• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.966-972
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• 2005

A study to compare the effects of supplementing Delonix elata, Grewia similis, Tamarindus indica and sunflower seed cake on intake and growth rate of dual-purpose goats fed low quality Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) hay was carried out. Twenty-eight male goats aged five to seven months (mean weight 12.93${\pm}$3.94 kg) were randomly allocated to four dietary groups in a completely randomised design. The diets were hay plus Grewia similis, hay plus Delonix elata, hay plus Tamarindus indica and hay plus sunflower seed cake. All diets were supplemented with maize bran. The experimental period was 90 days. Voluntary dry matter intake of the supplements was higher for Tamarindus indica (275.5 g/day) and Grewia similis (201.8 g/day) and lowest for sunflower seed cake (81g/day). Goats supplemented with Grewia similis had the highest hay intake (183.8 g/day) while those supplemented with sunflower seed cake had the lowest hay intake (98.9 g/day). Animals fed browse supplements gained significantly more weight (p<0.001) than those with sunflower seed cake. There were no significant differences in live weight change between goats fed the different browses. However, those fed Tamarindus indica gained an average of 20.79 g/d which was slightly higher than the gains for those on Grewia similis and Delonix elata while those fed sunflower seed cake lost weight. Correspondingly, goats supplemented with browse leaf meals had higher feed conversion ratios than those supplemented with sunflower seed cake and required 23.91 to 35.06 g DM of feed to produce one g of weight gain per day. In a separate study, the DM disappearance pattern indicated that Grewia similis and Delonix elata were highly degradable compared to Tamarindus indica. At 24 h of incubation, DM degradability was 627, 588 and 345 g/kg DM for Grewia similis, Delonix elata and Tamarindus indica, respectively. In another study in vivo DM digestibility ranged from 46.1% (for hay alone) to 56.2% (for hay plus Grewia similis). It was concluded that the addition of Tamarindus indica, Grewia similis and Delonix elata leaf meals to Cenchrus ciliaris hay resulted in increased total DM intake, in vivo digestibility and growth rate. Therefore, leaf meals of indigenous browses particularly Tamarindus indica and Grewia similis could be used as supplementary feeds for small ruminants grazing on poor quality roughages during the dry season rather than use of expensive, less effective and intermittently available sunflower seed cake.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1742-1752
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• 2013

A basal diet (0.8 g/kg dNa) was formulated in which each of the two sources ($NaHCO_3$ and $Na_2SO_4$) were supplemented in such a way to attain four levels (1.7, 2.6, 3.5, and 4.4 g/kg) of total dNa, respectively, under $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Eight dietary treatments were replicated four times, with 40 birds in each replicate (n = 1,280). The diets supplemented with $Na_2SO_4$ to attain higher levels of dNa showed highest BW gain and feed intake (FI) during d 1 to 10 (interaction effects) while 2.6 g/kg dNa exhibited improved BW gain and gain:feed (FG) during d 11 to 20. Linear rise in daily water intake (DWI) was associated with diets containing increasing dNa during d 1 to 42 ($p{\leq}0.036$). During the first 10 d, DWI:FI was found highest in $NaHCO_3$ diets while $Na_2SO_4$ diets showed highest DWI:FI during last 10 d of the experiment ($p{\leq}0.036$). Increasing dNa and changing $Na_2SO_4$ with $NaHCO_3$ salt increased pH and resulted in poor growth performance. Dressing weight ($p{\leq}0.001$) and abdominal fat ($p{\leq}0.001$; quadratic effect) were reduced, whereas breast ($p{\leq}0.001$) and thigh (p<0.001) weights were aggravated with increasing dNa (linear effects). Present findings suggested higher levels of dNa from $Na_2SO_4$ as the supplemental salt in broiler diets would produce better growth performance, especially in first ten days of life, and improve carcass and body organ characteristics.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.197-202
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• 2003

