• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.29 no.8
• /
• pp.1075-1082
• /
• 2016

Modern livestock production became highly intensive and large scaled to increase production efficiency. This production environment could add stressors affecting the health and growth of animals. Major stressors can include environment (air quality and temperature), nutrition, and infection. These stressors can reduce growth performance and alter immune systems at systemic and local levels including the gastrointestinal tract. Heat stress increases the permeability, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses in the gut. Nutritional stress from fasting, antinutritional compounds, and toxins induces the leakage and destruction of the tight junction proteins in the gut. Fasting is shown to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas deoxynivalenol increases the recruitment of intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokines and the level of lymphocytes in the gut. Pathogenic and viral infections such as Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus can lead to loosening the intestinal epithelial barrier. On the other hand, supplementation of Lactobacillus or Saccharaomyces reduced infectious stress by ETEC. It was noted that major stressors altered the permeability of intestinal barriers and profiles of genes and proteins of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in mucosal system in pigs. However, it is not sufficient to fully explain the mechanism of the gut immune system in pigs under stress conditions. Correlation and interaction of gut and systemic immune system under major stressors should be better defined to overcome aforementioned obstacles.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.575-581
• /
• 1995

Both immunoelectron microscopy(IEM) and immunogold conjugate immunoelectron microscopy (IGC-IEM) techniques were developed for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PEDV) from the feces. Fecal samples were incubated sequentially with anti-PEDV monoclonal antibody(MoAb) and immunogold conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG+IgM. Then negatively stained, mounted on the formvar carbon-coated copper EM grids and observed by the transmission electron microscope. By the direct electron microscopy(DEM), coronavirus particles were observed from 17 cases of total 33 fecal samples of grower pigs and sows. The virons of coronavirus were moderately pleomorphic but mostly spherical, with a diameter ranged from 90 to 190nm. PED virus particles were identified from 15 cases of 17 DEM positive samples by the IEM and IGC-IEM techniques. Aggregates of PED virus coated with specific antibody were seen in fecal samples incubated with homologous anti-PED virus MoAb but not in control samples incubated with anti-TGE virus MoAb. Following incubation with immunogold-conjugated secondary antibody, the gold granules were usually distributed around and among the virus particles and soluble and viral particle-associated antigen. So, IEM and IGC-IEM techniques were proved a rapid and sensitive methods for detection and identification of PED virus from fecal and intestinal contents.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.11.1-11.10
• /
• 2021

Coronavirus causes an infectious disease in various species and crosses the species barriers leading to the outbreak of zoonotic diseases. Due to the respiratory diseases are mainly caused in humans and viruses are replicated and excreted through the respiratory tract, the nasal fluid and sputum are mainly used for diagnosis. Early diagnosis of coronavirus plays an important role in preventing its spread and is essential for quarantine policies. For rapid decision and prompt triage of infected host, the immunochromatographic assay (ICA) has been widely used for point of care testing. However, when the ICA is applied to an expectorated sputum in which antigens are present, the viscosity of sputum interferes with the migration of the antigens on the test strip. To overcome this limitation, it is necessary to use a mucolytic agent without affecting the antigens. In this study, we combined known mucolytic agents to lower the viscosity of sputum and applied that to alpha and beta coronavirus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), respectively, spiked in sputum to find optimal pretreatment conditions. The pretreatment method using tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) and BSA was suitable for ICA diagnosis of sputum samples spiked with PEDV and MERS-CoV. This sensitive assay for the detection of coronavirus in sputum provides an useful information for the diagnosis of pathogen in low respiratory tract.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.173-186
• /
• 2000

This experiment was carried out to investigate the tendency of incident diseases in pre- and post- weaning piglets which ages were 1 to 7 weeks old by laboratory diagnosis and in order to minimize death in preweaning piglets and of stunted growth in postweaning piglets. The result of this experiment used as the basic data for the preventive programs in pre- and post- weaning piglets and were as follows: 23 different diseases diagnosed in 331 cases were studied in relation to age, season, and etiology. The most prevelent diseases of pre- and post- weaning piglet were Colibacillosis(79 case, 23.9%) and the major diseases were Salmonellosis(44 cases, 13.3%), Anemia(37 cases, 11.2%). Unknown viral disease(20 case, 6.1%), Rota viral infection(19 case, 5.8%), Porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome(PRRS; 15 case 4.5%), Transmissible gastroenteritis(TGE; 12 case, 3.6%). The gastrointestinal disease, such as Colibacillosis, Salmonellosis, Swine dysentery, Clostridial infection, Rotaviral infection, TGE, Porcine epidemic diarrhea(PED) and Ballantidiosis occured pro- dominently in the period of pre- and post- weaning, which were 178 cases(53.8%) and not related to occurrence according to age and season. The respiratory diseases were Atrophic rhinitis(AR), Swine enzootic pneumonia, Pneumonic pasteurellosis, Pleuropneumonia, Branchopneumonia, PRRS and which were 48 cases(14.5%) and higher prevalent in spring and summer. The viral diseases was 73 cases(22.1%) that occurred in the period of 5 weeks piglet and prevalent mainly in spring. The bacterial diseases were 188 cases(56.8%) that were not related to occurrence according to age and season. Salmonellosis was prevalent in 3 to 5 weeks piglet and mainly occurred in summer. Viral septicemia and rotaviral infection occurred after 5 weeks piglets intensively and 3 to 5 weeks, respectively. And the both occurred without relation with season. PRRS occurred after 4 weeks piglet and prevalent in summer. TGE occurred 1 to 7 days old piglets and prevalent in spring and winter. Hematologic values of anemia was decrease in number of Red Blood Cell, concentration of Hemoglobin and Hematocrit. Amikacin, cephalothin, colistin, norfloxacin were effective to E coli, and amikacin, cephalothin, nortloxacin, neomycin were effective to Salmonellra spp. but clindamycin, erythromycin, penicillin, sulfonamides were resistant to E coli and Salmonella spp.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.15 no.6
• /
• pp.891-896
• /
• 2008

Total phenolics and flavonoids, and the antioxidant capacity of plum cultivar wines (Prunus salicina L. cv. Soldam and P. salicina L. cv. Formosa) were determined using spectrophotometric methods. The total phenolic and flavanoid contents of Soldam wine were $478.4\;{\pm}\;5.6\;mg$ GAE and $202.4\;{\pm}\;7.5\;mg$ CE per L,respectively, and in Formosa wine were $200.6\;{\pm}\;7.5\;mg$ GAE and $64.4\;{\pm}\;6.8\;mg$ CE per L, respectively. Neutral and acidic phenolics in Soldam wine were extracted with ethyl acetate and 0.01 N HCl, respectively. In the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, neutral phenolics (64.5 EDA%) had $3{\sim}4$ times higher antioxidant activity than acidic phenolics (21.5 EDA%) and other related phenolic compounds such as chlorogenic acid (15.5 EDA%) and quercetin (24.6 EDA%) at a concentration of $100\;{\mu}g/mL$. The antiviral activities of neutral and acidic phenolics in Soldam wine were investigated in vitro using a virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay. Results showed that neutral and acidic phenolics at concentrations of $100\;{\mu}g/mL$ inhibited porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) replication at rates of 78.12% and 58.37%, respectively. The inhibition rate of 10 g/mL neutral phenolics (69.42%) was higher than that of ribavirin as an antiviral reagent (57.86%). At concentrations of $100\;{\mu}g/mL$ or less, neutral and acidic phenolics of Soldam wine had no cytotoxic effect against vero cells.