• 산업공학
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.46-55
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• 2004

Various characteristics of the object being lifted are known to affect the biomechanical, physiological, and psychophysical stresses. The object characteristics to be considered in the design process of lifting tasks are weight, shape, stiffness, and availability of handles and similar coupling devices. In this study, a prototype Polypropylene laminated bag with carrying handles was designed to decrease the physical stress of people who handle these bags. Physiological and psychophysical approaches as well as subjective ratings were applied to evaluate the effects of handles provided on the designed PP laminated bag. Statistical analysis showed that the VO2, heart rate, blood pressure, and Borg-RPE score for PP laminated fertilizer bag with carrying handles were significantly lower than those bags without handles. Moreover, Maximum Acceptable Lifting Endurance Time(MALET) measure, newly developed in this study, for bags with handles was significantly higher than those for bags without handles. It is thus recommended that the various types of bags and boxes be equipped with handles to reduce the musculoskeletal, physiological, psychophysical, and subjective perceived stresses.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.564-569
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• 2011

The current establishment of city gas piping polyethylene (PE) tube used as bonding state or part of the health or safety of fusion is very important. A part of these fusion methods to determine the soundness of the short-term trials and long-term tests can be largely classified. Typical tests include short-term strength, tensile strength, impact strength, compressive strength, resiliency and compression. Polyethylene (PE) pipes installed in the domestic terms of overall penetration rate of 45% has been used. However, polyethylene (PE) pipes have reliability problems, and these occurs mostly in part by defective welding. Therefore, the test is necessary for safety. Non-destructive methods (ultrasonic testing) are difficult to be used. Therefore, Polypropylene copolymer (PP-C), polypropylene homopolymer (PP-H), and polyethylene (PE) pipe are used. Fusion of these materials is necessary in these field however, its technical, and basic research has not been studied well. In this research, short-term strength of welding parts, its tensile strength, hardness, fatigue, and microstructure have been analyzed to find the optimum process conditions to improve mechanical properties.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.61-68
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• 1999

The variety of crystalline structure and mechanical properties of PP filament treated with dry heat treatment at different draw ratio has been studied. Crystalline structure and mechanical properties of annealed PP filament at different draw ratio has been examined by XRD, UTM, and density method. Heat treatment has been carried out $100^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$ $140^{\circ}C$ for 30min. in dry oven. From the results of this study, it found the following facts. It was found that the crystallinity and crystallite size of (110) plane of sample were increased with increasing of annealed temperature and draw ratio. The crystalline form of annealed sample which was undrawn showed ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$ mixing form below $120^{\circ}C$ and showed ${\alpha}$ form at $140^{\circ}C$. But the crystalline form of annealed sample which was drawn showed ${\alpha}$ form at $120^{\circ}C$. Initial modulus and tensile strength were increased with increasing of annealing temperature, and the degree of orientation was decreased with decreasing of annealing temperature.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.411-416
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• 2009

The color stabilization of antimicrobial blends was studied by using poly(hexamethylene guanidine) phosphate (PHMG) as a highly efficient biocidal and nontoxic agent. The Taguchi method was used to determine the optimum conditions for the blending of PHMG in polypropylene (PP) matrix. To improve the yellowing phenomena, two kinds of stabilizer were used together: tetrakis[methylene(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate)](IN1010) from phenol and tris(2,4-di-t-butylphenylphosphite) (IF168) from phosphorus. According to blend composition and mixing condition, six factors were chosen, with five levels being set for each factor. The orthogonal array was selected as the most suitable for fabricating the experimental design, L25, with 6 columns and 25 variations. The-smaller-the-better was used as an optimization criterion. The optimum conditions for these parameters were 10 phr for PHMG, 2 phr for IN1010, 1 phr for IF168, 10 min for mixing time, $210^{\circ}C$ for mixing temperature, and 30 rpm for rotation speed. Under these conditions, the yellowness index of the blend was 1.52. The processibility of the blends was investigated by Advanced Rheometric Expansion System (ARES). The blend with 0.5 w% PHMG content, diluted with PP, exhibited an antimicrobial characteristic in the shake flask method.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.149-165
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• 2011