육계에서 생균제의 급여에 대한 효과는 의견이 다양하다. 그러므로 본 연구는 육계 사료에 혼합 미생물제의 첨가가 성장능력, 장내 미생물, 혈중 콜레스테롤, 백신 항체가에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실행하였다. 1일령 코우브 육계 수컷 320수를 혼합 생균제 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3%수준의 사료에 5반복으로 평사에서 35일간 사양실험을 하였다. 기초사료의 영양소는 사육전기와 후기에 각각 CP 21.5, 19%와 대사에너지는 3,100 kcal/kg으로 하였다. 증체량, 사료섭취량, 사료요구율은 주간별로 측정하였으며, 장내 살모넬라, 대장균, 유산균, 효모균 수는 실험 종료시에 회장과 맹장에서 측정하였다. ND 백신 항체가와 콜레스테롤도 실험 종료시에 처리구별로 채혈한 후에 혈장을 분리하여 분석하였다. 미생물제 0.1과 0.2% 급여구에서 사육전기에 증체량은 669.33, 679.75g으로 대조구보다 높았으며, 사육후기에도 동일한 경향을 보였다. 사육 전기 3주간에 사료요구율은 미생물 급여구에서 대조구보다 개선되는 경향을 보였으며, 전 사육기간에 1.611, 1.621로서 대조구의 1.660에 비하여 개선되었다. 미생물 급여구에서 ND백신 항체가는 대조구에 비하여 증대되었으며, 회장 소화물의 살모넬라수는 감소되지 않았지만 효모균 수는 0.1% 급여구에서 증가하였다. 맹장에서는 유산균과 효모균 수가 대조구보다 높게 나타났다. 혈중전체 콜레스테롤은 0.1% 급여구에서 다른 처리구보다 높게 나타났을지라도 HDL의 비율은 대조구보다 현저하게 높았다(P<0.05). 본 연구의 결과 육계사료에 혼합 미생물제의 첨가는 육계의 생산능력과 간접적으로 면역능력을 개선할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.대조구보다 많은 것으로 나타났다(P<0.05). 또한 회장에서는 살모넬라 및 대장균의 수가 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과에서 AO 배양물의 급여는 육계의 생산성을 향상시키며, 장내미생물총 및 사육환경을 개선시키는 것으로 판단된다..)', 'have a headache (2.10±0.79)', 'poor memory (2.09±0.83)', 'no appetite (1.99±0.85)', As for the correlation between iron parameter and clinical symptoms related to anemia, the hematocrit rate was negatively correlated with 'get a cold easily', 'pale face', 'feeling blue', 'difficult digestion' (p<0.05). The level of iron was negatively correlated with 'tired out easily', 'get a cold easily' (p<0.05) and TS (%) were negatively correlated with 'tired out easily (p<0.05)', 'get a cold easily (p<0.01). Our study resulted that the prevalence of a iron deficiency of a middle school girl is very high, therefore the guidelines for iron supplementation and nutritional education to improve their

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.373-381
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• 2020

There is a need for newer feed additives due to legal prohibition on inclusion of growth promoting antibiotics in livestock diets in several countries due to antimicrobial resistance. In this context, rare earth elements (REE) have gained attention among animal nutritionists as potential growth promoters. Currently, several studies have reported better weight gain, milk production, egg laying capacity and feed conversion efficiency among different breeds of farm animals following supplementation with REE, with however largely inconsistent results. Furthermore, REE supplementation has also shown to improve ruminal fibrolytic and proteolytic activities as well as flavor of meat with negligible residues in edible tissue, however the mechanism behind this action is still unclear. According to existing research, due to their poor absorption and similarity with calcium REE might exert their action locally on gut microbial populations within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Moreover, REE have also shown anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative as well as immune stimulating effects. The present review aims to broaden the knowledge about use of REE as feed additives for livestock and sum up efficacy of REE supplementation on performance and health of animals by comparing the findings. Till date, researches with REE have shown properties that make them a promising, new and safe alternative feed additive but further exploration is recommended to optimize effects and clarify discrepancy of various results before practical proposals can be drafted.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.406-414
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• 1997

