• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.377-380
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• 2002

Wetland systems are widely accepted natural water purification systems around the world in nonpoint sources pollution control. In this study, the field experiment to reduce nonpoint source pollution loadings from agricultural drainage and polluted stream waters using wetland and pond system was performed. The removal rate of $BOD_5$, TSS, TN, TP, and $Chl-{\alpha}$ was 52%, 90%, 56%, 59%, and 81%, respectively. Performance of the experimental system was compared with existing data base (NADB), and it was within the range of general system performance. Overall the water quality improvement was apparent in wetland and pond system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.426-430
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• 2001

Treatment efficiency and plant growth of a combined Pond-Wetland system was investigated. The system is composed of primary and secondary ponds and six wetland cells. Reed and cattail were planted as vegetation of wetland cells. The removal rates of BOD, SS, T-N, and T-P were 40%, 41%, 30%, and 47% at the secondary pond, respectively. The system removal rates measured at the last wetland cell were 57%, 54%, 60%, and 68% for BOD, SS, T-N, and T-P, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 1997.05a
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• pp.30-38
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• 1997

고속도로변에 설치된 retention pond는 drainage system의 일부분으로 우기에 빗물의 양을 조절하고 고속도로 노면에서 운반되어 retention pond에 유입된 오염된 입자를 침전, 제거시키기 위해 설치되었다. 빗물에 입자상태로 이동된 납, 아연, 카드뮴를 제거하기 위해 설치된 retention pond의 효과를 평가하기 위해 수리지질학적 연구 및 부유퇴적물의 물리화학적 특징을 규명하기 위한 연구가 수행되었다. 부유퇴적물과 비교하기 위해 심하게 오염된 roadside soil과 오염되지 않은 background soil에 대해서도 연구가 수행되었다. 부유퇴적물의 중금속함량은 background Sologne soil에 비해 원소에 따라 2-8배 높다. 그러나, roadside soil의 중금속함량은 부유퇴적물에 비해 7-26배 높다. Sequential extraction methods를 이용하여 분석한 결과 심하게 오염된 roadside soil에 존재하는 납, 아연, 카드뮴은 대부분 쉽게 용해될 수 있는 상태 (Fraction FII, FIII)로 존재하며 반면에 규산염광물과 수반되는 금속함량의 비율은 매우 낮다. 부유퇴적물에서는 규산염광물과 수반되는 금속함량이 전체 금속함량의 1/3까지 크게 증가한다. Roadside soil 과 부유퇴적물사이의 중금속함량 차이가 매우 큰 것은 중금속의 대부분이 retention pond에 이르기 전에 고속도로변과 배수로 일부에 축적되어 모두 상실하기 때문이다.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.3 s.108
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• pp.344-354
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• 2004

A pilot study was performed from September 2000 to April 2004 to examine the feasibility of the wetland-pond system for the agricultural reuse of reclaimed water. The wetland system was a subsurface flow type, with a hydraulic residence time of 3.5 days, and the subsequent pond was 8 $m^3$ in volume (2 m ${\times}$ 2 m ${\times}$ 2 m) and operated with intermittent-discharge and continuous flow types. The wetland system was effective in treating the sewage; median removal efficiencies of $BOD_5$ and TSS were above 70.0%, with mean effluent concentrations of 27.1 and 16.8 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively, for these constituents. However, they did often exceed the effluent water quality standards of 20 mg $L^{-1}$. Removal of T-N and T-P was relatively less effective and mean effluent concentrations were approximately 103.2 and 7.2 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively. The wetland system demonstrated high removal rate (92 ${\sim}$ 90%) of microorganisms, but effluent concentrations were in the range of 300 ${\sim}$ 16,000 MPN 100 $mL^{-1}$ which is still high for agricultural reuse. The subsequent pond system provided further treatment of the wetland effluent, and especially additional microorganisms removal in addition to wetland-pond system could reduce the mean concentration to 1,000 MPN 100 $mL^{-1}$ from about $10^5$ MPN 100 $mL^{-1}$ of wetland influent. Other parameters in the pond system showed seasonal variation, and the upper layer of the pond water column became remarkably clear immediately after ice melt. Overall, the wetland system was found to be adequate for treating sewage with stable removal efficiency, and the subsequent pond was effective for further polishing. This study concerned agricultural reuse of reclaimed water using natural systems. Considering stable performance and effective removal of bacterial indicators as well as other water quality parameters, low maintenance, and cost-effectiveness, wetland- pond system was thought to be an effective and feasible alternative for agricultural reuse of reclaimed water in rural area.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.171-176
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• 2000

