• 대한공업교육학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.106-119
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• 2005

Many problems with the offline class, which is the traditional education type in corporations or universities, were indicated and people hoped that e-learning, which is web-based instruction, would solve these problems. However, e-learning also has weak points in that it should be self-paced and media-based in many ways. Therefore, when considering the good and weak points of offline classes and e-learning, blended learning seems to be necessary. Until now, blended learning has usually been used in corporations, and there have been almost no studies on the effectiveness or management of blended learning in universities. Thus, in this study, I would like to design blended classes, manage them at the level of university classes, and verify the effectiveness of blended classes, by comparing academic achievement, student participation, and student satisfaction. The subject students who signed up for Computer & Technology at C University in 2005 were divided into three study groups: offline class, online class, and blended class. The offline class was taught using the traditional class teaching method. For the online class and the blended class, multimedia contents were developed and a different LMS was used. The results of 13 weeks of teaching are as follows. For the academic achievement in the offline, online and blended classes, there was no statistically significant difference (f=2.387, p=.096). But when comparing the average achievement, the average of the blended class was higher than that of the other classes, so that it can be said that the blended class has positive effects on academic achievement. Second, when comparing the learners' participation in the online class and the blended class, the total posts were 85 and 138 respectively, which shows a considerable difference. The hit counts for each post in the online class and the blended class are 10 and 20, respectively. Moreover, the login counts for subjects are 3 in the online class and 4 in the blended class. In the questionnaire for the students' academic satisfaction in the online class and the blended class, all of the 15 items showed higher satisfaction in the blended class. Considering all these results, if adequate media are properly combined, the blended class is better than either the pure online class or the pure offline class.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.139-146
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to examine the qualitative variation of human fetal-cord sera (HCS) and to accept the sera in human lVF-ET program. One hundred and sixteenth RCS were tested with 1772 2-cell embryos of F1 (C57BL x CBA) virgin mice, Ten to sixteenth embryos were cultured in m-KRB medium with a aliquot of each serum (10%, v/v) or with bovine serum albumin(O.4%, w/v) as a control medium. Embryonic development were recorded at every 24hr for 4 days by such events as cellular compaction, cavitation, and hatching. In the control groups of eight assays, 98.1%(106/ 108) of 2-ce1l embryos developed above expanded blastocyst and the embryonic development was unified through the tests. But the developmental pattern in medium with each serum was various. Namely, the sera that supported development of 100% 2-cell embryos to above morula, early blastocyst, expanded blastocyst and hatching blastocyst was 45,7%(53/116) , 35.3%(41/116), 15.5%08/116.) and 6.9-%(8/116), respectively. And the sera that supported development of above 80% 2-cell embryos to the each embryonic stage was 92.2% (107/116), 83.6%(97/116), 63.8%(74/116) and 36.2%(42/116), respectively. Meanwhile two kinds of toxic pattern to the embryonic development were observed in some sera. The first pattern is that some sera arrested development of most embryos in pre- or post-stage of morula or blastocyst. The second pattern is that some sera promoted or arrested a part of embryos in the same dish. The ability of serum was depended on the batch of serum. Finally we could accept 69%(80/116) of the tested sera for human IVF-ET program. The base line for acceptance was the ability that supported above 80% 2-ce1l embryos to blastocyst. But some deterious sera were contained in this range. We cut off about 10% of the sera (83.6% , 97/116) that passed the baseline. This final percent of sera was similar to that of grade N of this study.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.64-74
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• 2010

Background: The present study was undertaken to examine the immunological effects of pentabrominated diphenyl ether (penta-BDE) and decabrominated diphenyl ether (deca-BDE) on the immune system of the dams and the developmental immune system of the offsprings. Methods: In this study, mated female C57BL/6J mice were orally administered penta-BDE, deca-BDE or corn oil for 5 weeks, from gestational day 6 to lactational day 21. Results: The body weight of PND21 exposed to penta-BDE was significantly decreased relative to control mice, but that of post-natal day 63 (PND63) were recovered. Orally dosed dams with penta-BDE had significantly smaller absolute and relative spleen masses than control mice. Absolute and relative spleen and thymus masses of PND21 exposed to penta-BDE were significantly decreased over control. The exposure of dams and PND21 with penta-BDE reduced the number of splenocytes and thymocytes. As results of hematologic analysis, percentage WBC and percentage neutrophils increased in dams with deca-BDE. Splenic T cell proliferation in dams and PND21 exposed to penta-BDE was increased, and there were no significant difference in splenic B cell proliferation in all treatment groups. As results of flow cytometric analysis of splenocyte, percentage total T cell, Th cell and Tc cell in PND21 exposed to penta-BDE was slightly increased, and percentage macrophage in dams and PND21 exposed to deca-BDE was decreased. The ELISA results of antibody production show no significant difference in all treatment groups relative to controls. Conclusion: These results imply that PBDEs given to the dam were transferred to the offspring during gestation and lactation, and PBDEs transferred from the dam affect immune system of offspring.

