• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.54 no.7
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• pp.298-303
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• 2011

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical characteristics of vitamin D deficiency and its association with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Methods: A total of 171 children aged less than two years underwent 25-hydroxyvitamin $D_3$ tests between January 2007 and July 2009. The study was classified into two groups: normal and vitamin D insufficiency, by their vitamin 25-hydroxyvitamin $D_3$ levels. Results: In total, 120 children were in the normal group (mean age, body weight and heights $12.5{\pm}7.0$, $9.3{\pm}0.9$ kg and $76.8{\pm}1.1$ cm), and 51 children in the vitamin D insufficiency group ($9.9{\pm}5.4$ months, $9.0{\pm}0.9$ kg and $75.1{\pm}0.9$ cm). Vitamin D insufficiency was most commonly diagnosed in the spring (44%). The proportion of complete breast-feeding was higher in the insufficiency (92%), and 25.5% of the children in the deficient group also experienced IDA compared that 12% of normal group. Ten children in the insufficiency group experienced bony changes. Six children received calcitriol medication in the normal group, in whom the mean vitamin 25-hydroxyvitamin $D_3$ level increased from $39.6{\pm}14.6$ ng/mL (pre-medication) to $41.8{\pm}17.2$ ng/mL (post-medication), and 13 in the insufficiency group, in whom the mean vitamin 25-hydroxyvitamin $D_3$ increased from $20.7{\pm}7.0$ ng/mL to a mean post-treatment level of $43.7{\pm}23.8$ ng/mL. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that approximately 30% of children aged ${\leq}2$ years experienced vitamin D insufficiency associated with subclinical rickets. Many children also experienced concurrent IDA. Guidelines for vitamin D supplement in such children must therefore be established.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.126-144
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• 1974

Adult female prawn, Macrobrachium japonicum, which used for this work were collected at the river Simanto, Shikoku in Japan, and removed in the laboratory. Newly hatched larvae from an adult reared in circulation-filtered aquaria, which is controlled under the conditions of water temperature $26\pm0.3^{\circ}C$, chlorinity $6.21-6.45\%$ Cl, pH 8.0-8.1, illumination 3000 lux, and fed on Artemia salina nauplius sufficielltly For a period of rearing of zoea larvae, big individuals-individual varying bodies, comparing with standard bodies in the same aged individual group, are occasionally appeared from fifth zoea larva stage, and occurence of it be tempted to relate with the factor of trophic condition. This paper was dealt with a comparative morphological view on big individuals, comparing with standard type in the same aged group, to solve the problem on (1). the existence or nonexistence of stages which it is easier to occurence of big individuals, (2). the rate of development in several appendages of an individual, and (3). a happening of skipping whether it certainly occur or not, during newly hatched zoea larvae develop to post larva stage. The results of the above are as follow: (1). the stages which is easier to occur of big individuals are fifth and seventh stage in this species, (2). even same individual, development of several appendages differs more or less on the rate of growth in accordance with its parts, (3). Evidence which skipping phenomenon is occured, during development through zoea larvae to post larvae, couldn't confirm.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.587-604
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• 2017

The purpose of this research is to analyze generation gap of positive effects on character strength for full life of adults in Korea and to verify mediating effect of volunteering from character strength in this roots. To test this effects, there was an investigated differences of perception on character strength, volunteering and full life from 1,405 Koreans. Then had set up the influence model of character strength on full life between generation, and verified the model through structural equation. Therethrough first, there was statistical significant between generations except the variables of trust, full life and meaning of life. Second, full life was positively influenced by character strength in early adulthood. Third, volunteering had fully mediated from character strength to full life in post middle aged adults, but had partially mediated in early adulthood. This will help acquaint us with importance of accompany with volunteering at character strength than character strength directly connects to full life. Based on these results, we are treated on importance of mediating volunteering effects and influences of character strengths on full life in Korean society.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.330-340
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was performed to identify the level of Korean elderly's knowledge regarding concepts of end-of-life (EOL), Life-sustaining-treatment (LST), and advance directives (AD) which are critical aspects for establishing AD in Korean society. Methods: A questionnaire survey was done between October 2011 and February 2012. Knowledge of AD was evaluated with 3 aspects including EOL, LST, and AD utilizing a questionnaire that was developed by authors for the study. Data were collected from 268 community dwelling elderly from three cities and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and a Scheffe post hoc test with SAS Ver. 9.1 program. Results: Overall, Korean elderly were poorly acquainted with AD related concepts. Significant differences in awareness of AD including understanding of EOL, the level of comprehension of LST, and knowledge about AD were revealed by gender, education level, economic state, and acquaintance with terms of AD or LST. Conclusion: To acknowledge autonomy and support quality of life for elderly and to meet the purpose of AD, attention should be given to target populations including elderly in terms of knowledge level related to AD, social marketing, and infra structure relevant to practice AD in our society.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

