emphasizing the value of the ACT protocol in controlling heparin and protamine administration during extracorporeal circulation.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.225-231
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• 2008

목적: 위 점막하 종양(gastric submucosal tumor, gastric SMT)은 최근 건강검진의 보편화로 증가하는 추세에 있다. 이에 반해 악성도에 따라 예후가 달라지고, 방사선 검사나 내시경 조직검사로 다른 종양과의 감별이 어려워 아직도 치료 방침을 결정하는데 어려움이 있다. 이에 저자들은 위 점막하 종양 환자에서 임상병리학적 특성을 분석하고, 이에 따른 복강경 수술과 개복술의 결과를 각각 비교 분석하였다. 위 점막하종양의 복강경 절제술의 학습곡선 의미를 도출하여, 위 점막하종양의 적절한 치료방법을 제시하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 2003년 4월부터 2008년 8월까지 본원에서 위점막하종양으로 개복 위절제술을 받은 25명과 복강경 위절제술을 시행 받은 78명의 환자들을 대상으로 하였으며, 수술 후 임상경과 및 병리학적 특징에 대하여 전향적인 자료 수집 후 후향적으로 결과를 비교 분석하였다. 결과: 환자의 평균 연령은 53.7세(22~80세)였으며 남녀비는 각각 44명, 59명으로 1 : 1.34였다. 대부분 무증상으로 내원하였으며, 주로 쐐기형 위절제술을 시행 받았다. 종양의 평균 장경은 4.33 cm (1.2~17.0 cm)였고, 주로 위상부에 위치하였으며, 평균 수술 시간은 117.3분(35~255분)이었다. 평균 출혈량은 113.9 ml (0~1,000 ml), 평균 수술 후 재원기간은 8.0일(1~69일)이었다. 술 전 내시경적 절제술이 실패하여 수술이 의뢰된 환자가 5명 있었다. 수술 후 합병증은 13명(12.6%)에서 발생하였고, 수술과 관련된 사망은 없었다. 위 점막하종양의 대부분은 간질유래성증양으로 58명(56.3%)이며, 이중 현재까지 크기가 5 cm 이상이고 복강경 위절제술을 시행한 2명이 재발되었다. 복강경 수술 군과 개복 수술 군에 따라 수술 시간 및 출혈량, 합병증에는 차이가 없었지만, 두 군 간에 환자의 증상(P<0.001), 종양의 크기 (P<0.001), 수술방법 중 쐐기형 절제술 시행(P=0.037), 술 후 연식섭취 시간(P<0.001), 술 후 퇴원 일(P=0.002)에는 차이가 있었다. 위 점막하종양의 복강경 위절제술은 26예 이상의 수술 경험이 필요하고, 이러한 학습 곡선을 극복함으로써 수술 시간, 출혈량을 줄일 수 있다. 결론: 5 cm 미만의 위 점막하종양에서는 복강경적 치료방법이 개복술보다 안전하고, 효과적인 치료방법으로 생각되며, 다양한 형태의 위 점막하종양을 복강경적 절제술로 시행 할 경우에는 학습 곡선을 먼저 극복하기 위해 노력하는 것이 권장된다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.827-833
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• 2020

Objective : Spine surgery is associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates in elderly patients. The modified Frailty Index (mFI) is an evaluation tool to determine the frailty of an individual and how preoperative status may impact postoperative survival and outcomes. This study aimed to determine the usefulness of mFI in predicting postoperative complications in patients aged ≥75 years undergoing surgery with instrumentation. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the perioperative course of 137 patients who underwent thoracolumbar-instrumentation spine surgery between 2011 and 2016. The preoperative risk factors were the 11 variables of the mFI, as well as body mass index (kg/㎠), preoperative hemoglobin, platelet, albumin, creatinine, anesthesia time, operation time, estimated blood loss, and transfusion amount. The 60-day occurrences of complication rates were used for outcome assessment. Results : Major complications after spinal instrumentation surgery occurred in 34 of 138 patients (24.6%). The mean mFI score was 0.18±0.12. When we divided patients into a pre-frail group (mFI, 0.09-0.18; n=94) and a frail group (mFI ≥0.27; n=44), only the rate of sepsis was statistically higher in the frail group than in the pre-frail group. There were significantly more major complications in patients with low albumin levels or in patients with infection or who had experienced trauma. The mFI was a more useful predictor of postoperative complications than the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status score. Conclusion : The mFI can successfully predict postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients aged ≥75 years undergoing spine surgery. The mFI improves perioperative risk stratification that provides important information to assist in the preoperative counselling of patients and their families.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.437-470
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• 1994

