• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.1841-1846
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• 2009

갱년기의 여성에는 여러 폐경 증후들이 나타나는데, 특히 에스트로겐의 감소로 인한 골 손실의 증가 등으로 골다공증질환의 발병율이 높아지게 된다. 이러한 갱년기 증후군을 치료하기 위해 호르몬 대체 요법으로 치료를 하고 있으나 유방암과 자궁암 등의 부작용에 대한 논쟁의 여지가 있어 갱년기 증후군을 치료하는데 양면성을 가진다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 쉽게 섭취 할 수 있으며, 부작용이 없는 해조류인 감태 추출물을 이용하여 in vivo 실험을 통해 갱년기 장애 시 나타날 수 있는 골 손실에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 난소 절제술을 시행한 군들에서 전체적으로 체중이 증가하였으나, 난소절제 후 감태 추출물을 투여에 의한 체중 감소는 나타나지 않아 감태 추출물이 체중 감소에는 크게 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 난소절제 시(OVX-CON) 에스트로겐 결핍으로 bone turnover가 증가되어 비 난소절제(SHAM)군에 비해 혈장 중의 ALP의 활성이 증가되었으나, 난소 절제 후 감태 추출물을 투여한 군에서 그 활성이 유의적으로 감소하는 경향이 나타났다. 이것은 난소 절제 후 에스트로겐의 분비가 감소되는데 반해 감태 추출물 투여가 에스트로겐 대체 작용을 함으로써 난소절제로 인한 골 손실 정도를 완화시켜 준 것으로 추측되어진다. 골 용해 지표인 혈액 중의 CTx는 난소절제군이 비 절제군에 비해 높은 수준을 보여 난소 절제군에 있어 골 용해가 증가되었음을 나타내었다. 반면 감태 추출물의 투여로 인해 CTx 함량이 감소하였으며, EC-200군의 경우 SHAM과 비슷한 수준으로 나타났다. 이는 난소절제로 인해 bone turnover가 증가된 상태에서 감태 추출물의 투여로 bone turnover가 감소하여 골 흡수 저해 효과를 타나낸 것으로 추정된다. 또한 결합조직 중의 collagen 함량은 난소절제로 인하여 감소하였으나, 감태 추출물의 투여에 의해 점진적으로 회복되는 경향을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로부터 estrogen 부족으로 인한 골 손실의 예방에 감태가 유익한 효과를 가지며, 이를 활용한 기능성식품 개발도 가능할 것으로 기대되어 진다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.183-188
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• 2008

여성의 폐경에 의한 estrogen의 감소는 골다공증을 유발시킨다고 알려져 있다. 최근 새로운 식품으로 각광받고 있는 도라지 추출물을 인위적 갱년기 장애를 유발시킨 흰쥐에 투여하여 혈 중 ALP활성 변화와 골 중의 collagen의 함량 및 collagen 가교물질 pyridinoline과 deoxypyridinoline 함량 변화를 측정하여 그 효과를 검토해 보았다. 도라지 추출물을 갱년기를 유도한 흰쥐에 투여하여 혈 중 ALP활성 변화에 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과 난소절제에 의하여 ALP활성이 증가하였으나, 도라지 추출물 투여한 군에서 ALP활성이 억제되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 난소 절제에 의해 연골의 collagen 함량이 감소되었는데, 이는 도라지 추출물을 투여함으로써 정상적인 수치로 증가하는 경향을 나타내어 도라지 추출물이 골 대사와 관련된 골 대사 질환에 유효한 효과를 나타낼 것으로 추측된다. 또한 collagen 가교물질로써 골대사의 biomaker인 pyridinoline 및 deoxypyridinoline의 골 중의 함량은 난소절제에 의해 감소하였고, 도라지 추출물 투여에 의해 증가하여 estrogen부족으로 인한 골 손실에 도라지 추출물이 유익한 효과를 가지는 것으로 보이며, 이는 도라지 중에 함유되어 있는 phytoestrogen에 의한 것으로 추측되어 앞으로 구체적인 검토가 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.365-371
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• 2007

