• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.28-35
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• 2007

Accumulated epidemiological and animal studies have suggested that prolonged exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and pulmonary dysfunction. While diesel exhaust particles (DEP) contain large variety of compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a dominant component contaminated in DEP. This article reviews effects of two PAH quinones, 9,10-phenanthraquinone (9,10-PQ) and l,2-naphthoquinone (l,2-NQ), on vascular and respiratory systems.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2007

Hazardous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) are mainly originated from imperfect combustion of fossil fuels such as petroleum and coal. The consumptions of not only petroleum but also coal have been increasing in the East Asian countries. This review describes the result of international collaboration research concerning characteristics and major contributors of atmospheric PAHs and NPAHs in cities in Japan, Korea, China and Russia. We collected airborne particulates in ten cities in the above countries and six PAHs and eleven NPAHs were determined by HPLC methods using fluorescence and chemiluminescence detections. The total PAH concentrations were much higher in Chinese cities (Fushun, Tieling, Shenyang and Beijing) than those in other cities (Vladivostok, Busan, Kanazawa, Kitakyushu, Sapporo and Tokyo). The total NPAH concentrations were also higher in Chinese cities than those in the other cities. The [NPAH]/[corresponding PAH] ratios are much larger in diesel-engine exhaust particulates than those in coal-burning particulates. The [1-nitropyrene]/[pyrene] ratio of airborne particulates was much smaller in the four Chinese cities, suggesting that coal combustion systems such as coal heaters were the main contributors. On the other hand, the ratios were larger in Korean and Japanese cities, suggesting the large contribution of diesel-engine vehicles.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.283-299
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• 2017

An analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence (FL) detection was developed for simultaneously analyzing 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 18 nitro-derivatives of PAHs (NPAHs). The two-dimensional HPLC system consists of an on-line clean-up and reduction for NPAHs in the 1st dimension, and separation of the PAHs and the reduced NPAHs and their FL detection in the 2nd dimension after column-switching. To identify an ideal clean-up column for removing sample matrix that may interfere with detection of the analytes, the characteristics of 8 reversed-phase columns were evaluated. The nitrophenylethyl (NPE)-bonded silica column was selected because of its shorter elution band and larger retention factors of the analytes due to strong dipole-dipole interactions. The amino-substituted PAHs (reduced NPAHs), PAHs and deuterated internal standards were separated on polymeric octadecyl-bonded silica (ODS) columns and by dual-channel detection within 120 min including clean-up and reduction steps. The limits of detection were 0.1-9.2 pg per injection for PAHs and 0.1-140 pg per injection for NPAHs. For validation, the method was applied to analyze crude extracts of fine particulate matter ($PM_{2.5}$) samples and achieved good analytical precision and accuracy. Moreover, the standard reference material (SRM1649b, urban dust) was analyzed by this method and the observed concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were similar to those in previous reports. Thus, the method developed here-in has the potential to become a standard HPLC-based method, especially for NPAHs.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.57-68
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• 1993

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAMs) are ubiquitous contaminants in marine environments. PAHs enter estuarine and nearshore marine environment via several routes such as combustion of fossil fuels, domestic and industrial effluents and oil spills PAHs have been the focus of numerous studies in the world because they owe potentially carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic to aquatic organisms and humans from consuming contaminated food. However, one can hardly find any available data on PAM content in marine organisms in Korea. The present study was carried out in order to determine PAH content in oysters from the intertidal and subtidal zones of Chinhae Bay, which is located in near urban communities and an industrial complex, and the bay is considered to be a major repositories of PAHs. 16 PAHs were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with uv/vis and fluorescence detectors in oysters: they are naphthalene (NPTHL), acenaphthylene (ANCPL), acenaphthene (ACNPN), fluorene (FLURN), phenanthrene (PKEN), anthracene (ANTHR), fluoranthene (FLRTH), pyrene (PYRf), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHRY), benzo(b)- fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), dibenz(a, h)anthracene (DhA), benzo(g, h, i)peryne (Bghip) and indeno(1, 2, 3, -cd)pyrene (I123cdP). The PAH contents in oysters from the intertidal and subtidal zones of Chinhae Bay ranged from < 0.1 to 992.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg (mean 69.8 $\pm$ 9.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg). Key words . polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, high performance liquid chromatography, oyster, Chinhae Bay.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.223-228
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• 2005