These studies were performed to establish more effective surgical method for correcting congenital atresia coli in calves. Distal colon fistulation, proximal colon fistulation and colon anastomosis which could be applied for surgical repair of intestinal obstruction were carried out in goatlings experimentally and in calves with atresia coli clinically. After treatment of the animals clinical signs, blood component values, body weight gain, survival and necropsy findings were observed. In goatlings, clinical signs after colon fistulation were diarrhea, anorexia and vitality loss, and those of proximal colon fistulation group were severer than those of distal colon fistulation group. Surviviability after operation was 9~16 weeks in distal colon fistulation group, 2~8 weeks in proximal colon fistulation group, and 2-3 days in colocolic anastomosis group, respectively. There were no alterations in blood component values among experimental groups. Weight gain rates were 54.6% in distal colon fistulation group and 42.9% in proximal colon fistulation group compared with those of control. Necropsy findings observed in experimental groups were distension of intestine and excessive fluid in abomasum and intestine. Two calves with atresia coli died 1 day and 6 days after operation but one with colon fistulation survived more than two months. Preoperative clinical signs in calves with atresia coli were abdominal distension, progressive anorexia, no defecation and postoperative clinical signs wert diarrhea and periodic abdominal distension. After operation there were no alterations in blood component values between the calf with atresia coli and control calf. Weight gain rate of calf with atresia coli was similar to that of control but revealed the tendency to decrease from the 2nd month after operation. Necropsy findings observed in two calves with atresia coli were intestinal distension. intraluminal excessive fluid, blind atretic sac and absence of intrarectal content. It was concluded that proximal or distal colon fistulation could be available for surgical correction of congenital atresla coli and prognosis of distal colon fistulation was better than of proximal colon fistulation, but that extensive colocolic anastomosis could not be compatible with life in ruminants.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.54-61
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• 2020

Background Conventional methods of external bleeding for congested fingertip replants exhibit notable problems, including uncontrollable bleeding and unpredictable survival of the replant. We have added a local injection of heparin calcium to the routine use of systemic heparinization for inducing external bleeding. We retrospectively examined patients who underwent external bleeding using our method. Methods Local subcutaneous injections of heparin calcium were made in 15 congested replants in addition to systemic heparinization. Each injection ranged from 500 to 5,000 U. The average duration of the injections was 4.1 days. Surgical outcomes were analyzed and compared with a control group of patients who underwent external bleeding without heparin calcium. Results The overall survival rate was 93.3%, which was higher than that of the control group (83.3%), but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.569). The survival rate for subzones I and II by the Ishikawa subzone classification was 100%, whereas it was 87.5% in subzones III and IV. No statistically significant difference was observed. The rate of partial necrosis was 0% in subzones I and II, whereas it was significantly higher (66.7%) in subzones III and IV (P=0.015). The mean total blood loss via external bleeding was 588 g in 10 fingers. No patients required blood transfusion. Conclusions Congestion of a replanted fingertip can be successfully managed without blood transfusion by our method. Although complete relief from congestion in replants in subzones I and II is achievable, there is a higher risk of partial necrosis in subzones III and IV.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.605-609
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• 2008