• 한국수정란이식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수정란이식학회 2002년도 국제심포지엄
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• pp.95-95
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• 2002

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells can be induced to differentiate into tyrosine hydroxylase expressing (TH+) cells that may serve as an alternative for cell replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). To examine in vitro differentiation of hES (MB03, registered in NIH) cells into TH+ cells, hES cells were induced to differentiate according to the 4-/4+ protocol using retinoic acid (RA), ascorbic acid (AA), and/or lithium chloride (LiCl) followed by culture in N2 medium for 14 days, during which time the differentiation occurs. Immunocytochemical stainings of the cells revealed that approximately 21.1% of cells treated with RA plus AA expressed TH protein that is higher than the ratio of TH+ cells seen in any other treatment groups (RA, RA+LiCl or RA+AA+LiCl). In order to see the differentiation pattern in vivo and the ability of in vitro differentiation-induced cells in easing symptomatic motor function of PD animal model, cells (2 $\times$ 10$^{5}$ cells/2${mu}ell$) undergone 4-/4+ protocol using RA plus AA without any further treatment were transplanted into unilateral striatum of MPTP-lesioned PD animal model (C57BL/6). Following the surgery, motor behavior of the animals was examined by measuring the retention time on an accelerating rotar-rod far next 10 weeks. No significant differences in retention time of the animals were noticed until 2 weeks post-graft; however, it increased markedly at 6 weeks and 10 weeks time point after the surgery. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed that a reasonable number of TH+ cells were found at the graft site as well as other remote sites, showing the migrating nature of embryonic stem cells. These results suggest that in viかo differentiated hES cells relieve symptomatic motor behavior of PD animal model and should be considered as a promising alternative for the treatment of PD.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 1988

가톨릭 의과대학 강남성모병원 방사선치료실에서는 1983년 4월부터 1987년 12월까지 4년 8개월 동안에 국소 재발성 또는 진행된 직장암환자 46예의 외부 방사선 치료를 실시하였다. 방사선 치료는 6MV선형가속기를 사용하였으며 전후 2대문조사 및 4문조사를 혼합 사용하였고, 매일 $160\~180cGy$색 주 5회 분할조사하여 총 $4,500\~6,000rad/5\~7$주를 시도하였다. 필요시는 수술창 및 회음부에 격일로 Bolus를 사용하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었기에 보고하는 바이다. 1. 총 46명중 남자 25명, 여자는 21명이었고, 연령 분포는 22세부터 79세까지였다(중앙연령 : 54세). 2. 수술 후 재발된 직장암이 28예였고, 수술 불가능한 경우가 18예였다. 3. 재발된 예 28명에서 Astler-Coiler's Modification of Duke's Method 분류상 C2가 20명이었는데 그중 12명이 수술 후 12개월 내에 재발하였다. Bl 명기에서는 24개월 내 재발한 예는 전혀 없었다. 4. 방사선 치료에 대한 반응으로 통증을 주소로 했던 30명중 22명$(73\%)$에서, 종괴를 주소로 한 14명중 12명$(86\%)$에서, 출혈을 주소로 한 22명 중 17명$(77\%)$에서 각각 반응을 보였다. 5. 합병증은 건성 쪼는 습성 피부탈락과 홍반성 색소침착, 요도-방광염이 $61\%,\;35\%,\;17\%$에서 각각 관찰되었고, 2예에서는 수술을 요하는 장유착이 있었다. 6. 수술 후 2년과 3년 생존율은 각각 $43\%,\;22\%$였고, 방사선 치료 후 2년 생존율은 $13\%$였다.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.404-411
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• 1989

