• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.179-184
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• 1981

The study was conducted to know the differential growth responses of soybean cultivars as affected by various application stages of Metribuzin herbicide, at the University experimental farm of Chonnam Nat'l. Univ, Kwangjoo, 1980. Experimented soybean materials were six cultivars, as Kwanggyo, Dongbuktae, Bongui, Yukwoo 3, Suweon 85, and Suweon 86., . and Laid-out application stages were five as pre-sowing, Pre-emergence, Early Post-emergence, and Late Post-emergence treatment comparing with Control. Results obtained from the study were as follows: Among experimented soybean cultivars, no significantly tolerant cultivar was shown. Highly significant differences in phytotoxicities by Metribuzin treatments were detected among various application stages, and crop tolerances were recognized bigger in order as E. Post-emg. < L. Post-emg. $\ll$ Pre-emg. < Pre-sowing $\leq$ Control. The phytotoxic symptoms of all soybean cuitivars were severely recorded in order of Leaf No. /Plant < Plant height $\ll$ Branch No. /Plant. For the cultivation of most soybean cuitivars, the use of Metribuzin in Pre-sowing or Pre-emergence were recommended, and especially it is expected to follow of more detailed study on soil-incorporation method in Pre-sowing treatment, and rather the tank-mixture system of Metribuzin with others than the mono-application system for the safe-use and enlargement of weeding-spectrum.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.766-777
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• 2021

Bezafibrate, a fibrate drug used as a lipid-lowering agent to treat hyperlipidemia, is a pan-agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. It can enhance mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial biogenesis. After ovulation, oocytes may get arrested at the metaphase II (MII) stage until fertilization beyond optimal timing, which is termed as post-ovulatory aging. Post-ovulatory aging is a disease that degrades DNA, mitochondria, and oxidative system, and has a negative impact on embryo development and quality; however, the impact of bezafibrate during post-ovulatory aging has not been fully defined. In the present study, we assessed the ability of bezafibrate to prevent the progression of aging in in vitro conditions as well as the underlying mechanisms in pigs. An appropriate concentration of this drug (50 µM) was added, and then oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species downstream, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitochondrial function were analyzed via immunofluorescence staining and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Bezafibrate significantly alleviated reactive oxygen species and ameliorated glutathione production simultaneously in oocytes and embryos. Moreover, it diminished H2A.X and attenuated CASPASE 3 expression produced by oxidative stress in oocytes and embryos. Furthermore, bezafibrate remarkably improved the mitochondrial function and blastocyst quality as well as markedly reduced the mitochondria/TOM20 ratio and mtDNA copy number. The elevated PARKIN level indicated that mitophagy was induced by bezafibrate treatment after post-ovulatory aging. Collectively, these results suggest that bezafibrate beneficially affects against porcine post-ovulatory oocyte aging in porcine by its antioxidant property and mitochondrial protection.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.33
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• pp.173-202
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• 2013

This research focuses on the part of animation production pipeline. Among the four stages in the process (development, pre-production, main production, and post-production), this research explores theoretical features of the development stage. As the development stage is not well-known and theorized in Korea, this research provides roles and values of the development stage. The development stages is very important because two works have to be proceeded in this stage. First, the story idea for making animation should be decided. Ideas have to be developed into definite synopsis. And, the bible to pitch for investors are prepared on the basis of the story. Secondly, the basic production plan has to be initiated. This production plan includes the financial budget, the production schedule, and the production team. These three elements are so crucial that the producer (or executive producer) should take into consideration from the early stage of production.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.12
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• pp.56-72
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of animation cluster in Chuncheon. It has been over 10 years since Chuncheon was designated as the cluster raising the animation industry. The Chuncheon cluster is trying to differentiate through managing several unique strategies. In order to realize the micro-regionalism, it focuses on co-production not with domestic companies but with foreign companies. Especially, for establishing the whole concrete production pipe-line, it concerns to make co-production contracts dealing with not only for the main production part but also pre- and post-production parts. Based on these production experience, it is building the production complex in the name of ICT convergence cluster. The changed role of the policy-management organization(Gangwon Information & Multimedia Corporation, GIMC) enables these differentiated strategies by itself. The establishment of the Asian Animation Round(AAR) is recognized as the characteristic of macro-regionalism. Starting from the year of 2006, the AAR tries to place Chuncheon as the hub of animation production in Asia and focuses on constructing the network of animation production countries that have developed their production capabilities through sub-contracts. This type of production and market bloc has not been made before.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.148-162
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• 1993