최근 연구들은 골다공증과 동맥경화증의 병인 간의 연관성을 제시한다. 이 연구에서는 건강한 중년 여성에서 high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP), 지질 농도 등을 포함한 심혈관 위험인자들과 요추 골밀도의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 총 300명의 성인여성을 대상으로 하여 신체계측을 시행하였고, 공복혈당, 지질, hs-CRP를 포함한 심혈관질환 위험인자들을 측정하였다. 동맥경화지수는 총콜레스테롤 농도를 고밀도지단백 콜레스테롤 농도로 나누어서 계산하였다. Dual X-ray abosorptiometry를 이용하여 요추 골밀도를 측정하였다. 연구결과 연령, 수축기 및 이완기 혈압, 총 콜레스테롤, 고밀도지단백 콜레스테롤은 요추 골밀도와 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 통계적으로는 연령과 체질량지수, 고밀도지단백 콜레스테롤이 요추 골밀도와 의미 있는 상관관계를 보였다. 요추 골밀도에 영향을 미치는 심혈관 인자들은 연령과 고밀도지단백 콜레스테롤이 요추 골밀도($R^2=0.272$)의 독립적 위험인자로 나타났다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.69-80
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• 2006

Objectives : The occurrence of shoulder pain after attack of stroke varies from 15% to about 80% in patients. Hemiplegic shoulder pain has been shown to affect stroke outcome in a negative way that it interferes with recovery after a stroke. These following processes have been all postulated as causes of a shoulder pain: glenohumeral subluxation, spasticity, impingement, soft tissue trauma, glenohumeral capsulitis, shoulder hand syndrome. And stroke patients may suffer from pain caused by stroke itself(central post-stroke pain). The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of Bee venom therapy for shoulder pain in stroke patients. Methods : To evaluate the effectiveness of Bee Venom Acupuncture Therapy, 40 patients were allocated into control and treatment group. They were monitored for 3 weeks and followed up with VAS score(with the interval of Initial(YAS1)), 1 week later(VAS2), 2 weeks later(VAS3), 3 weeks later(VAS4), Motor Grade and Passive ROM. Results : VAS score decrease in treatment group compared to control group. Bee Venom Acupuncture Therapy seems to decrease hemiplegic shoulder pain and this effect was statistically significant after 3 weeks. Therefore this therapy could be recommended for the treatment of patients with shoulder pain after stroke and further extensive clinical studies are expected. Conclusion : We suggest that GDS oral administration and electro-acupuncture at $BL_{52}$ & $GB_{39}$ are available for prevention and curing about the postmenopausal osteoporosis.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.478-483
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• 2010