A wastewater treatment pond system was developed for treatment and recycling of dairy cattle excreta of $5\;m^1$ per day. The wastes were diluted by the water used for clearing stalls. The system was composed of three ponds in series. A submerged gas collector for the recovery of methane was installed at the bottom of secondary pond with water depth of 2.4m. This paper deals mainly with performance of methane fermentation of secondary pond which is faclutative one. The average $BOD_5$, SS, TN, and TP concentrations of influent into secondary pond were 49.1, 53.4, 48.6, and 5.3 mg/l, and those of effluent from it were 27.9, 45.7, 30.8, 3.2 mg/l respectively. Methane fermentation of 2.4-meter-deep secondary pond bottom was well established at $16^{\circ}C$ and gas garnered from the collector at that temperature was 80% methane. Literature on methane fermentation of wastewater treatment ponds shows that methane bacteria grow well around $24^{\circ}C$, the rate of daily accumulation and decomposition of sludge is approximately equal at $19^{\circ}C$, and activities of methanogenic bacteria are ceased below $14^{\circ}C$. The good methane fermentation of the pond bottom around $16^{\circ}C$, about $3^{\circ}C$ lower than $19^{\circ}C$, results from temperature stability, anaerobic condition, and neutral pH of the bottom sludge layer. It is recommended that the depth of pond water could be 2.4m. Gas from the collector during active methane fermentation was almost 83% methane, less than 17% nitrogen. Carbon dioxide was less than 1% of the gas, which indicates that carbon dioxide produced in bottom sludges was dissolved in the overlaying water column. Thus a purified methane can be collected and used as energy source. Sludge accumulation on the pond bottom for a nine month period was 1.3cm and annual sludge depth can be estimated to be 1.7cm. Design of additional pond depth of 0.3m can lead to 15 - 20 year sludge removal.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.339-344
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• 2000

Utilization of animal excreta in aquaculture can have potentials of high fish production and low maintenance costs for fish farming and it can reduce water pollution caused by animal waste disposal. Integration of wastewater treatment pond system with aquaculture has been utilized in many countries. Ecologically balanced pond ecosystem is formed through the stabilization of wastes, the growth of aquatic plants, and the cultivation of fish. The most appropriate fish for rearing in these ponds are those which can feed directly on phytoplankton, especially algae. Carp were introduced into a tertiary pond - water depth of 2.2 m, water surface area of $130\;m^2$, volume of $148\;m^3$ - of a pond system treating milk cow excreta. The carp production was $125g{\cdot}m^{-2}year^{-1}$ which falls into upper range of $18\;-\;137g{\cdot}m^{-2}year^{-1}$ of treated sewage-fed carp farming of other countries. Average $BOD_5$ and T-N of the pond was 19.8 and $21.0\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ respectively, and the ecological environment of it was suitable for growth of carp. Several carp of 100g were introduced in August into a secondary pond of the treatment system, whose average $BOD_5$ and T-N was 27.9 and $30.8\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ respectively. They were died within one week, which may be attributed to the depletion of dissolved oxygen at dawn. Effluents from primary treatment can be used in fish pond with dilution and those from secondary treatment can be directly funnelled into it. Waste stabilization pond treating animal excreta can be utilized for fish rearing when its water quality maintains secondary treatment level.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.24-29
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• 2002

