• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.945-947
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• 2009

• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.87-92
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• 1998

The effect of chemically oxidized intermediates of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds on the degradation of the parent PAHs was characterized and evaluated for the context of cooxidation. Anthracene and pyrene exhibited extensive degradation (mean percent removal of 57.5%) after 28 days of incubation by introducing the Fenton oxidation intermediate of the PAH compounds, while unoxidized anthracene and pyrene exhibited 12.5% removal The chemical oxidation products can serve as a structually similar analogue substrates for a consortia of soil microorganisms and as a metabolic intermediates in the biodegradation sequence of the parent PAH compounds. These results may be interpreted in the context of cooxidation mechanism whereby high recalcitrant PAH compounds are biodegraded in the soil and suggest a potential tool for bioremediation of PAHs contaminated soils and protection of groundwater.

• 분석과학
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.357-367
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• 2000

하수슬러지와 토양시료 중 16가지의 다핵방향족 탄화수소(PAH)를 KOH와 $CHE_3OH$에 녹인 용액으로 Soxhlet 추출후 내부표준물질로 2-ethylantracene을 이용하여 GC/MS-SIM 방법으로 분석하였다. 12종의 PAH가 하수슬러지에서 검출되었고 공업지역 하수슬러지 중 가장 특징적인 화합물은 naphthalene($0.78{\mu}g/g$), 도시 하수슬러지에서는 pyrene($0.26{\mu}g/g$)이었으며, 총 PAH는 각각 $1.74{\mu}g/g$과 $1.19{\mu}g/g$이었다. 논 토양과 밭 토양에서의 PAH는 phenanthrene을 포함한 8종이 검출되었으며 그 농도범위는 $0.01-0.04{\mu}g/g$이었고, 총 PAH의 양은 각각 $0.19{\mu}g/g$과 $0.22{\mu}g/g$이었다. 논 토양 중의 총 PAH함량에 비하여 공업지역과 도시지역 하수슬러지 중의 총 PAH양은 각각 9.2배와 6.3배가 높게 나타났다.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.50-62
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• 2003

Exposure to metalworking fluids (MWFs) has significantly been associated with cancer developed in multi-organs, respiratory diseases and skin diseases. Several carcinogens to humans or animals are contained in MWFs. They have been reported to be mineral oils, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), formaldehyde and N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA). The great hazards of MWF have forced the advanced country including United States to regulate carcinogens contained in MWF. In 2001, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIHs) regarded MWF mist as suspected carcinogen to human (A2) and added it to “Notice of Intended Change (NIC)” list of 2001. In spite of the fact that much MWF has widely been used in many industries using machines, Korea has no legal actions for management of MWF. What is worse, even toxicity such as Carcinogenicity has not been reported. KS (Korean Standards) lists 7 advices of MWF but it does net state the hazards to health. It is very hard to control or minimize worker's exposure to MWF containing many carcinogens. Prier to the introduction of MWF to workplace, it is the most effective measure to regulate carcinogens below a certain level. Regulation on the content of PAH seems to be necessary because less amount of PAH in mineral oils improves the quality of MWF. Also, addition of nitrosating groups to MWF should be prohibited to minimize worker's exposure to NDELA. Employers and manufacturers should indicate the Carcinogenicity of all carcinogens in MWFs in Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) in order fer workers to recognize Carcinogenicity. Legal actions have to be taken to protect workers from health hazards due to exposure to MWF by further investigation on MWF.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2000년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.89-91
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• 2000