Bisphosphonates are synthetic analogue and have high affinity on bone remodeling site. Since they have a long half-reduction time, they accumulate at bone and act for a long time. They are widely used in osteo-porosis derived from imflammatory bowel disease or postmenopausal osteoporosis patient for bone mineral density improvement. In addition, they neutralize hypercalcemia owing to bone metastasis of malignancy. However, a jaw bone necrosis was recently reported in some patients who have taken bisphosphonates for a long time. It is called Bisphosphonate Related Osteonecrosis of Jaws (BRONJ). It can come spontaneous-ly, but more often after oral surgery including tooth extraction. In this case, a 80-year-old woman was treated with bisphosphonate (sodium alendronate) for 2 years to improve bone mineral density. She had her left lower second molar tooth extracted at local clinic. After extraction, she had inflammatory symptoms like a pain, a cheek swelling, and a discharge of pus. She was referred to our clinic for treatment. We treated meticulously from dressing to surgery. After following up about 1.5 years, the jaw lesion was successfully healed. So we report this case.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.539-543
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Soy isoflavones are structurally similar to estrogen and bind to estrogen receptors, suggesting that they exhibit estrogenic activities; therefore, they are referred to as phytoestrogens. Fermentation may affect the bioavailability of isoflavones altering soy isoflavone glycosides in the form of aglycones. Thus, this study investigated the effects of fermented soybeans by Rhizopus oligosporus on bone metabolism in both young rats as a pilot test and in ovariectomized (ovx) old rats as a model of menopause. MATERIALS/METHODS: In the pilot test, a total of 24 seven-week-old female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed one of three diets for a period of four weeks: casein, unfermented soybean product, or fermented soybean product by R. oligosporus. In the ovx rat model, 20-week-old SD rats weighing 260-290 g underwent either sham-operation (n = 10) or bilateral ovariectomy (n = 30) and were then fed the AIN-93M diet for one week. Thereafter, rats were fed sham-casein, ovx-casein, ovx-soybean, or ovx-fermented soybean diet for five weeks. After decapitation, femoral bones were isolated and preserved in 9% formalin for assessment of bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone-breaking strength (BBS). RESULTS: Ovx rats showed significantly increased weight gain and decreased uterine wet weight. Of particular interest, ovx rats fed fermented soybeans showed increased uterine wet weights compared to control rats. Fermented soybean diet caused a significant increase in plasma 17-${\beta}$ estradiol concentrations in young rats, and 17-${\beta}$ estradiol levels were enhanced in ovx rats to match those of sham-operated ones. Significantly lower femoral BMD and BMC were observed in ovx rats compared to sham-operated controls, whereas bone areas did not differ statistically among the groups. In addition, BBS tended to be increased in ovx rats fed soybeans and fermented soybeans. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation of fermented soybeans could have preventive and therapeutic effects against osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.452-458
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• 2003

Soybean is a rich source of isoflavones such as genistein and daidzein. Soy isoflavones have both weak estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects and are structurally similar to tamoxifen, an agent that has an effect similar to that of estrogen in terms of reducing postmenopausal bone loss. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of differences in protein source (casein vs soy) and isoflavone levels (reduced vs higher levels) on selected bone markers and hormones in growing male rats. Thirty weanling Sprague-Dawley young rats were divided into 3 groups: The control group was fed a casein-based diet, the soy concentrate group was fed soy protein with totally reduced isoflavones content (isoflavones 0.07 mg/g protein), and the soy isolate group was fed soy protein with a higher than normal isoflavones content (isoflavones 3.4 mg/g protein). The degree of bone formation was estimated by measuring serum osteocalcin and alkaline phosphoatase (ALP). By determining collagen cross-linkage by immunoassay and correcting with creatinine values, the bone resorption rate was compared. Serum osteocalcin, growth hormone, estrogen and calcitonin were analyzed using radio immunoassay kits. The bone formation marker and ALP activity were differentiated by protein source, showing higher values than casein in feeding either soy isolate or soy concentrate. In this study using growing rats, the differences in isoflavone contents were not a significant factor in either bone formation or bone reaborption markers. Moreover, the soy isolate group had significantly higher levels of growth hormone than the casein group. The findings of this study suggest that growth hormone is partially responsible for its bone-formation effects in young growing rats. Soy protein and the isoflavones in soy protein are beneficial for bone-formation in growing male rats. Therefore, exposure to soy protein and isoflavones early in life may have long-term health benefits in preventing bone diseases such as osteoporosis. Further study to evaluate the mechanism of action of isoflavones on bones is warranted. (Korean J Nutrition 36(5): 452∼458, 2003)

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.295-305
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• 1996