It has been known that dietary phytate decreases the absorption of body zinc pool which is composed of the dietary and endogenous zinc in the body. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of phytate on the absorption of total bodyzinc in Zn-depleted rats. Rats were Zn-depleted with either low(0.8%) or high(1.6%) Ca diet containing sodium phytate for 4 weeks. After zinc depletion, rats were assigned into phytate or non-phytate dietary groups within each low-or high-Ca dietary group. ant feces were collected for 2 weeks of the initial collection and 1 week after dietary crossover, during which the phytate and the non-phytate diet was switched over within the same Ca group. The content of Zn and Ca measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and phytate content was analyzed. food intake was higher in the high Ca group than in the low Ca group(p <0.0001), and was also higher in the non-phytate group than in the phytate group(p <0.0001). Food intake and phytate level affected body weight gain in rats(p <0.0001). Zinc excretion in the total feces was higher in the phytate group than in the non-phytate group at both low and high Ca level(p <0.0001), except during the crossover collection period in high Ca group. Calcium, however, didn't show any synergistic effect on phytate effect(p <0.05). This study showed that phytate decreased the absorption of total body zinc at both low and high Ca levels in Zn-depleted rats. A large portion of total body zinc originated from the endogenous zinc pool in these rats. The results of the present study showed the same effect of phytate on the endogenous zinc in Zn-depleted rats as in a previous study, confirming that phytate adversely affects zinc bioavailability, especially under marginal and poor zinc nutrition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.1586-1590
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• 2004

An experiment was carried out with day-old "Sonali" (♂RIR$\times$♀Fayoumi) chicks to investigate the efficacy of locally made low cost brooders for brooding chicks in rural areas. Three types of indigenous brooders viz. charcoal, haricane and sawdust brooders were used for brooding chicks throughout the experimental period of 28 days. The efficiency of the brooders was observed in respect of their ability to maintain temperature, fluctuation in temperature during operation and cost effectiveness. Following initial trial of temperature maintenance for 48 h, the chicks were put under the brooder stoves and brooded up to 28 days. The experimental birds were fed on chick starter diet. Maintenance of temperature with sawdust brooders was found satisfactory and optimum for brooding the chicks at different stages of brooding and at the same time involved least cost for brooding in comparison with charcoal and haricane brooders which did not perform well in generating heat necessary for brooding and were not economically feasible for poor farmers. On the other hand, performance of charcoal brooders was better in respect of temperature maintenance during initial stage (when the brooder was started) but the temperature fluctuated rapidly, whereas fluctuation of temperature was gradual in sawdust brooders. Body weight gain and feed conversion were best in sawdust brooders. Survivability was highest in sawdust brooders and lowest in haricane brooders. Sawdust brooders may be appropriate for brooding chicks in rural areas, where electricity is not available.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.2069-2079
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• 2012

Background and Objective: A comprehensive overall review of gastric cancer (GC) risk and protective factors is a high priority, so we conducted the present study. Methods: Systematic searches in common medical electronic databases along with reference tracking were conducted to include all kinds of systematic reviews (SRs) about GC risk and protective factors. Two authors independently selected studies, extracted data, and evaluated the methodological qualities and the quality of evidence using R-AMSTAR and GRADE approaches. Results: Beta-carotene below 20 mg/day, fruit, vegetables, non-fermented soy-foods, whole-grain, and dairy product were GC protective factors, while beta-carotene 20 mg/day or above, pickled vegetables, fermented soy-foods, processed meat 30g/d or above, or salty foods, exposure to alcohol or smoking, occupational exposure to Pb, overweight and obesity, helicobacter pylori infection were GC risk factors. So we suggested screening and treating H. pylori infection, limiting the amount of food containing risk factors (processed meat consumption, beta-carotene, pickled vegetables, fermented soy-foods, salty foods, alcohol), stopping smoking, avoiding excessive weight gain, avoidance of Pb, and increasing the quantity of food containing protective components (fresh fruit and vegetables, non-fermented soy-foods, whole-grain, dairy products). Conclusions: The conclusions and recommendations of our study were limited by including SRs with poor methodological bases and low quality of evidence, so that more research applying checklists about assessing the methodological qualities and reporting are needed for the future.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.525-532
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• 2011