In this study, we attempted to determine the precise patterns of protein synthesis during the second cleavage in mouse. F1 hybrid 2-cell embryos showing a highly synchronized cell cycle and outbreed ICR strain 2-cell embryos were used. The patterns of protein synthesis during the second cleavage showed the sequential changes in the F1 hybrid and ICR strain 2-cell embryos. Moreover, we examined the effects of mitotic and transcriptional inhibitors such as colcemid and a-amanitin on the protein synthesis in the late 2-cell embryos of ICR strain. Treatment of colcemid (0.1mg/ml) blocked the second cleavage, but did not affect on the change of protein synthesis. However, treatment of a-amanitin induced the synthesis of two set of polypeptides without affecting on synthesis of other proteins and cleavage. It thus seems that the appearance of a-amanitin-sensitive proteins may be not involved in the second cleavage. Therefore, these results indicate that the second cell cycle in mouse embryos appears to be regulated at post transcriptional level, presumably independent on the expression of embryonic genome. 본 연구는 생쥐 배아의 2세포기 분열과정중 단백질 합성양상과 단백질합성에 미치는 colcemid와 $\alpha$-amanitin의 영향을 조사하였다 이를 위하여 체내 수정된 ICR strain의 2세포기 배아와 매우 일치된 초기배아 분열양상을 보여주는 체외 수정된 F1 (C57BL x CBA) hybrid 2세포기 배아를 사용하였다. 두 종류의 2세포기 배아에서 단백질 합성은 분열단계에 따라서 매우 일치된 변화를 보여 주었다. 또한 유사분열 억제제인 colcemid (0.1mg/ml)의 처리는 2세포기 배아분열을 억제하였으나, 단백질 합성에는 아무런 변화를 주지 못하였다. 그리고 후기 2세포기 배아에 전사 억제제인 a-amanitin (100mg/ml)을 처리하였을 때 세포분열이나 다른 단백질의 합성에는 아무런 영향이 없이 단지 두개의 단백질의 합성만을 유도하였다. 이는 아마도 a-amanitin의 stress효과에 기인하는 것으로 추측된다. 따라서 생쥐 2세포기 배아의 분열과정은 배아게놈의 유전자 발현과는 무관하게 이미 합성되어 존재하는 mRNA에 의하여 조절되는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.101-113
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Samgi-Halleak pharmacopuncture treatment on insomnia and fatigue. Methods : This study was done with 47 nurses under shiftwork schedule. Subjects were divided into two groups ; Samgi-Halleak pharmacopuncture treated group(experimental group, N=24), normal saline treated group(control group, N=23). The procedures had been conducted to the subjects injecting 0.1~0.2mL total 1mL, 0.5~1cm deep on each acupoint 2 times per week. The acupoints were Pungji($GB_{20}$), Gyeonjeong($GB_{21}$), Sinsu($BL_{23}$). Both of groups were treated total 8 times, but control group was treated additional pharmacopuncture the same way as experimental group after 8 times normal saline treatment. The collected data were analyzed with insomnia and fatigue at baseline and post pharmacopuncture using independent samples t-test, Paired t-test, ${\chi}^2$-test by SPSS 18.0 Windows program. Results : After 8 times treatment, the scores of both groups showed significant improvement in insomnia and fatigue. Comparing the experimental and control group, there were more significant improvement in experimental group than control group in the scores of insomnia and fatigue. Conclusions : Samgi-Halleak pharmacopuncture can be used for effective treatment in patients with insomnia and fatigue.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제67권3호
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• pp.333-344
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• 2024

Objective : Markers of neuroinflammation during ischemic stroke are well characterized, but additional markers of neural damage are lacking. The study identified associations of behavioral disorders after stroke with histologic neural damage and molecular biological change. Methods : Eight-week-old, 25 g male mice of the C57BL/6J strain were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to induce ischemic stroke. The control group was a healthy wild type (WT), and the experimental group were designed as a low severity MCAO1 and a high severity MCAO2 based on post-stroke neurological scoring. All groups underwent behavioral tests, realtime polymerase chain reaction, triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze statistical significance between groups. Results : In TTC staining, MCAO1 showed 29.02% and MCAO2 showed 38.94% infarct volume (p<0.0001). The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β was most highly expressed in MCAO2 (WT 0.44 vs. MCAO1 2.69 vs. MCAO2 5.02, p<0.0001). From the distance to target in the Barnes maze test, WT had a distance of 178 cm, MCAO1 had a distance of 276 cm, and MCAO2 had a distance of 1051 (p=0.0015). The latency to target was 13.3 seconds for WT, 27.9 seconds for MCAO1, and 87.9 seconds for MCAO2 (p=0.0007). Prospero homeobox 1 (Prox1) was most highly expressed in MCAO2 (p=0.0004). Doublecortin (Dcx) was most highly expressed in MCAO2 (p<0.0001). Conclusion : The study demonstrated that histological damage to neural cells and changes in brain mRNA expression were associated with behavioral impairment after ischemic stroke. Prox1 and Dcx may be biomarkers of neural damage associated with long-term cognitive decline, and increased expression at the mRNA level was consistent with neural damage and long-term cognitive dysfunction.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.227-234
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• 1995