This study mainly focused on the method of accurately extracting damage information in the im agery change detection process using the constructed high resolution aerial im agery. Bongwha-gun in Gyungsangbuk-do which had been severely damaged from a localized torrential downpour at the end of July, 2008 was selected as study area. This study utilized aerial im agery having photographing scale of 30cm gray image of pre-disaster and 40cm color image of post-disaster. In order to correct errors from the differences of the image resolution of pre-/post-disaster and time series, the prelim inary phase of image processing techniques such as normalizing, contrast enhancement and equalizing were applied to reduce errors. The extent of the damage was calculated using one to one comparison of the intensity of each pixel of pre-/post-disaster im aged. In this step, threshold values which facilitate to extract the extent that damage investigator wants were applied by setting difference values of the intensity of pixel of pre-/post-disaster. The accuracy of optimal image processing and the result of threshold values were verified using the error matrix. The results of the study enabled the early exaction of the extents of the damages using the aerial imagery with identical characteristics. It was also possible to apply to various damage items for imagery change detection in case of utilizing multi-band im agery. Furthermore, more quantitative estimation of the dam ages would be possible with the use of numerous GIS layers such as land cover and cadastral maps.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.225-232
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• 1999

A survey of an endemic locality at Songjung Ri, Ogok Myun, Goksung County, South Cholla Province for the prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis and Metagonimus yokogawai was primarily done on 53 residence before medication using formalin-ether concentration method of stool examination. After praziquantel medication of all the clonorchiasis patients, 64 humans consisting 82.1% of total inhibitants and including 84.9% of primarily surveyed residents were secondly surveyed after 2-year post-treatment to evaluate the prevalence and reinfection. The prevalence of clonorchiasis was decreased from 35.8% before medication to 10.9% after medication(P<0.01), indicating this disease was not satisfactorily controlled although the rate was significantly lowered. The prevalence of metagonimiasis was dropped from 17.0% to 6.3% on post-treatment. In clonorchiasis cases, sex ratio showed no difference in both pre- and post-treatment, and mean age was the sixties after medication from the forties and fifties before medication, suggesting more aged people of both sexes were infected with this fluke. The reinfection of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis following 2-year post-treatment was 15.8% and 25.0%, respectively. The proportion of reinfection among the egg positive cases was 50.0% in clonorchiasis and 100% in metagonimiasis. These findings mean that a high fraction of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis was reinfected with these trematodes. In conclusion, to eradicate the C. sinensis and M. yokogawai in an endemic area, it should be preceded to control the reinfection of these parasites.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.141-146
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• 2002

Objectives : This study was peformed in order to assess the incidence of hypertension based on two-years follow-up of a rural hypertension-free cohort in Korea. Methods : The study cohen comprised 2,580 subjects aged above 20 (1,107 men and 1,473 women) of Chung-Song County in Kyungpook Province judged to be hypertensive-free at the baseline examination in 1996. For each of two examinations in the two-year follow-up, those subjects free of hypertension were followed for the development of hypertension to the next examination one year (1997) and two years later (1998). The drop-out rate was 24.7% in men and 19.6% in women. Hypertension was defined as follows 1) above mild hypertension as a SBP above 140 mmHg or a DBP above 90 mmMg,2) above moderate hypertension as a SBP above 160 mmHg or a DBP above 100 mmHg or when the participant reported having used antihypertensive medication after beginning this survey. Results : The age-standardized incidence of above mild hypertension was 6 per 100 person years (PYS) in men and that of above moderate hypertension was 1.2. In women, the age-standardized rate for above mild hypertension was 5.7 and 1.5 for above mild and moderate hypertension, respectively. However, the rates of incidence as calculated by the risk method were 4.8% and 1.0% in men and 4.6%, 1.2% in women, respectively. In both genders, incidence was significantly associated with advancing age(p<0.01), In men, the incidences of above moderate hypertension by age group were 0.5 per 100 PYS aged 20-39, 0.7 aged 40-49, 1.7 aged 50-59, 3.6 aged 60-69, and 5.8 aged above 70(p<0.01). In women, those the incidence measured 0.6 per 100 PYS aged 20-39, 1.8 aged 40-49, 1.3 aged 50-59, 3.3 aged 60-69, and 5.6 aged above 70(p<0.01). After age 60, the incidence of hypertension increased rapidly. Conclusions : The incidence data of hypertension reported in this study may serve as a reference data for evaluating the impact of future public efforts in the primary prevention of hypertension in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.200-204
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• 1999