배경: 심폐기하 관상동맥우회술시 수술직전 항혈소판제의 병파투여는 수술 후 출혈과 출혈로 인한 수술 등의 합병증에 영향을 주는 것으로 알려져 있다. 하지만 무심폐기 하에서의 관상동맥우회술시 항혈소판제의 병합투여가 수술결과에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 잘 알려져 있지 않아 조사하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 2003년부터 2005년까지 무심폐기 하에서 시행한 관상동맥우회수술 중 항혈소판제(아스피린, clopidogrel)를 수술 12시간 전까지 지속적으로 사용한 19예를 대상으로 후향적 조사를 하였다. 수술 전 사용한 항혈소판제의 투여방법에 따라 아스피린 단독투여군 10예와 아스피린+clopidogrel 병합투여군 9예로 나누었는데 수술 전후의 혈소판, hemoglobin, hematocrit, prothrombin 시간, aPTT 그리고 수술 후 출혈과 출혈로 인한 수혈요구와 재수술여부에 대해 두 군을 비교하였다. 결과: 두 군간에 수술시간, 수술 중 2회 이상 측정한 ACT는 차이가 없었다. 수술 후 24시간 흉관을 통한 출혈량은 단독투여군 $697{\pm}271mL$, 병합투여군 $944{\pm}432mL$로 두 군간에 차이가 없었다. 수혈을 받은 환자의 수도 두 군 모두 3명으로 차이가 없었으며 출혈로 인해 재수술을 받은 경우는 두 군 모두 없었다. 수술 전후 측정한 헤모글로빈과 Hematocrit의 수치는 두 군간에는 차이가 없었으나 두 군 모두 수술 후의 수치가 수술 전보다 유의하게 감소하였다. 그러나 수술 전후의 감소량에 있어서는 두 군간에 차이가 없었다. 결론: 무심폐기하 관상동맥우회술에 있어 수술 전 aspirin과 clopidogrel의 병합투여는 aspirin 단독투여에 비해 수술 후 출혈로 인한 수혈이나 재수술 등의 수술조기결과에 있어 차이가 없었다. 하지만 저자의 경우는 대상 군의 수가 적어 향후 이에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.44-50
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• 2013

Purpose: Laparoscopic gastrectomy has been adopted for the treatment of gastric cancer, and despite the technical difficulties, totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy has been considered less invasive than laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy. Although there have been many reports regarding the feasibility and safety of totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy at large volume centers, few reports have been conducted at low-volume centers. The purpose of this study is to try to assess the feasibility and safety of totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy at a low volume center through the analysis of short-term outcomes of totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy compared with laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy. Materials and Methods: The clinical data and short-term surgical outcomes of 35 patients who had undergone laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy between April 2007 and March 2010, and 37 patients who underwent totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy between April 2010 and August 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: There was no significant difference in the demographic and clinical data. However the reconstruction method and extent of lymphadenectomy showed statistically significant differences. Operation time and estimated blood loss did not show significant differences. Surgical and medical complications did not show significant differences but postoperative courses including time-to-first oral intake and postoperative hospital stay were significantly increased. Conclusions: Our study shows that totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy is technically feasible at a low volume center. Therefore, totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy can be considered as one of the surgical treatment for early gastric cancer. However the possibility that totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy may have less benefit should also be considered.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.546-550
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• 2012

Background This study was designed to introduce the feasibility of toe tissue transfer without venous outflow for fingertip reconstruction. Methods Five cases of fingertip defects were treated successfully with this method. Four cases were traumatic fingertip defects, and one case was a hook-nail deformity. The lateral pulp of a great toe or medioinferior portion of a second toe was used as the donor site. An arterial pedicle was dissected only within the digit and anastomosis was performed within 2 cm around the defect margin. The digital nerve was repaired simultaneously. No additional dissection of the dorsal or volar pulp vein was performed in either the donor or recipient sites. Other surgical procedures were performed following conventional techniques. Postoperative venous congestion was monitored with pulp temperature, color, and degree of tissue oxygen saturation. Venous congestion was decompressed with a needle-puncture method intermittently, but did not require continuous external bleeding for salvage. Results Venous congestion was observed in all the flaps, but improved within 3 or 4 days postoperatively. The flap size was from $1.5{\times}1.5cm^2$ to $2.0{\times}3.0cm^2$. The mean surgical time was 2 hours and 20 minutes. A needle puncture was carried out every 2 hours during the first postoperative day, and then every 4 hours thereafter. The amount of blood loss during each puncture procedure was less than 0.2 mL. In the long-term follow-up, no flap atrophy was observed. Conclusions When used properly, the free toe tissue transfer without venous anastomosis method can be a treatment option for small defects on the fingertip area.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.200-205
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• 2021