Nitrate removal rate in three cattail wetland cells was investigated. They were a part of a pond-wetland system for stream water treatment demonstration. The system was composed of two ponds and six wetland cells. The acreage of each cell was approximately $150m^2$. The earth works for the system were finished from April 2000 to May 2000 and cattails were planted in the three cells in June 2000. Waters of Sinyang Stream flowing into Kohung Estuarine Lake were pumped into a primary pond, whose effluent was discharged into a secondary pond. The reservoir was formed by a tidal marsh reclamation project and located in southern coastal area of Korean Peninsula. Effluents from the secondary pond were funneled into the three cells. Volumes and water quality of inflow and outflow were analyzed from July 2000 through January 2001. Inflow and outflow averaged $20.2m^3/day$ and $19.8m^3/day$, respectively. Hydraulic retention time was about 1.6 days. Average influent and effluent nitrate concentration was $1.98mg/{\ell}$, $1.38mg/{\ell}$, respectively. Nitrate removal rate averaged $82.6mg\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$. Seasonal changes of nitrate retention rates were closely related to those of wetland cell temperatures. The average nitrate removal rate in the cells was a little lower, compared with that of $125.0mg\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$ for the wetlands operating in North America. This could be attributed to the initial stage of the cells and inclusion of three cold months into the seven-month study period. Root rhizosphere in wetland soils and litter-soil layers on cell bottoms could not developed. Increase of standing density of cattails within a few years will establish both root zones suitable for the nitrification of ammonia to nitrates and substrates beneficial to the denitrification of nitrates into nitrogen gases, which may lead to increase of the nitrate retention rate.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.108-117
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• 1995

The applicability to Korea is examined of a pond system which treats and recycles wastewaters. Air temperature and solar radiation of the pond systems at Corinne, Utah, and Eudora, Kansas, which are located in temperate regions of the U.S., are compared with those of Kimpo lying in the mid-western part of Korea. Analyzed are also $BOD_5$ and SS concentrations, algal concentrations, pH levels, and water temperature of the two systems. Air temperature of Kimpo is quite similar to that of the two systems, and solar radiation of Kimpo is more conducive than that of the systems to the growth of algae during summer. Analysis of $BOD_5$ and SS concentrations in the final effluent of the systems shows that they meet the secondary treatment standards. The study demonstrates that wastewater treatment pond system which is similar in design to the systems can be reliably utilized at Kimpo, Korea. A model is proposed which can integrate a pond system with aquaculture and agriculture.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.79-86
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• 2008

To improve water quality for agricultural use, it is needed to introduce the natural and low-cost self-purification system. It is also necessary to develop the water purification facilities for more efficient and convenient design, construction, operation and management. This study aims to develop the practical facilities to improve water quality for agricultural use. The practical detention pond system, which uses artificial floating island and shield skirts with bio-media, enhanced removal efficiencies of SS, TN and TP more particularly than the detention pond using an auxiliary dam. The removal efficiencies SS, TN and TP for the practical detention pond were 55.7%, 61.0% and 55.9%, respectively. The facilities of the practical detention pond has a lot of disadvantages such as the low-cost and high efficiency as well as uncountable impacts regarding ecology and landscape. However, an auxiliary dam is recommended to be installed in shallow depth due to low efficiency.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.223-232
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• 2017

The ability to defend against floods in urban areas was weakened, because the increase in the impervious rate of urban areas due to urbanization and industrialization and the increase in the localized torrential rainfall due to abnormal climate. In order to reduce flood damage in urban areas, various runoff reduction facilities such as detention ponds and infiltration facilities were installed. However, in the case of domestic metropolitan cities, it is difficult to secure land for the installation of storm water reduction facilities and secure the budget for improving the aged pipelines. Therefore, it is necessary to design a storage system (called the detention pond in trunk sewer) that linked the existing drainage system to improve the flood control capacity of the urban area and reduce the budget. In this study, to analyze the effect of reducing runoff amounts according to the volume of the detention pond in trunk sewer, three kinds of virtual watershed (longitudinal, middle, concentration shape) were assumed and the detention pond in trunk sewer was installed at an arbitrary location in the watershed. The volume of the detention pond in trunk sewer was set to 6 cases ($1,000m^3$, $3,000m^3$, $5,000m^3$, $10,000m^3$, $20,000m^3$, $30,000m^3$), and the installation location of the detention pond in trunk sewer was varied to 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of the detention pond upstream area to the total watershed area (DUAR). Also, using the results of this study, a graph of the relationship and relational equation between the volume of the detention pond in trunk sewer and the installation location is presented.