Background: Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) has proven to be safe and effective in children from age 5 years, and older and compares favourably with continuous morphine infusion in the older child. We compared fentanyl and butorphanol for opioid use in PCA with ketorolac to determine a suitable drug combination for post-tonsillectomy pain control. Methods: We studied 60 patients, aged 5~12 yrs, undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy under general anesthesia using $N_2O-O_2$-enflurane. Patients were randomly assigned to receive fentanyl $250\;{\mu}g$ (Group 1: n=30) or butorphanol 5 mg (Group 2: n=30) mixed with ketorolac 90 mg and ondansetron 4 mg diluting 100 ml of 5% D/W solutions intravenously via PCA pump after operation. PCA pump were programmed to deliver a 0.05 ml/kg loading dose, 0.01 ml/kg/hr basal infusion, 0.01 ml/kg on demand bolus, 6 min lockout intervals between doses and 4 bolus hourly limit. Total infusion dosage of PCA drug, VAS pain scores, side effects and satisfaction score of both groups were monitored for 48 hrs. Results: Total infusion dosages were fentanyl $170.6\;{\mu}g$ with ketorolac 61.4 mg (Group 1) and butorphanol 2.8 mg with ketorolac 50.4 mg (Group 2). Total infusion dosage, quality of analgesia, side effects and overall satisfaction didn't differ between two groups. Conclusions: Both fentanyl and butorphanol mixed with ketorolac were effective for post-tonsillectomy pain control using PCA pump in children as young as 5 years old.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.79-88
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the M&L Trauma Psychotherapy Program on: Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R-K); Euro QOL-5 Dimension (EQ5D); Five-facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ); and psychological tests. Methods: Eight middle-aged women subjected to domestic violence participated in the two-day M&L Trauma Psychotherapy Program. The Program was executed 5 times 2 days for about 3 hours. We evaluated IES-R-K, EQ5D, FFMQ, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), State-Trait Anger Expression inventory (STAXI) and SUDS before the Program and for four weeks afterwards, to analyze the effects of the M&L Trauma Psychotherapy Program. Results: The scores of IES-R-K, BDI, STAI-S, STAI-T, Hwa ST and Hwa CT decreased significantly (p<0.05). EQ5D scores increased significantly (p<0.05) and overall physical condition scale (VAS) increased. In the FFMQ scores, all five facet scores increased slightly. Scores of SUDS decreased significantly right after the program, and remained decreased four weeks later, rather than before the Program (p<0.05). Conclusions: The results suggested that the M&L Trauma Psychotherapy Program improved post-traumatic stress, quality of life and mindfulness skills, and had positive responses to psychological problems - depression, anxiety, anger and distress.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.216-224
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• 2015

Objectives: Decreased fertility and impaired health owing to early menopause are significant health issues. Smoking is a modifiable health-related behavior that influences menopausal age. We investigated the effects of smoking-associated characteristics on menopausal age in Korean women. Methods: This study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007 to 2012. Menopausal age in relation to smoking was analyzed as a Kaplan-Meier survival curve for 11 510 women (aged 30 to 65 years). The risk of entering menopause and experiencing early menopause (before age 48) related to smoking were assessed using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results: The menopausal age among smokers was 0.75 years lower than that among non-smokers (p<0.001). The results of the Cox proportional hazards model showed pre-correction and post-correction risk ratios for entering menopause related to smoking of 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09 to 1.46) and 1.27 (95% CI, 1.10 to 1.47), respectively, and pre-correction and post-correction risk ratios for experiencing early menopause related to smoking of 1.36 (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.80) and 1.40 (95% CI, 1.05 to 1.85), respectively. Conclusions: Smokers reached menopause earlier than non-smokers, and their risk for experiencing early menopause was higher.