본 연구는 1-세포기배의 glucose에 대한 노출이 상실배기 이후의 배발생에 미치는 영향을 검토하고자 실시되었다. hCG 주사 후 24~25시간 째에, F1hybrid(C57BL/6, ♀ $\times$CBA/N, ♂) 계통 생쥐를 도살하여 1-세포기배를 회수한 후 0.1% hyaluronidase로 처리하여 난구세포를 제거하였다. 1-세포기배는 hCG 주사 후 72시간째 다양한 농도의 glucose(5.5, 16.5, 27.5 및 38.5mM)에 1분 노출 후 glucose가 첨가되어 있거나 혹은 첨가되지 않은 CR1aa배양액에서 계속 배양함으로써 배발생을 유도하였다. 이 실험의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. M2 배양액에서 회수한 후 3mg/ml의 Fatty-acid free BSA가 첨가된 배양액에서 배양한 경우 27.5%의 확장배반포까지의 배발생율과 16.6%의 탈출 배반포까지의 배발생율을 나타낸 반면, TL HEPES 배양액에서 회수한 경우는 전혀 상실배기 이후의 배발생이 나타나지 않았다. 2. hCG 주사 후 72시간째에 단 1분간의 27.5mM glucose에 대한 노출만으로도 68.8% (CR1aa＋BSA)와 77.1%(CR1aa＋FBS)의 확장배반포까지의 발생을 유도할 수 있었다. 그러나 1분 노출과 이후 계속되는 노출간에는 배발생에 있어서 유의차는 인정되지 않았다. 3. hCG 주사 후 72시간째에 5.5, 16.5, 27.5 및 38.5mM의 glucose 첨가에 따른 확장 배반포까지의 배발생율은 45.7~61.5%로 각 처리군의 유의차는 없었으며, 따라서 고농도의 glucose 첨가에 따른 저해효과는 확인할 수 없었다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.966-972
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• 1997

1994년 6월부터 1996년 8월까지 한림대학교 강동성심병원에서는 총 88례의 관상동맥우회 술을 시행하였 튼데 그중 13례를 응급으로 시행하였다. 응급수술 시행환자의 남녀비는 3:10으로 선택수술의 41:34에 비 하여 여자가 많았으며 나이는 평균 65.5+/-6.3(56-80)세로 선택수술의 58.9+/-10.3(35-82)세와 유의한 차이가 없었다. 응급수술의 적응증은 수회의 심율동전환(cardioversion)에도 반응하지 않는 심실성 빈맥환자 1례를 제외한 12례가 심인성 쇼크였는데 심인성 쇼크의 원인으로는 진행성 심근경색이 6례, 경피적 관상동맥성형술 실패가 4례, 급성 심근경색이 1례, 그리고 급성심근경색후 심실중격파열이 1례를 차지하고 있었다. 13Bl 의 환자중 5례의 환측는 심인성 쇼크가 발생한 후 2시간 이내에 수술을 시작할수 있었으나 나머지 8례의 환자는 3시간 내지 10시간이 지나서야 수술을 시작할수 있었다. 13례의 환자중 12례의 환자에서는 통상의 관상동맥우회 술을 시행하였는데 그중1례에서는 파열된 심실 중격 봉합을 동반시행하였으며 좌주관상동맥에만 국한된 병변이 있었던 1례의 환자에서는 좌주관상동맥 성형술을 실시하였다. 통상의 관상동맥 우 \ulcorner술을 시행한 12례의 환자에서는 37개의 문합을 실시하여 환자 당 평균 3.1개를 실시하였는데 선택적인 수술과는 달리 내흉동맥은 3례의 환자에서만 사용할수 있었으며 나머지는 모두 복제정맥을 이용한 문함을 시행하였다. 수술하는데 필요한 대동맥차단시간은 평군 96+/-25(65-140)분이었으며 인공심폐기 가동시간은 평균 281+/-117(136-592)분으로 손상된 심근의 회복을 위한 심보조시간이 상당부분을 차지하고 있었다. 수술후 5례의 환자가 사망하여(38.5%) 선택수술의 4.0%(3/75)에 비하여 높은 사망률을 보이고 있었으며 사망원인으로는 좌심실기능부전이 3례,심실성 인맥이 1례,그리고 다장기 기능부전이 1례를 차지하고 있 었다. 또한 3례의 환자에서 수술주위 심근경색, 종격동염,그리고 상부위장관출혈, 등의 합병증이 발생하 였으나 별다른 후유증없이 치유되었다. 생존한 환자 8례는 모두 현재 외래에서 특별한 문제없이 추적관 찰중이다. 결론적으로 아직 사망률이 높기는 하지만 심인성 쇼크 등과 같은 중환자들에게서 의 적극적인 치료는 이러한 환자들을 살릴수 있는 유일한 방법이라 생각되며 이러한 치료에 있어서 가장 중요한 점은 심장에 비가역적인 손상이 발생하기 전에 시행하는 조기수술요법이라 생각된다.