Rockfish Sebastes schlegeli was exposed to fluoranthene, a ubiquitous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, at 1 and 10 $\mu$g/L for 4 weeks followed by depuration period of 8 weeks. Although the fluoranthene in the p]asma reached only 1.8$\~$1.9 times seawater concentration, it was 6.5 $\~$ 15.7 times higher in the liver, spleen and bile indicating efficient accumulation in the lipid -containing body tissues. When the exposed fish were then maintained in clean water, rapid fluoranthene decline occurred in the initial 2 weeks followed by a rather slow phase. This result suggests that fluoranthene accumulates efficiently provided the existence in the culture medium, but the contaminant disappears rapidly once the chemical source is removed. The fluoranthne residue in fish tissues my be a good indifator for relent PAHs exposure.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.247-253
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• 2000

This study was aimed to enhance polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAHS) biodegradation rate by repeated-batch treatment using immobilized cells of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. In the repeated-batch operations with 30 mg/L of pyrene the maximum degradation rate was 6.58 mg/L day. As the number of batches increased the concentration of immobilized cells significantly decreased and the degradation rate and specific acitivity gradually increased to a maximum value and then decreased. To have PAH degradation activity and cell mass recovered one batch of cultivation using the growth medium instead of the PAH-degrading medium was carried in the course of repeated-batch operations. This maximum degradation rates of pyrene and anthracene were 4.29 and 4.46 mg/L$.$day respectively. Overall the rate of PAH degradation could be enhanced 2.5-30 folds by using immobilized cells compared to the case of using suspended cells.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.871-879
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• 2003

The complexation of co-contaminant mixtures between Ag(I) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules (naphthalene, pyrene, and perylene) were investigated to quantify the equilibrium constants of their complexes and elucidate the interactions between Ag(I) and PAH molecules. The apparent solubilities of PAHs in aqueous solutions increased with increasing Ag(I) ion concentration. The values, K$_1$ and K$_2$ of equilibrium constants of complexes of Ag(I)-PAHs, were 2.990 and 0.378, 3.615 and 1.261, and 4.034 and 1.255, for naphthalene, pyrene, and perylene, respectively, The K$_1$and K$_2$ values of PAHs for Ag(I) increased in the order of naphthalene ＜ pyrene ＜ perylene and naphthalene ＜ pyrene ≒ perylene, respectively, indicating that a larger size of PAH molecule is likely to have more a richer concentration of electrons on the plane surfaces which can lead to stronger complexes with the Ag(I) ion. For the species of Ag(I)-PAH complexes, a 1:1 Ag(I) : the aromatic complex, AgAr$\^$＋/, was found to be a predominant species over a 2:1 Ag(I) : aromatic complex, Ag$_2$Ar$\^$＋＋/. The PAH molecules with four or more aromatic rings and/or bay regions were observed to have slightly less affinity with the Ag(I) ion than expected, which might result from inhibiting forces such as the spread of aromatic $\pi$ electrons over o wide molecular surface area and the intermolecular electronic repulsion in bay regions.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.265-271
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate contents of 8 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from frequently consumed seafood and dairy products and to evaluate their chemical analysis methods. Samples were collected from markets of 9 cities in Korea chosen as the population reference and evaluated. The methodology involved saponification, extraction with n-hexane, clean-up on Sep-Pak silica cartridges and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry analysis. Validation proceeded on 2 matrices. Recoveries for 8 PAHs ranged from 86.87 to 103.57%. The limit of detection (LOD) 8 PAHs was $0.04{\sim}0.20{\mu}g/kg$, and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 8 PAHs was $0.12{\sim}0.60{\mu}g/kg$. The mean concentration of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was $0.34{\mu}g/kg$ from seafood and $0.34{\mu}g/kg$ from dairy products. The total PAHs concentration was $1.06{\mu}g/kg$ in seafood and $1.52{\mu}g/kg$ in dairy products.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.819-826
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• 2004