There is much speculation that modern capi-talist society is undergoing fundamental and qualitative chnge towards flexible specialization. The purpose of this study is to examine this hypothesis. This paper focusses on: the idea of flexible specialization; the significance of this transition; industrial district; and the implicati-ons of this new production system for Korean industrial space. Main arguments of this study are as follows: First, as all different groups of researchers apply the idea of flexible specialization according to their own specifications, the current debate on this topic is not much fruitful. Not surpri-singly, the concept of flexible specialization has overlapped with subocontracting. This intergration of subcontracting into flexible specialization systems, however, is inappropriate because the two concepts have different historical contexts. The other cause of this controversy is its inherent weekness, conceptual ambiguity. Thus, today's flexibility becomes tomorrow's rigidity. Secondly, transition towards flexible speciali-zation has only been partially achieved even in advanced capitalist countries. The application of dualistic explanatory framework, such as rigidity versus flexibiity, mass production versus small-lot multi-product production, and de-skilling versus re-skilling, has resulted in great exaggeration of the transformation, from Fordism to post-Fordism. There is no intermediary part between two places. Considering that the workers allocated to the Fordist mass production assembly line are not as large as one might imagine, the shift from mass to flexible production has only limited implications for the transformation of capitalist economy. Thirdly, 'industrial district' contorversy has contributed to highlighting the importance of small firms and areas as production space. The agglomeration of small firms in specific areas is common in Korea, but it is quite different from the industrial district based on flexible specialization. The Korean phenomenon stems from close interactions with its major parent firm rather than interactions between flexible, specialized, autonomous and technology-intensive smll firms. Most Korean subcontractors are still low-skilled, labour-intensive, and heavily dependent on their mojor parent firms. Thus, the assertion that the Seoul Metropolitan Area adopts flexible specialization has no base. Fourthly, the main concern of flexible speciali zation is small firms. However, the corporate organization that needs product diversification and technological specialization is oligopolistic large corporations typified by multinational corporations. It is because of this that most of these organizations are adoptiong Fordist mass production methods. The problem of product diversification will be resolved naturally if economic internationalization progresses further. What is more important for business success is the quality and price competitiveness of firms rather than product diversification. Lastly, in order to dispel further misunderst-anding on this issue, it is imparative that the conceptual ambiguity is resolved most urgently. This study recommends adoption of more speci-fied and direct terminology (such as, factory automation, computer design, out-sourcing, the exploitation of part-time labor, job redesign) rather than that of ideological ones (such as, Taylorism, Fordism, neo-Taylorism, neo-Fordism, post-fordism, flexible specialization, peripheral post-Fordism). As the debates on this topic just started, we still have long way to go until consensus is reached.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.73-79
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• 2020

This study was conducted to develop a technique for the stable production of Italian ryegrass(IRG) seeds in reclamation sites. Harvesting 35 days after heading in Autumn resulted in the highest production, an average of 2,232kg/ha. The production yield decreased due to seed loss as harvesting was delayed to 45 and 55 days post-heading. For the harvested 35 days post-heading, under growing rice sowing resulted in 80% seed yield of after rice sowing's; spring sowing resulted in 40%. After rice sowing using the domestic IRG seeds of 30kg/ha produced the highest seed yield of 2,507kg/ha. The highest straw yield has resulted when using the imported IRG seeds of 20kg/ha for after rice sowing 35 days post-heading fresh weight 36,667kg/ha, dry weight 14,500kg/ha, and TDN weight 7,895kg/ha.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.259-267
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• 1997

To improve the efficiency of production of cloned embryos and animals by nuclear transplantation in the rabbit, the effect of cell cycle of donor nuclei and type of recipient cytoplasm on the in vitro developmental potential and production efficiency of offspring was determined. The embryos of 16-cell stage were collected from the mated does at 48h post-hCG injection and they were synchronized to G$_1$ phase of 32-cell stage. The oocytes collected at 14h post-hCG injection were freed from cumulus cells and then enucleated. One group of the enucleated cytoplasms was activated by electrical stimulation prior to injection of donor nucleus, and the other group was not pre-activated. The separated G$_1$phase blastomeres of 32-cell stage embryos were injected into the perivitelline space of recipient cytoplasms. After culture for 20h post-hCG injection, the nuclear transplant oocytes were electrofused and activated by electrical stimulation and the fused nuclear transplant embryos were co-cultured for 120h and the nuclear transplant embryos developed to blastocyst stage were stained with Hoechst 33342 dye and their blastomeres were counted. Some of the nuclear transplant embryos developed in vitro to 2- to 4-cell stage were transferred into the oviducts of synchronized recipient does. The electrofusion rate was similar between the types of donor nuclei and recipient cytoplasms used. However, the nuclear transplant embryos using G$_1$ phase donor nuclei were developed to blastocyst at higher rate(60.3%) than those using S phase ones(24.7%). Also, when non-preactivated oocytes were used as recipient cytplasms, the develop-mental rates of nuclear transplant embryos to blastocysts were significantly(P< 0.05) higher(57.1%) than those using preactivated ones(20.8%). The cell counts of nuclear transplant embryos developed to blastosyst stage were increased signficantly(P<0.05) more in the non-preactivated recipient cytoplasm(163.7 cells), as compared whit the preactivated recipient cytoplasm(85.4 cells), A total of 49 nuclear transplant embryos were tranferrid into 5 recipient does, of which two offsprings were produced from a foster mother 31 days after embryo transfer. these results showed that the blastomeres of G1 phase and non-preactivated oocytes might be utillzed efficiently as donor nuclei and recipient cytoplasms in the nuclear transplant procedure, thought the offspring production remained still low.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.545-549
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• 2001