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds are highly carcinogenic chemicals and common groundwater contaminants that are observed to persist in soils. The adherence and slow release of PAHs in soil is an obstacle to remediation and complicates the assessment of cleanup standards and risks. Biological degradation of PAHs in soil has been an area of active research because biological treatment may be less costly than conventional pumping technologies or excavation and thermal treatment. Biological degradation also offers the advantage to transform PAHs into non-toxic products such as biomass and carbon dioxide. Ample evidence exists for aerobic biodegradation of PAHs and many bacteria capable of degrading PAHs have been isolated and characterized. However, the microbial degradation of PAHs in sediments is impaired due to the anaerobic conditions that result from the typically high oxygen demand of the organic material present in the soil, the low solubility of oxygen in water, and the slow mass transfer of oxygen from overlying water to the soil environment. For these reasons, anaerobic microbial degradation technologies could help alleviate sediment PAH contamination and offer significant advantages for cost-efficient in-situ treatment. But very little is known about the potential for anaerobic degradation of PAHs in field soils. The objectives of this research were to assess: (1) the potential for biodegradation of PAH in field aged soils under denitrification conditions, (2) to assess the potential for biodegradation of naphthalene in soil microcosms under denitrifying conditions, and (3) to assess for the existence of microorganisms in field sediments capable of degrading naphthalene via denitrification. Two kinds of soils were used in this research: Harbor Point sediment (HPS-2) and Milwaukee Harbor sediment (MHS). Results presented in this seminar indicate possible degradation of PAHs in soil under denitrifying conditions. During the two months of anaerobic degradation, total PAH removal was modest probably due to both the low availability of the PAHs and competition with other more easily degradable sources of carbon in the sediments. For both Harbor Point sediment (HPS-2) and Milwaukee Harbor sediment (MHS), PAH reduction was confined to 3- and 4-ring PAHs. Comparing PAH reductions during two months of aerobic and anaerobic biotreatment of MHS, it was found that extent of PAHreduction for anaerobic treatment was compatible with that for aerobic treatment. Interestingly, removal of PAHs from sediment particle classes (by size and density) followed similar trends for aerobic and anaerobic treatment of MHS. The majority of the PAHs removed during biotreatment came from the clay/silt fraction. In an earlier study it was shown that PAHs associated with the clay/silt fraction in MHS were more available than PAHs associated with coal-derived fraction. Therefore, although total PAH reductions were small, the removal of PAHs from the more easily available sediment fraction (clay/silt) may result in a significant environmental benefit owing to a reduction in total PAH bioavailability. By using naphthalene as a model PAH compound, biodegradation of naphthalene under denitrifying condition was assessed in microcosms containing MHS. Naphthalene spiked into MHS was degraded below detection limit within 20 days with the accompanying reduction of nitrate. With repeated addition of naphthalene and nitrate, naphthalene degradation under nitrate reducing conditions was stable over one month. Nitrite, one of the intermediates of denitrification was detected during the incubation. Also the denitrification activity of the enrichment culture from MHS slurries was verified by monitoring the production of nitrogen gas in solid fluorescence denitrification medium. Microorganisms capable of degrading naphthalene via denitrification were isolated from this enrichment culture.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2003

Biological activities of PAHs are not known although PAHs are considered as carcinogens. Recent industrial society has human widely exposed to PAHs (polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) that are comming from the incomplete combustion of organic material as wider spread environmental contaminants. Our laboratory have been studied the effect of PAHs in the human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. In this study, we examined the human breast cancer MCF-7 cells as a new system to evaluate bioactivity of PAHs. We have selected 13 PAHs to examine bioassay using CYP1A1-luciferase reporter gene expression system where CYP1A1 1.6 Kb 5flanking region DNA was cloned in front of luciferase reporter gene and this plasmid was transfected into MCF-7 cells transiently. This cells then used for the study to observe the effect of PAHs. We demonstrated that PAHs induced the CYP1A1 promoter, CYP1A1 mRNA and 7-ethoxyresolufin O-deethylase (EROD) activities in a concentration-dependant manner. None of PAHs that we have tested showed stronger stimulatory effect on CYP1 gene expression than TCDD. Benz(a)anthracene and benzo(b)fluoranthene were weak responders to CYP1A1 promoter activity stimulation, CYP1A1 mRNA and EROD induction in MCF-7 cells and these chemicals seemed to respond less either CYP1A1 mRNA or EROD than CYP1A1 promoter activity. Benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, and dibenzo(a, h)anthracene showed strong response to CYP1A1 promoter activity stimulation, CYP1A1 mRNA increase and also EROD induction in MCF-7 cells. Results of dose response study suggested that two strong responding PAHs, such as benzo(k)fluoranthene and dibenzo(a, h)anthracene might be mediated through Aryl hydrocarbon receptors system in MCF-7 cells.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.145-152
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• 2001