Insufficient pre-slaughter fasting leaves serious amount of feed-like contents (designated here as un-fasted stomach spent feed, USSF) in the eviscerated pig stomach. This study was intended to evoke economical and environmental seriousness of USSF discharge by estimating its value as pig feed. For finishing pigs feeding trial, three levels (0, 5, and 10%) of USSF were blended with pig feed to prepare control and two treatment diets, respectively. A total of 42 (21 males, 21 females) crossbred (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc) finishing pigs weighing $81.5{\pm}8.0$ kg were employed to 28d feeding trial and in vivo digestibility trial by $Cr_2O_3$ indicator method with 7 males and 7 female pigs per treatment. In vitro total tract digestion of USSF showed 70.5% and 57.6% of DM and OM digestibilities, respectively which were poorer (p<0.05) than those of pig diet. There were no differences in body weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio among treatments although 10% USSF substitution exerted relatively poor performance. In vivo apparent digestibilities of diets containing USSF 5% and 10% were lower (p<0.05) than that of 100% pig feed. There were no differences (p>0.05) in dressing percentage and carcass grade among treatments. Results of this study showed that 5% USSF substitution in finishing pigs diet did not exert any disadvantage in terms of production performance and carcass grade. This study implied that un-fasted slaughter causing excessive excretion of USSF should be avoided. If not avoidable, the USSF should not be wasted in abattoir but could be recycled as pig feed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.87-97
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• 2019

Phytate induced excessive mineral excretion through poultry litter leads to poor performance and environmental pollution. Exogenous microbial phytase supplementation to poultry diets reduce the environmental excretion of nutrient and improve bird's performance. However, excessive dietary sodium (Na) level may hinder the phytase-mediated phytate hydrolysis and negate the beneficial effects of phytase. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentration dietary Na on phytase activity and subsequent impact on broiler performance, bone mineralisation and nutrient utilisation. In this study, six experimental diets, consisting of three different levels of Na (1.5, 2.5, or 3.5 g/kg) and two levels of microbial phytase (0 or 500 U/kg) were formulated by using $3{\times}2$ factorial design. The six experimental diets were offered to 360 day-old Ross 306 male chicks for 35 days, where, each experimental diet consisted of 6 replicates groups with 10 birds. Along with growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal enzyme activity, dry matter (DM) content of litter and mineral status in bone were analysed. Dietary Na and phytase had no effect on bode weight gain and feed intake. Birds on the low Na diet showed higher (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the mid-Na diets. High dietary Na adversely affected (p < 0.001) excreta DM content. Phytase supplementation to the high-Na diet increased (p < 0.01) the litter ammonia content. High dietary Na with phytase supplementation improved ($Na{\times}phytase$, p < 0.05) the AME value and ileal digestibility of Ca and Mg. The total tract retention of Ca, P, and Mg was reduced with high Na diet, which was counteracted by phytase supplementation ($Na{\times}phytase$, p < 0.001). The diets containing mid-level of Na improved (p < 0.001) the function of Na-K-ATPase and Mg-ATPase in the jejunum. The overall results indicate that high dietary Na did not affect phytase activity but influenced the nutrient utilization of birds, which was not reflected in bird overall performance.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.454-458
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• 2003