In this paper, the effects of both pozzolans and (steel and poly-propylene) fibers on the mechanical properties of roller compacted concrete are studied. Specimens for the experiments were made using a soil-based approach; thus, the Kango's vibration hammer was used for compaction. The tests in the first stage were carried out to determine the optimal moisture requirements for mix designs using cubic $150{\times}150{\times}150$ mm specimens. In the tests of the second stage, the mechanical behaviors of the main specimens made using the optimal moisture obtained in the previous stage were evaluated using 28, 90, and 210 day cubic specimens. The mechanical properties of RCC pavements were evaluated using a soil-based compaction method and the optimum moisture content obtained from the pertaining experiments, and by adding different percentages of Iranian pozzolans as well as different amounts of steel fibers, each one accompanied by 0.1% of poly-propylene fibers. Using pozzolans, maximum increase in compressive strength was observed to occur between 28 and 90 days of age, rupture modulus was found to decrease, but toughness indices did not change considerably. The influence of steel fibers on compressive strength was often more significant than that of PP fibers, but neither steel nor PP fibers did contribute to increase in the rupture modulus independently. Also, the toughness indices increased when steel fibers were used.

• 접착 및 계면
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2003

대기압 플라즈마를 이용하여 폴리프로필렌 필름의 표면을 처리한 후 각각 극성 용매(water)와 비극성 용매(diiodomethane)를 사용한 접촉각 측정기로 필름 표면의 접촉각을 측정하였다. 측정된 접촉각을 이용해 표면 자유에너지 변화를 계산한 후 대기압 플라즈마 처리 전후의 폴리프로필렌 필름의 접촉각과 표면 자유에너지 상태를 비교, 분석하였다. 또한 대기압 플라즈마의 처리 조건을 바꿔가며 폴리프로필렌 필름 표면을 처리함으로써 접촉각과 표면 자유에너지가 각각의 처리 조건에 따라 어떠한 영향을 받는지 연구하였다. 대기압 플라즈마 처리 조건에 따라 접촉각 및 표면 자유에너지는 최적값을 보여주거나 일정한 값에 도달하는 경향을 보여 주었다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.337-350
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• 2022

This paper focuses on predicting the post-heating mechanical properties of cementitious composites reinforced with multi-scale additives using the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach. A total of four different feed-forward ANN models are developed using 261 data sets collected from 18 published sources. The models are optimized using 12 input parameters selected based on a comprehensive literature review to predict the residual compressive strength, the residual flexural strengths, elastic modulus, and fracture energy of heat-damaged cementitious specimens. Furthermore, the ANN is employed to predict the impact of several variables including; the content of polypropylene (PP) microfibers and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) used in the concrete, mortar, or paste mix design, length of PP fibers, the average diameter of CNTs, and the average length of CNTs. The influence of the studied parameters is investigated at different heating levels ranged from 25℃ to 800℃. The results demonstrate that the developed ANN models have a strong potential for predicting the mechanical properties of the heated cementitious composites based on the mixing ingredients in addition to the heating conditions.

• 청정기술
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.232-240
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• 2014