The relationship between ethylene action and flesh softening in post-storage persimmon fruits was investigated by treating the fruits with 1-MCP. The patterns of firmness change caused by various treatments with 1-MCP and ethylene were similar to those of changes in cell wall-degrading enzyme activities, including cellulase, PG, PME, and ${\beta}$-galactosidase. Moreover, the activities of these enzymes were inhibited by 1-MCP treatment. These results show that the cell wall-degrading enzymes influenced by ethylene account for the flesh softening process of post-storage persimmon fruit. The ethylene production of fruits, as measured by ACC content and ACC oxidase activity, nevertheless, was not influenced by 1-MCP treatments. It is suggested that the flesh softening phenomena in post-storage persimmon fruits is correlated to the ethylene responsiveness of tissue rather than the ethylene production rate per se.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.877-885
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• 2000

Objective : The NOS inhibitors exhibit antinociceptive activity in rat model of neuropathic pain. NOS activity increases in the dorsal root ganglia(DRG) in neurop-athic pain. However, NOS activity decreases in the dorsal horn of spinal cord in the nerve injury models of neuropathic pain. To investigate whether the mechanism of decrease of NOS expression in the dorsal horn is related to a secondary effect resulting from increased NO production and likewise in the spinal DRG in the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain. Methods : We conducted behavioral tests for neuropathic pain, and nNOS immunohistochemistry and NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry after tight ligation of the 5th lumbar(L5) and 6th lumbar(L6) spinal nerves and L5 dorsal rhizotomy. Results : Typical neuropathic pain behaviors occurred 7 days after post-ligation in the neuropathic surgery group, but neuropathic pain behaviors in the dorsal rhizotomy group were absent or weak 7 days after post-operation. There was a decrease in the number of nNOS immunoreactive dorsal horn neurons on the both side(especially ipsilateral side) 7 days after post-ligation. The number of nNOS immunoreactive neurons in both side of the dorsal horn was not decreased 7 days after L5 dorsal rhizotomy. Conclusion : These data indicate that the changes in the injured DRG is essential for development and maintenance of neuropathic pain, and mechanism of decrease of nNOS expression in the dorsal horn is a secondary effect against the changes in the DRG including increased NO production in the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1450-1454
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• 2006

Three hundred and seventy-five steers (approximately 7 mo of age and $239.0{\pm}10.4kg$) were utilized to determine the effects of trace mineral (TM) supplementation and source on performance during the on-farm backgrounding and feedlot receiving phases of beef cattle production. At their respective ranches, steers were stratified by body weight into six groups. Groups were then assigned to one of six pens and pens were randomly assigned to treatments. Treatments consisted of: 1) control (no supplemental Cu, Zn, Mn, and Co), 2) inorganic trace mineral ($CuSO_4$, $ZnSO_4$, $MnSO_4$, and $CoCO_3$), and 3) organic trace mineral (iso-amounts of organic Cu, Zn, Mn, and Co). Mineral treatments were fed in alfalfa pellets formulated to supply 360 mg of Zn, 200 mg of Mn, 125 mg of Cu, and 12.5 mg of Co per head per day from either organic or inorganic trace mineral sources. Control steers received alfalfa pellets with no additional Cu, Zn, Mn, or Co. Steers were allowed free access to harvested alfalfa-grass hay throughout the 30-d on-farm backgrounding phase. On day 30 post-weaning, steers were weighed and transported to the feedlot. Steers were blocked by treatment within ranch, stratified by initial body weight, and randomly assigned to one of 36 pens (9-12 head per pen; 12 pens per treatment). Steers remained on the same on-farm backgrounding trace mineral treatments, however, trace mineral treatments were included in the total mixed growing ration. Steers were fed a corn silage-based growing diet throughout the 28 d feedlot receiving period. There was no effect of TM supplementation on performance of steers during the on-farm backgrounding phase. By the end of the 28-d feedlot receiving phase, ADG was similar between control and trace mineral supplemented steers. Steers supplemented with organic TM had greater (p<0.05) ADG than steers supplemented with inorganic TM by the end of the 28-d feedlot receiving phase. Morbidity and mortality rates were similar across treatments.