목 적 : 신생아 로타바이러스 위장염의 빈도는 영유아와는 달리 계절적 유행 없이 일정하게 발생하며 임상 증상은 다양하여 무증상에서부터 구토, 설사 및 발열 드물게는 괴사성 장염과 출혈성 위장염 등을 나타낸다. 저자들은 건강한 만삭 신생아에서의 로타바이러스 원내 감염과 그 관련 요소에 대해 연구하였으며 본원에서 발생한 정상 신생아실의 만삭아에서 수유 및 분만 방법에 따른 증상의 빈도를 비교하여 이들의 연관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 2001년 1월부터 6월까지 동국대학교병원에서 출생한 생후 7일 이내의 건강한 만삭 신생아 총 348명 중 증상을 보인 환아를 대상으로 시행한 변 rotazyme 검사에서 양성으로 확진된 환아 총 152례를 대상으로 연구하였으며 환아에 대한 각각의 항목은 병력지를 통하여 검토되었다. 환아 중 패혈증이나 뇌수막염, 요로 감염, 위식도 역류 및 황달 등이 있는 환아는 본 연구에서 제외되었다. 분만 방법은 정상 질식분만과 제왕절개술, 수유 방법은 모유와 분유로 구분해서 조사하였다. 분만 방법 및 수유 방법에 따른 로타바이러스 장염 신생아의 증상, 증상 기간에 대한 유의성을 통계적 Chi-square testd와 Fisher's exact test 및 Multiple logistic regression analysis로 검정하였으며 P<0.05인 경우를 유의 하다고 판정하였다. 결 과: 2001년 1월부터 6월까지 정상 만삭 출생아 중 입원 환아를 제외한 총 348명 중에서 로타바이러스 장염으로 확진 된 환아는 총 152명(43.7%)이었고, 그 중 남아는 95명(62.5%), 여아는 57명(37.5%)이었다. 체중이 2,500 g 이상이 149명(98.0%)이었고 모유 수유아는 97명(63.8%), 분유 수유아는 55명(36.2%)였고 분만 방법에서 정상 질식분만아는 22명(14.5%), 제왕절개아는 130명(85.5%)이었다. 증상은 미열이 51.3%로 가장 많았으며, 그 외 설사(40.8%), 복부 팽만(38.8%), 구토(35.5%) 등의 순 이었다. 증상 시작일이 생후 3-4일 이내인 경우가 134명(88.2%)이었으며 18명(11.8%)은 생후 5-7일째 증상이 나타났다. 증상 기간은 3일 이내인 경우가 120명(78.9%), 4-6일이 29명(19.1%), 7일 이상이 3명(2.0%)이었다. 모유 수유아에서 로타바이러스 장염의 증상의 빈도가 낮았고 분만 방법과 관련해서는 정상 질식 분만한 모유 수유아/분유 수유아에서 설사 11.1/84.6%, 수유 부진 22.2/69.2%, 체중 증가 지연 22.2/76.9%로 모유 수유아에서 증상 발현 빈도가 낮았고, 제왕절개분만 한 모유 수유아/분유 수유아에서는 정상 질식분만 한 환아에서와는 다르게 설사증상의 빈도는 차이가 없었으나 미열 45.5/66.7%, 복부 팽만 29.5/50.0%, 구토 31.8/60.9%, 체중 증가 지연 8.0/52.4%, 수유 부진 4.5/26.2%, 탈수 2.3/14.3%, 보챔 5.7/26.2%로 모유 수유아에서 증상의 빈도가 전반적으로 낮게 나타났으며 이는 통계적으로 유의성을 나타내었다(P<0.05). 결 론 : 로타바이러스 장염에 이환된 건강 만삭아의 분만 방법 및 수유 방법에 따른 로타바이러스 장염의 증상 차이에 대한 연구에서 모유 수유아에서 증상 발현빈도가 분유 수유아 보다 낮게 나타났다. 그러므로 모유 수유가 분유 수유보다 로타바이러스 장염의 증상을 완화시킬 수 있다고 생각된다.