폴리염화비닐(polyvinyl chloride, PVC)은 자동차 내장재(도어 트림 및 대쉬 보드 등)에 아주 널리 사용되고 있으나 특정조건에서 유해물질을 배출하므로 규제가 되는 소재로 알려져 있다. 그러므로 열가소성 폴리올레핀계 고분자인 폴리프로필렌(polypropylene, PP)이 자동차 내장재 부분에서 PVC를 대체할 수 있는 중요한 재료로 부각되고 있다. PP(비정영역:0.855, 결정영역:$0.946g/cm^3$)의 또 다른 장점은 PVC($1.1{\sim}1.45g/cm^3$)에 비해 밀도가 낮으므로 자동차의 중량을 줄일 수 있다는 것이다. 한편 모든 부품은 표면보호와 미관상 코팅이 반드시 필요하며, 그들을 조립하는데 접착제가 필요하다. 지금까지 주로 사용해 온 용제-베이스의 접착제/코팅제의 경우 휘발성 유기화합물(volatile organic compounds, VOC)의 발생과 열악한 작업 환경으로 환경친화적인 수성 접착제/코팅제의 수요가 증가하고 있다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구에서는 소수성 고분자 PP에 적용되는 환경친화적인 다양한 수분산 폴리우레탄-우레아 선처리제(primer: 마감도료가 기질에 보다 잘 접착될 수 있도록 선처리하는 도료)를 이온성분 dimethyl propionic acid (DMPA) 함량별, 다양한 NCO/OH 몰비, 변성 실리콘 디올의 다양한 함량 및 소프트세그먼트 함량 등의 여러 배합으로 제조하였다. 제조된 시료 중 DMPA 함량 21 mol%, 소프트세그먼트 함량 73%, 변성 실리곤 디올 5 wt% 및 NCO/OH 몰비 1.2를 사용한 시료가 기질 PP 시트와의 접착력이 우수하였으며, 첨가제는 분산제 0.5 wt%, 레벨링제 0.5 wt%, 소포제 1.5 wt% 및 소광제 3.0 wt%가 가장 적합한 첨가 함량임을 알 수 있었다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.226-236
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• 2013

관형 알루미나 정밀여과와 이산화티타늄 광촉매 코팅 PP (polypropylene) 구의 혼성공정에서 질소 역세척 주기(FT)와 시간(BT)의 영향을 막오염에 의한 저항($R_f$) 및 투과선속(J), 총여과부피($V_T$)의 관점에서 광촉매 첨가 PES (polyethersulfone)구를 사용한 기존 결과와 비교하였다. 일반적인 역세척 방법인 공기가 아닌 질소로 역세척을 한 이유는 공기에 포함된 산소에 의해 수질분석에 영향을 줄 가능성을 최소화하기 위한 것이다. FT가 짧아질수록 $R_f$는 감소하고, J와 $V_T$는 증가하였다. 용존유기물의 평균 처리효율은 82.0%로 PES 구 결과의 78.0% 보다 높았다. 이러한 결과는 광촉매 코팅 PP 구가 광촉매 첨가 PES 구 보다 효과적으로 용존유기물을 제거한다는 것을 의미한다. BT가 길어질수록 최종 $R_f$는 감소하고 최종 J는 증가하였지만, $V_T$는 BT 15초에서 최대값을 보였다. 탁도의 평균 처리효율은 BT 변화에 따라 특별한 경향을 보이지 않았다. BT가 6초에서 30초로 증가함에 따라 용존유기물의 처리효율은 11.8% 증가하여, PES 구의 결과보다 다소 크게 증가하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.682-690
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 WPC의 열안정성을 향상시키기 위해 폴리프로펠렌 매트릭스에 목분과 폴리인산염(ammonium polyphosphate, APP)의 삼종혼합 후, 목분과 난연제 첨가에 따른 목재플라스틱 복합재(wood plastic composites, WPC)의 열분해 거동이 조사되었다. 모든 배합비의 WPC 열분해 거동은 질소의 환경에서 분당 $10^{\circ}C$ 상승속도로 제어하여 열중량분석기(Thermogravimetric analyzer)를 통해 분석하였다. 목분의 열분해온도가 PP의 열분해온도 보다 낮기 때문에 목분에 의해 생성된 char막은 PP로의 열전달 속도를 낮추며, 2차 열분해온도 증가 및 열분해속도를 늦춘다. APP를 첨가한 WPC의 경우 1차 열분해온도 감소 및 2차 열분해온도의 증가를 보여준다. 목분의 함량이 높은 WPC의 경우, APP 첨가 시 1차 열분해온도 감소 및 2차 열분해속도가 증가하였고, 고온에서 잔여물의 양은 APP 함량이 증가할수록 크게 증가하였다. APP가 첨가된 WPC 경우, 목분의 함량이 10 wt%에서 50 wt%로 증가 시 고온에서 잔여물 양이 증가하였는데, 이는 APP 및 목질섬유의 char화가 동시에 발생되기 때문으로 보이며 결과적으로 목분 함량이 증가할수록 APP의 효과가 높게 나타나 열안정 효과를 관찰할 수 있었다.