This study was performed to evaluate the coke oven emissions (COE) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon levels in coke manu-facturing industry, secondary lead smelting industry and glass bottle manufacturing industry. 1. There were no significant difference between the means of personal samples and area samples by the types of industry(p>0.05). The levels of airborne total particulates of the secondary lead smelting industry was the highest($2.30mg/m^3$), and those of the coke manu-facturing industry and glass bottle manu facturing industry were $1.95mg/m^3$ and $1.37mg/m^3$. The concentration of COE was the highest in the glass bottle manufacturing industry($0.79mg/m^3$), and in order of $0.19mg/m^3$ in the coke manufacturing industry and $0.06mg/m^3$ in the secondary lead smelting industry. COE/total particulates(%) was highest in the glass bottle manufacturing industry(58.1%) and in order of 10.3% in the coke manufacturing industry and 3.1% in secondary lead smelting industry. There were significant differences in the total particle concentration and COE by the types of industry(p<0.05). 2. The levels of airborne total particulates was the highest at the smelting process of secondary lead smelting industry($2.30{\pm}0.72mg/m^3$), and the lowest at the smelting process of glass bottle manufacturing industry ($0.99{\pm}1.22mg/m^3$) Concentration of COE was the highest at the casting process of glass bottle manufacturing industry ($1.09{\pm}1.15mg/m^3$), the lowest at the smelting process of secondary lead smelting industry ($0.06{\pm}0.03mg/m^3$). The COE/total particulates(%) was the highest at the casting process of glass bottle manufacturing industry($65.9{\pm}20.5%$), and the lowest at the smelting process of secondary lead smelting indusry($3.1{\pm}2.7%$). 3. There were positive correlations between level of The airborne total particulates and concentration of COE in coke manufacturing industry and glass bottle manufacturing industry (p<0.05), but negative correlation in secondary lead smelting industry. 4. The numbers of case and rates that over the Threshold Limit Values(TLVs) were 24 (77.4%)cases in glass bottle manufacture, 14(23.7%) cases in the coke manufacturing industry and no one case in secondary lead smelting industry. Total numbers of case and rates that over TLVs were 38( 35.5%) cases. 5. The limit of detection(LOD) for PAH was $10{\mu}g/ml$ in standard sample. All PAH levels of the cokes manufacturing industry and the secondary lead smelting industry and the glass bottle manufacturing industry were trace or not to detect.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1980

건조잎담배로부터 단백질로 간주되는 고분자 물질의 gel filtration column chromatography(Sephadex G-75), 투석 그리고 흡착 chromatography의 일종인 brushite column chromatography분리를 시도한 결과, 짙은 갈색의 고분자 물질을 얻었다. Sephadex column에 의한 분리 profile를 보면 분자량이 상이한 두종류의 갈색고분자 물질이 존재함을 확인하였고 brushite column의 분리 profile에 의하면 분자의 전자구조가 다른 두 종류의 고분자가 있음이 나타났다. Burley와 Hicks의 경우 단백질 분해효소에 의한 분해효과를 측정해본 결과, 가장 큰 분해효과를 보인 효소는 chymotrypsin으로 Burley에서 16-30%수준까지 분해현상을 나타내 주었으며 Hicks인 경우 38-57%까지 감소현상을 보여 주었다. Pepsin처리효과는 chymotrypsin처리구와 비슷한 수준을 보였으나 trypsin경우는 매우 낮은 분해현상을 나타냈다. 단백질 분해효소로 처리된 시료의 sephadex column분리 profile을 살펴보면, 분자량이 보다 큰 fraction의 경우 peak가 거의 완전하게 사라짐을 관찰할 수 있으나, 작은 분자량Peak는 약간의 감소현상만을 보여 주었다. 투석후의 갈색 고분자물질을 $300^{\circ}C$에서 연소시킨 경우, 연소전에 관찰할 수 없었던 강한 형광성 물질이 생성되었는데 TLC에 의한 분리후, 이 형광성 물질끈 흡수 스펙트라를 측정해 본 결과, 최대흡수 파장이 265. 275nm(benzene용매)로 나타났으며 스펙트럼 끈 모양이 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) 계열 화합물의 것과 유사함을 보여 주었다.