In order to elucidate the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration and its origin in arctic area, four arctic brown algae (Laminaria saccharina, L. digita, Alaria esculenta, Desmarestia aculeata), one marine invertebrate (Echinoidea) and sediments were collected from Kongsfjorden in Spitsbergen from the late July to early August, 2003. In case of macroalgae, the young blade part above growth point and the old stipes and blades beneath growth point were separated and analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an attempt to check the mechanism of uptake in macroalgae to accumulate PAH. There was no difference in PAH concentrations between sampling sites (Stations B and C), species, and blades beneath and above growth point. PAH concentrations in all samples collected in this study were relatively higher than those reported in other areas of arctic. Especially, station C, which is known as an unpolluted area, showed 10 times higher PAH concentration (8,765 ng/g) in sediment than station A (694 ng/g) around harbor. In addition high PAH concentration, station C had very higher proportion of methylated PAH to parent PAH in sediment than station A. Source analysis using PAH isomer pair ratios as indicators showed that Kongsfjorden area seemed to be relatively contaminated with PAH derived from direct petroleum input.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2009

본 연구는 인도산, 중국산, 국내산 참깨를 열풍 건조 후 착유기를 통해 제조한 참기름에서의 PAHs 함량변화와 대형 마트에서 판매되고 있는 참기름에서의 PAHs 함량을 분석하기 위하여 실시하였다. 분석표준물질은 돌연변이원성과 발암성이 있는 것으로 알려진 8가지 PAHs를 선정하여 HPLC/FLD를 이용하여 정성 정량분석을 하였고, 색차계를 이용하여 명도(L), 적색도(a), 황색도(b)를 측정하였다. 분석결과 원산지 별 볶은 후 착유한 참기름에서 PAHs 함량은 볶지 않았을 때보다 유의적으로 증가하였다. 볶지 않은 참기름인 경우 PAHs 함량은 인도산, 중국산, 국내산 순이었다. 인도산 참깨에서 0.95 ${\mu}g$/kg의 PAHs 가 검출되었는데 이는 환경으로부터 PAHs가 생성될 수 있다는 점을 추측할 수 있었다. $250^{\circ}C$에서 25분간 볶은 참기름인 경우 중국산, 국내산, 인도산 순으로 PAHs가 검출되었다. 중국산 참깨에서 PAHs 함량은 3.97 ${\mu}g$/kg으로 볶지 않았을 때보다 약 4배 이상 증가하였다. 중국산 참깨는 다른 원산지 참깨에 비해 볶는 온도와 시간에 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 사료된다. 국내에서 판매되고 있는 참기름 중 PAHs 함량 분석한 결과, PAHs 총 함량은 0.79-2.15 ${\mu}g$/kg으로 검출 되었다. 국내 기준 규격으로 설정되어 있는 Benzo[${\alpha}$]pyrene 함량은 0-0.19 ${\mu}g$/kg으로 기준치인 2 ${\mu}g$/kg 이하로 검출되었다. 이는 제조회사에서 PAHs 저감화를 위해 제조과정을 변화시킨 결과로 추측할 수 있다. 원산지 별 참기름과 시중에 판매되는 참기름과의 색도를 비교해 본 결과 $250^{\circ}C$에서 25분 볶은 후 착유한 인도산, 중국산, 국내산 참기름의 명도(L)는 43.31, 41.15, 41.64이었고, 적색도(a)는 13.11, 13.12, 12.48이었고, 황색도(b)는 15.24, 11.87, 11.95이었다. 이는 시중에 판매되는 4종의 참기름과 유사한 색도를 나타내었다. 또한 참기름의 품질평가는 수율, 색도, 향미성분, 지방산 조성 변화를 통해 이뤄지고 있는데, 연구결과를 종합해보면 원산지 별로 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이에 따라 PAHs 생성량이 적은 국내산과 인도산의 참깨가 참기름원료로 적당하며, PAHs의 생성량이 많은 중국산 참깨에 대한 보다 많은 모니터링 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.