This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary calcium level(a diet which met 100% or twice the calcium level in AIN-76 diet) on preventing bone loss in ovariectomized rats. Forty female Sprauge-Dawley rats(body weight 200$\pm$5g) were divided into two groups. One group were ovariectomized(Ovx) while the others received sham operation(Sham). Thereafter, each rat group was further divided into normal calcium diet(NCD, 0.52%) and high calcium diet(HCD, 1.04%) sub-groups. All rats were fed on experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 8 weeks. Urinary pyridinoline & creatinine and serum estradiol, luteinizing hormone, calcium, phosphate, total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin were determined. There were no significant differences in serum calcium. total protein and albumin in the two groups(Ovx vs Sham) of rats. Ovariectomized rats had significantly lower estradiol than sham operated rats. There was a highly significant correlation between total bone mineral density(TBMD) and overall level of esteradiol(r=0.59, p<0.05). Total bone mineral density did not correlate significantly with ALP or osteocalcin, although a negative trend was evident. However, the rats fed high calcium diet had a lower crosslinks value and osteocalcine than the rats fed normal calcium diet. An increased rate of bone turnover is usually associated with a decrease in bone mass bexause bone formation at each remodeling site is never as great as resorption. Ovariectomized rats fed high calcium diet had a lower crosslink value and osteocalcin; it means high cacium diet decreased bone turnover rate. The findings from the present study demonstrated that bone loss due to ovarian hormonal deficiency can be partially prevented by a high calcium diet. Futhermore, these findings support the strategy of the use of a high calcium diet in the prevention of estrogen depletion bone loss (postmenopausal osteoporosis).

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.151-164
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• 2002

PURPOSE: Estrogen replacement therapy is indicated for the relief of hot flushes and urogenital atrophy, the prevention of osteoporosis and the reduction in risk of cardiovascular disease. The present study assessed by blood pressure, heart rate variability, and climacteric symptoms in menopausal women before treatment and at 1 month during estrogen replacement therapy. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 16 healthy menopausal women (range 49 to 59 years, mean : 53.4 years) attending menopausal clinics for the complaint of climateric symptoms at S. hospital in Chunchoen. They were all non-smokers and no patient had symptoms or evidence of cardiovascular disease. They took estrogen replacement therapy (conjugated estrogen 0.625 mg with or without medroxy progesteron 2.5mg) for 1 month. Blood pressure, heart rate variability(heart period and vagal tone) through ECG, and climacteric symptom were measured in all subjects before treatment and at 1 month during treatment. Climacteric symptom questionnaire which was developed by Neugarten et al.(1963) was modified with 20 items of question(Cronbach's alpha = 88 -.89). The data was collected from Sept. 1. 2000 to July. 30. 2001. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in mean systolic and diastolic pressure between the baseline and at 1 month during treatment. The mean heart period and vagal tone were slightly increased, but difference of mean heart period and vagal tone were not statistically significant between the baseline and at 1 month during treatment. The score of climacteric symptoms decreased significantly from the baseline after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Even though, this study did not show that estrogen replacement therapy led decrease of blood pressure and increase heart rate variability, climacteric symptoms reduced much in all subjects after taking drugs. These results suggest that there is need to repeat study with long term period.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.206-215
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of manganese (Mn) supplementation on bone status and calcium balance in ovariectomized rats according to the calcium intake levels. Total of 50 Sprague Dawley female rats (6 weeks) were divided into 5 groups and bred for 12 weeks: sham operated control group (SACa), OVX Ca deficiency group (OLCa) with Ca deficiency diet (0.1% Ca modified AIN-93N diet), OVX Ca deficiency & Mn supplement group (OLCaMn), OVX adequate Ca group (OACa; 0.5% Ca AIN-93N diet) and OVX adequate Ca & Mn supplement group (OACaMn). BMD (bone mineral density) of the femur was increased by Mn supplementation in OVX adequate Ca group. However, BMDs of spine, femur and tibia were lowered in OLCa compared to the OLCaMn group. Bone strength of tibia in OLCaMn group was significantly lower than OLCa group. Serum ALP (alkaline phosphatase) and CTx (C-telopeptide of collagen cross-links) levels were significantly higher in ovariectomized rats than those in the sham group, but they were not changed by Mn supplementation. Ca retention rate and Ca absorption rate did not differ among the experimental groups. Urinary Ca excretion was increased by Mn supplementation in Ca deficiency rats. In summary, Mn supplementation resulted in positive effects on bone mineral density ovariectomized rats with which intake adequate Ca. However, Mn supplementation on Ca deficiency ovariectomized rats resulted in decrement of BMO and bone strength by increasing Ca excretion. Therefore, it is encouraged to consider calcium intake levels in supplementation of manganese in order to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis and to keep bone healthy. (KoreanJNutr2008; 41(3): 206~215)