Background: Various methods have been used to reduce postoperative pain after thoracic surgery. However, these methods may affect the patient's respiratory response and delay recovery from anesthesia. We aimed to evaluate the effects of fentanyl and remifentanil during extubation after video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). Methods: This study included 45 randomly-selected male patients who underwent VATS for pneumothorax between July 2011 and August 2012. We divided the participants into 3 groups: the F group, which received a bolus injection of 1.0 ㎍/kg of fentanyl; the R1 group, which received a 0.04 ㎍/kg/min remifentanil infusion; and the R2 group, which received a 0.08 ㎍/kg/min remifentanil infusion. Hemodynamics, pain, cough, consciousness level, and nausea were assessed for each group. Results: The number and severity of coughs were lower in the R1 and R2 groups than in the F group, and there were no differences between the R1 and R2 groups. Respiratory depression and loss of consciousness were not observed in any of the patients, and there were no differences in hemodynamics. Conclusion: In comparison with fentanyl, remifentanil did not result in a wide fluctuation of blood pressure and heart rate upon emergence from general anesthesia. Moreover, remifentanil contributed to cough suppression and postoperative pain control. Remifentanil seems to be a safe and effective analgesic after VATS.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.292-299
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• 2009

Objective : Clinical and radiological results of posterior dynamic stabilization using interspinous U (ISU, $Coflex^{TM}$, Paradigm Spine $Inc.^{(R)}$, NY, USA) were analyzed in comparison with posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) in degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). Methods : A retrospective study was conducted for a consecutive series of 61 patients with degenerative LSS between May 2003 and December 2005. We included only the patients completed minimum 24 months follow up evaluation. Among them, 30 patients were treated with implantation of ISU after decompressive laminectomy (Group ISU) and 31 patients were treated with wide decompressive laminectomy and posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF; Group PLIF). We evaluated visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) for clinical outcomes (VAS, ODI), disc height ratio disc height (DH), disc height/vertebral body length ${\times}100$), static vertebral slip (VS) and depth of maximal radiolucent gap between ISU and spinous process) in preoperative, immediate postoperative and last follow up. Results : The mean age of group ISU ($66.2{\pm}6.7$ years) was 6.2 years older than the mean age of group PLIF ($60.4{\pm}8.1$ years; p=0.003). In both groups, clinical measures improved significantly than preoperative values (p<0.001). Operation time and blood loss was significantly shorter and lower in group ISU than group PLIF (p<0.001). In group ISU, the DH increased transiently in immediate postoperative period ($15.7{\pm}4.5%{\rightarrow}18.6{\pm}5.9%$), however decreased significantly in last follow up ($13.8{\pm}6.6%$, p=0.027). Vertebral slip (VS) of spondylolisthesis in group ISU increased during postoperative follow-up ($2.3{\pm}3.3{\rightarrow}8.7{\pm}6.2$, p=0.040). Meanwhile, the postoperatively improved DH and VS was maintained in group PLIF in last follow up. Conclusion : According to our result, implantation of ISU after decompressive laminectomy in degenerative LSS is less invasive and provides similar clinical outcome in comparison with the instrumented fusion. However, the device has only transient effect on the postoperative restoration of disc height and reduction of slip in spondylolisthesis. Therefore, in the biomechanical standpoint, it is hard to expect that use of Interspinous U in decompressive laminectomy for degenerative LSS had long term beneficial effect.